2022年高考英语语法--定语从句讲解和练习学案

这是一份2022年高考英语语法--定语从句讲解和练习学案，共10页。学案主要包含了典型例题解析，选讲例题等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2022年高考英语语法知识点梳理定语从句详解在复合句中 ， 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 ， 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词 ， 引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等 ， 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。1.由who引导的定语从句中 ， who用作主语 ， 如 ： This is the boy who often helps me.2.由whom引导的定语从句中，whom用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.3.由whose引导的定语从句中 ， whose用作定语 ， 如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?4.由which引导的定语从句中，which用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如：The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.The river which is in front of my house is very clean.This is the pen which you want.注意 ：(1)whom, which用作介词宾语时 ， 介词可放在 whom、which之前 ， 也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。如： He is the very person whom we must take good care of.(2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which，不用that,如：I have lostmy bag, which I like very much.(3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。5.由that引导的定语从句中，that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.注意在下面几种情况下必须用 that引导定语从句。(1)先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 ， 如 ：All that we have to do is to practise English.(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如The first letter that I got from him will be kept.(3)先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰 ， 如I've eaten up all the food that you gave me.(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时如He is the only person that I want to talk with.(5)先行词既有人又有物时，如:They talked about persons and things that they met.(6)当句中已有who时 ， 为避免重复 ， 如 ： Who is the man that is giving us theclass?6.由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如:I don't know the reason why he was late.This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where引导。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)7. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(1)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略。(2)非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明 ， 没有这种从句 ， 不影响主句意思的完整 ， 一般用逗号把主句和从句分开 ， 关系代词用 which,不用that;指人时可用who,如 ： I have two brothers, who are both students.8．如何简化定语从句（1）.定语从句简化为形容词或形容词短语作后置定语。如:My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在离这儿很远的一个村子。This is a book that is worth reading.→This is a book worth reading. 这是一本值得看的书。（2） 定语从句简化为现在分词或现在分词短语作前置或后置定语。The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.站在树下面的那个人是我们的英语老师。I saw the house that was burning at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.当时我看到那房子在燃烧。（3）定语从句简化为过去分词短语作后置定语。I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜欢看张艺谋导演的电影。She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校会上受表彰的那个女孩。（4）定语从句简化为不定式作后置定语。He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他总是第一个到校。The report which will be given tomorrow is important to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的报告对我们很重要。（5）定语从句简化为what 从句。I couldn't remember the words that he said.→I couldn't remember what he said.我记不得他说的话。【典型例题解析】例 1 The second book ______I want to read is Business @ the Speed of Thought.A. which B. what C. that D. as解析 先行词 book被序数词修饰时要用that引导定语从句，故选C。例 2 I'll never forget the days _____I stayed with you.A. when B. in which C. that D. for which解析 本题指时间，故选 A。例 3 The book______ is sold out at the moment.A. you need B. what you needC. which you need it D. that you need it解析 B、C、D中的what和it与先行The book相抵触 ， 故选 A。例 4 Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived.A. that B. which C. where D. when解析 本题指地点，故选 C。例 5 I'm one of the boys _________ never late for school.A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is解析 本题中 who用作主语，谓语动词与先行词the boys保持一致，故选B。【选讲例题】例 6 Her sister,______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.A. whom B. that C. which D. who is解析 非限制性定语从句中 ， 关系代词用 which,不用that,但指人时用who或whom.故选A。例 7 These book are for students _____ mother language is not English.A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose解析 whose引导的定语从句中,whose用作定语，故选D。  只能使用that的情况关系代词that和which都可以引导定语从句，他们所代替的先行词都是事物的名词或代词。我们知道which引导的定语从句在句子中作主语、宾语和表语，that引导的定语从句在句子中也可以作主语、宾语或表语。但是关系代词that和which引导的定语从句还是有所区别的，小编总结出一下四种类型的定语从句只能用that引导。第一、当先行词是不定代词时，如all，much，something，anything，everything，little，none等词时，定语从句引导词多为that例1：Tell me everything that you know about it.把你知道的都告诉我。第二、先行词被序数词或形容词最高级或由下面词汇修饰时，应该用that这些词分别是：first，the only，last，any，few，same，no，some例2：To face fear is the only method that really works.去面对恐惧是唯一真正行之有效的方法。先行词method由the only修饰，所以应该用that；例3：The present moment is the best gift that you can give yourself。当前的时光是你能给自己的最好礼物。先行词gift由最高级best修饰，此时应该用that；第三、当关系代词在限定性从句中用作表语的时候，需要用that例4：He is not the simple-minded man that he was five years ago.他不再是五年前那个头脑简单的人了。第四、当并列的两个先行词分别指人或物的时候，需要用that例5：He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car.他看着车上的孩子和包裹。以上四种是我们经常遇到的只能用that引导的定语从句种类，当然，关系代词that有的时候可以省略，有的时候必须保留。首先，如果that的先行词是all，nobody，no one，someone，somebody等不定代词时，that往往可以省略；其次，当先行词是最高级形式时，that也可以省略；最后，关系代词that在定语从句中作宾语时，that也可以省略。但是，that在定语从句中作主语的时候，则不可以省略。实例练习1、Once they had fame，fortune，secure futures；____ is utter poverty.A. now that all is left B. now all that is leftC. now all which is left D.now all what is left2、I have never taken anything ____ didn't belong to me.A. what B. whoC.that D. it答案1、先行词为all，所有只能用that，排除C,D，that引导一个从句修饰限定all,要放在all的后面,所以A错，选B2、先行词为不定代词anything，所以应该用关系代词that引导，选C 做题技巧解析 请看下面这道定语从句考题：In fact the man didn’t understand the three questions __________ were asked in French.A. where B. who C. in which D. which此题应选 D。从句子成分看，修饰 questions 的定语从句缺主语，所以不能选 A(where)，C(in which)。又因为这里的先行词(questions)是指事不是指人，所以只能选D(which)不能选B(who)。考生在做定语从句试题时，大体上要分清以下几点：1. 是定语从句还是其他从句( 从句意和句法功能等方面去考虑)。2. 是用关系代词还是关系副词。关系代词和关系副词的选择主要看关系词在句中的句法功能。一般说来，关系代词(that，which，who，whom 等)主要用作主语和宾语；关系副词(when，where，why)主要用作状语；作定语时用whose。3. 受定语从句修饰的先行词是指人(who，whom，that) 还是指物(that，which)；是作主语(who，that，which)还是作宾语(which，whom，who)等。4. 关系代词可否省略(在通常情况下，只有限制性定语从句中用作宾语的关系代词才能省略)。5. 是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句 (关系代词that以及关系副词why等均不能引导非限制性定语从句)。6. 在“介词＋which”结构中，介词的正确选择(主要看相关名词和动词的习惯搭配)。 习题检测 1.The building__________we built last year is very tall. A.where B.when C.which D.why 2.There are no children______love their parents. A.that do not B.who does not C.that D.who 3.Who is the man_________talked with you just now? A.who B.that C.whom D.whose 4.That was the year_____I went to America. A.when B.where C.that D.which 5.Look at the boy and his dog______are coming this way. A.who B.which C.that D.whom 6.This is all________she said about it. A.who B.whom C.what D.that 7.Tom is the first boy_______left the room. A.who B.that C.whom D.whose 8.Look at that lady________name is Pochi. A.who B.whose C.whom D.that 9. That was all the money__________I had. A.which B.that C.whose D.whom 10. The thing_______she wasn’t sure was that she failed in this exam. A.that B.which C.about which D.in which 11.This is just the coat_________she wants to buy. A.that B.what C.which D.the one. Key: CAAAC  DBBBC  A