专题一　阅读理解 2021届高考英语二轮总复习课件

这是一份专题一　阅读理解 2021届高考英语二轮总复习课件，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了内容索引，考情透析 谋对策，题型指导 寻技法，考点一　细节理解题，考点二　推理判断题，考点三　主旨大意题，考点四　词义猜测题，真题演练 明趋势等内容，欢迎下载使用。


模块一　
专题一　阅读理解
英 语
2021
阅读理解与七选五阅读
内容索引
考情透析 谋对策
题型指导 寻技法
真题演练 明趋势
考情透析 谋对策
●明晰体裁与题材特点,缩小刷题数量
●透析题型设置,采用高效答题技巧
●高考评价体系下的备考启示——实现满分小目标,方向方法都重要◆方向非常重要。研透高考,精准训练。对高考试题细读精读,字斟句酌,把握试题特点,精准对接高考。◆以新课标为备考依据,聚焦三大主题语境(人与自我、人与社会、人与自然),通过大量阅读培养家国情怀和国际视野。◆培养读后汲取、处理、加工、推理、判断、猜测、整合信息的关键能力。◆以新教材语篇、高考真题或高质量模拟试题的语篇为依托,既要对语言知识(词汇、语法、句式、修辞等)进行总结,又要对做题方法、经验和教训进行归纳总结。◆定期进行阅读测试。限时阅读,认真核对答案,对试题进行深度总结,找出努力方向,及时、科学调整复习方法。
题型指导 寻技法
[命题方式]
考点一　细节理解题
1.常见的提问方式◆主要以特殊疑问句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,how much/many等疑问词开头引出问题。◆偶尔用填空形式。如:The biggest challenge for most mothers is from 　　　. 2.正确选项特点◆语言简化。把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化,设置为答案。◆同义替换。对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换,如把lose one’s job换成be out of work;有时,词性或者语态有所变化,如把important改成of importance,把主动语态改为被动语态。◆正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
3.干扰选项特点◆与短文细节部分相吻合,部分相悖。◆是短文细节,但不符合题干要求。◆是短文细节,但不是要点或主要论据。◆符合常识,但不是文章内容。◆明显与短文细节不符或短文中未提及。◆与原句的内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动。
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1.直接信息题→定位题干信息关键词:★阅读题干,找准关键词　★速读文章,寻找题干★比对选项与原文细节的直接辨认不要求读者对客观事实作解释或者判断,只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。首先,认真阅读题干,根据关键词明确答题方向;然后速读文章寻找题干内容,要有重点、有针对性地阅读,冗余无效的信息可以略读甚至不读。最后,仔细比较所给选项,与原文信息对应,锁定正确选项。
【典例印证】(2020新高考山东,A)Prizes...50 Honorable Mentions:Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners,who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart’s final flight.2.What will each of the honorable mention winners get?A.A plane ticket.B.A book by Corinne Szabo.C.A special T-shirt.D.A photo of Amelia Earhart.
解题思路C　此题考查直接信息理解。题干中关键词是“honorable mention winners”,题干意为“每个荣誉提名者会获得什么奖励”,然后到文中Prizes部分的“50 Honorable Mentions:”中的“Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners,who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart’s final flight.”这一句可直接看出答案,即评委会选出的50名荣誉奖获得者每人会获得一件特别的T恤衫,故答案为C项。
2.间接信息题→转换选项语意关键词:★阅读题干,找准关键词　★扫读原文,锁定信息★用同义、近义或反义的语言转换间接信息题不仅要求读者能从阅读材料中直接获取信息,而且还要将获取的信息用同义或者近义的语言形式进行复述或者转换。首先,阅读题干,有针对性地扫读原文,锁定相关词句等信息。然后,准确理解每个选项的意思,寻找与原文信息相关的同义、近义或者反义的词或短语。最后仔细比对选项和原文信息,选择最佳选项。
【典例印证】(2018全国Ⅰ,A)Washington,D.C.Bicycle ToursCherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington,D.C.Duration:3 hoursThis small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington,D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!...
21.Which tour do you need to book in advance?A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington,D.C.B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington,D.C.D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.解题思路A　此题考查间接信息理解。题干中的关键词是“book in advance”,按照段落的顺序进行查找,发现第一段“Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington,D.C.”中“Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!”这一句中“Reserve”与题干关键词意义相同,由此可知,华盛顿特区的樱花自行车之旅需要提前预订,故答案为A项。
3.零散信息题→整合归纳分析关键词:★阅读题干,找准关键词　★查找段落,划定信息★计算数据,整合分析考生从文中获得回答细节理解题的具体信息,可以直接找到包含所需信息的段落,迅速划定关键词语,然后重点理解。对于零散型的细节理解或数字运算题,需要找到与之相关的事实或者数据,对其进行分析整合。注意根据文段结构和写作顺序,有针对性地寻读,迅速锁定相关内容。
【典例印证】(2020新高考山东,D)...To test the effect of social influence on eating habits,the researchers conducted two experiments.In the first,95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上) participate in a study about movie viewership.Before the film began,each woman was asked to help herself to a snack.An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first.In her natural state,the actor weighed 105 pounds.But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food.The participants followed suit,taking more food than they normally would have.However,they took significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test,in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls.In the other case,she took 30 pieces.The results were similar to the first test:the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces. The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we’re making decisions....
14.Why did the researchers hire the actor?A.To see how she would affect the participants.B.To test if the participants could recognize her.C.To find out what she would do in the two tests.D.To study why she could keep her weight down.解题思路A　此题考查零散信息理解。根据“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits,the researchers conducted two experiments.”这一句可知,为了验证社交对饮食习惯的影响,研究人员进行了两个实验;再结合下文介绍的两个实验可知,聘用演员参加实验旨在查看演员对参加实验的人的饮食习惯的影响,故答案为A项。
考点二　推理判断题
[命题方式]
推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系和细节暗示的分析,作一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。1.细节推断细节推断题要求考生根据文章内容,推断具体的细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息,或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生要把握文章的内在关系,理解文章的真正含义,然后作出判断。主要设题方式有:It can be inferred from the passage that 　　　　　. The author strongly suggests that 　　　　　. It can be concluded from the passage that 　　　　　. The writer indicates/implies/suggests that 　　　　　. 
2.写作意图推断写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述,揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的事实,客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意,还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。主要设题方式有:What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?The purpose of the text is to get more people to 　　　　　. The writer of the story wants to tell us that 　　　　　. The fact...is mentioned by the author to show 　　　　　. The author writes the last paragraph in order to 　　　　　. 
3.观点态度推断观点态度推断题考查考生是否了解文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度。这就要求考生在正确理解文章大意的基础上,对作者的观点或者态度倾向进行分析、识别,关注作者对人物心理或者细节的描写,对文章所交代的人或事情进行评判。主要设题方式有:The attitude of the author towards something is 　　　　. The writer of the passage seems to think that 　　　　　. What’s the author’s opinion on...?What do we know about...in the passage?What does the author think about...?
4.文章来源和读者对象推断推测文章的来源或者读者对象要求考生本身要具备一定的常识,这样文章的内容才能与读者本身具备的常识结合起来。比如读者本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解,这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座,选出正确的答案。主要设题方式有:This passage would be most likely to be found in 　　　　　. The passage is probably taken from 　　　　　. Where does this text probably come from?Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from?The text is intended for 　　　　　. 
5.推理判断题选项特点(1)正确选项特点:◆是“弦外之音”,是立足原文推断出来的内容,而不是直接叙述的具体信息。◆没有绝对概念的字眼,如only,never,all,absolutely等。因为是根据原文推断出来的内容,略有模糊成分,留有余地,常含有usually,may,some,might,can,possibly等词汇。
(2)干扰选项特点:◆张冠李戴。使用了原文出现的词汇或者句式,但不是本题的内容。◆颠倒是非。选项内容涉及了原文中提及的内容,但是选项意思与之恰恰相反。◆无中生有。这类选项往往是基本的生活常识,观点是正确的,但不是本文表示的内容。◆扩缩范围。原文中可能出现了像almost,all,nearly,more than,normally,usually等词语对文章内容加以限制,干扰项改变了原文范围。◆曲解文意。根据文中某一句话或者利用了里面的字词设计出选项,看似表达了文章的意思,实际上是借题发挥,曲解了文章原意。
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1.明确文章写作目的关键词:★通读全文,确定文章体裁　★记叙文表达情感或者某个道理;应用文推销或者介绍;说明文展示用途或者过程;议论文论述道理或者表达观点要做好写作目的题,首先应确定文章的体裁,因为文体不同,写作目的也不同。一般来说,记叙文会在首段或者末段出现高度概括的总结性语言,而且往往有一定的哲理性,所有的叙述都围绕该哲理展开。广告类应用文往往会通过对某种产品或者服务,或是电影、旅游景点等的介绍来吸引更多的观众、读者或者游客,会使用具有明显支持倾向的语言。说明文往往向读者展示某物的用途或者制作过程,议论文往往提出论点,进行论证,得出结论,作者的写作意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。
【典例印证】(2020新高考山东,C)In the mid-1990s,Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven months,physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later,still attracted to the country,he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.His visit,however,ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book,Chasing the Sea:Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia,which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan,where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea.It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land,and of the people he meets on his way:Rustam,his translator,a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California,Oleg and Natasha,his hosts in Tashkent,and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan,made of friendliness and warmth,but also its darker side of society.In Samarkand,Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders,while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing.In Ferghana,he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼) followed by a strange drinking party.And in Karakalpakstan,he is saddened by the dust storms,diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.Mr Bissell skilfully organizes historical insights and cultural references,making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan,seen from Western eyes.His judgment and references are decidedly American,as well as his delicate stomach.As the author explains,this is neither a travel nor a history book,or even a piece of reportage.Whatever it is,the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
11.What is the purpose of this text?A.To introduce a book.B.To explain a cultural phenomenon.C.To remember a writer.D.To recommend a travel destination.解题思路A　此题考查文章的写作目的。文章开头引出了Tom Bissell写书的背景,从第二段到最后一段分别介绍了这本书的概要、主要内容和对这本书的评价,即全文围绕着这本书展开,由此可推断其写作目的就是向读者介绍和推荐这本书,故答案为A项。
2.抓住作者的态度和观点关键词:★阅读题干,找准关键词　★速读文章,寻找作者对某事物所持观点态度的语段　★体会字里行间流露出的情感,与选项进行比对文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的态度或者观点往往隐含在字里行间或者流露于修饰词之中,这就要求考生注意文中作者或者文中人物的措辞。作者或者文中人物的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词来表示,如possible,impossible,seem,strange等。
作者或者文中人物的态度和观点一般有三类:支持、赞同、乐观;反对、批评、怀疑、悲观;中立、客观。考生应熟悉如下有关作者情感、态度的词语:褒义词:supportive(支持的),positive(积极的),optimistic(乐观的),enthusiastic(热情的)等。贬义词:negative(否定的,消极的),critical(批评的),disgusted(厌恶的),disappointed(失望的)等。中性词:indifferent(漠不关心的),uninterested(不感兴趣的),objective(客观的),neutral(中立的)等。
【典例印证】(2017全国Ⅱ,C) ... Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s,according to Robert Mann,an airline industry expert.But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality.The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards. ...
30.What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?A.Cautious. B.Favorable.C.Ambiguous. D.Disapproving.解题思路B　此题考查观点和态度推断。根据“The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.”,尤其是句中“has already permitted”这一信息可以推断:政府对开发飞行汽车持支持态度,故答案为B项。favorable“偏爱的,支持的”;cautious“谨慎的”;ambiguous “模棱两可的”;disapproving“不同意的”。
3.领悟隐含意义关键词:★阅读题干,锁定信息段落　★详读信息段,领悟隐含意义　★比对选项,进行推断此类题目要求考生对作者没有明确说明的事实信息和思想倾向作出合理的推断。读懂这种“言外之意,弦外之音”,要求考生具有“锣鼓听音”的敏锐感觉以及合理推断的思维品质。做题的关键是根据题干要求,在原文中找到相关信息,并依此进行推理。
【典例印证】(2020新高考山东,B)Jennifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree.That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelor’s degree.Mauer,of Edgar,Wisconsin,grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children.Her dad worked at a job away from the farm,and her mother ran the farm with the kids.After high school,Jennifer attended a local technical college,working to pay her tuition(学费),because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.After graduation,she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.
Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own.She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves:nursing.She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph’s Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home.She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids.Jennifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree:Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills,and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.
Through it all,she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors.Jennifer sacrificed(牺牲) to achieve her goal,giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study.“Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers,”she says.However,her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree.Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family—and that’s pretty powerful.
7.What can we learn from Jennifer’s story?A.Time is money.B.Love breaks down barriers.C.Hard work pays off.D.Education is the key to success.解题思路C　此题考查对文章隐含意义的推断。文章介绍了Jennifer在家境困难的情况下依靠自己完成了学业,在婚后既要照顾家庭还想深造的情况下努力付出,最终实现了目标。读者不难从她的经历中推断出一个人生道理:一个人只要努力总会有回报的,故答案为C项。
考点三　主旨大意题
[命题方式]
主旨大意题常涉及概括文章或者段落大意、揭示主题以及选择标题等形式。1.概括文章大意任何文章都有自己的中心思想(main idea),有些文章在全文或各段的开头便展示出文章的中心思想。阅读时将每个段落的中心要点归纳总结,即可得到整篇文章的中心思想。每个段落的中心要点往往是通过主题句(topic sentence)来体现的。考生可采取略读法,以搜寻各段主题句为目标,快速扫视全文,把注意力集中在主要信息上,而不是过分注意细节事实。一般来说,文章的主题或中心会在第一段或最后一段表明,而某一段的主题句也常出现在段首或段尾,还有些文章或段落无明显的主题句,但字里行间无不体现主题。这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实来总结主旨大意。
常见的提问方式:Which of the following statements can best summarize/sum up the main idea of the passage?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?What is the text mainly about?The main idea of the passage is 　　　　　. The passage is mainly about 　　　　　. The passage mainly discusses 　　　　　. 
2.总结归纳标题文章的标题(title)是文章的“眼睛”,通过这双“眼睛”考生可略知文章大意。选准一个适当的标题,应做到:(1)把握文章大意。不能把文章某一段的大意看作整篇文章的大意,更不可把文章的细节看成文章的大意,从而给文章加上一个观点片面的标题。文章的标题实际上是对文章大意最简洁的概括,标题与文章大意息息相关。(2)抓住文章的主题句。因为文章的大意和文章的主题句是一脉相承的,抓住了文章的主题句就抓住了文章的灵魂。(3)注意文章的体裁和写作目的。叙事类文章是为了记叙一件事或一个人物,表达作者的某种感情,所加标题应体现叙事类文章的特点。说明文是为了说明一个事物或过程,标题应体现说明文的特点。
常见的提问方式:What is the best title for the text?What can be a suitable title for the text?The best title for the passage would be 　　　　　. 
3.总结段落大意每个段落通常都有个中心思想,通常中心思想会在首句体现出来,这就是段落主题句。采用归纳法的段落,细节表述在前,归纳概括在后,主题句会在段尾;采用演绎法的段落,先提出观点,后举例子,主题句会出现在段首,这种情况主要出现在说明文和议论文中;若作者采用由特殊到一般,然后再由一般到特殊的方式,主题句会出现在句中。有时作者没有明显写出主题句,需要考生根据段落内容去归纳概括段落大意。
常见的提问方式:What’s the first/second/third...paragraph mainly about?Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph...?What’s the main idea discussed in the first/second/third/...paragraph?The main idea of the first/second/third...paragraph probably is that 　　　　　. 
4.主旨大意题选项特点(1)正确选项特点:◆涵盖性强,覆盖全文或者整个段落内容。◆精确性强,能恰当表达原文主题和中心思想。◆短小醒目,这是标题类选项的特点,是文章的点睛之笔。(2)干扰选项特点:◆覆盖面太大,超出了短文论述的范围。◆以偏概全,涉及的只是短文的某一部分或者某一个细节,或是某一个段落的要点或者部分。◆与短文有交集,但偏离文章或者段落主旨。
[技巧点拨]
1.文章主旨大意题→寻找主题句,归纳概括关键词:★分析文章结构,判断文章体裁　★识别段落主题句,归纳总结　★注意转折、疑问、重复等关键信息寻找主题句时可以使用以下小技巧:①转折词语后面的部分有可能是主题句;②段首出现疑问时,回答部分可能是主题句;③作者有意识重复强调的观点往往是主旨;反复出现的词语往往是体现主旨的关键词;④表示总结或者结论的句子常包含therefore,in short,conclude,thus等信息词。
【典例印证】(2018全国Ⅲ,B)Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are,like a nearby port or river.People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.New York City,for example,is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time.Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight.In 1896,Dawson,Canada,was unmapped wilderness(荒野).But gold was discovered there in 1897,and two years later,it was one of the largest cities in the West,with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris.People went there for gold.They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning.An avalanche(雪崩)once closed the path,killing 63 people.For many who made it to Dawson,however,the rewards were worth the difficult trip.Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold,4,000 got rich.About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were,Dawson was never comfortable.Necessities like food and wood were very expensive.But soon,the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found.The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down,and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska,they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.Today,people still come and go—to see where the Canadian gold rush happened.Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City—its present population is 762.
27.What is the text mainly about?A.The rise and fall of a city.B.The gold rush in Canada.C.Journeys into the wilderness.D.Tourism in Dawson.
解题思路A　此题考查文章主旨大意。根据第一段中的“But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time.Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight.”这两句和最后一段中“and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska,they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.”这一句,以及文章最后一句“Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City—its present population is 762.”可知,文章主要讲述了一座城市(Dawson City)的兴衰,故答案为A项。B项把文章主旨内容扩大了,文章没有讲很多关于加拿大淘金热的情况;C项和文章主旨不符;D项是文章的细节内容,不能作为主旨大意。
2.凝练标题概括题→准确概括全文,简洁醒目关键词:★概括全文　★有针对性　★简洁醒目标题的特点是短小精悍,简洁醒目,概括性强,因而标题的拟定应以话题为中心,遵循“概括性、针对性和醒目性”原则。选择文章标题时可以使用以下小技巧:①从正面考虑,揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨;②从反面考虑,撇开原文,考虑选项,设想以它们为标题写出的文章会是什么内容,然后和原文对照,逐一排除;③研读选项的中心词、修饰词的变化,与原文内容比对。
【典例印证】(2018全国Ⅰ,B)Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning,but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role—showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.In Save Money:Good Food,she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste,while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home,preparing meals for sons,Sam,14,Finn,13,and Jack,11....
With food our biggest weekly household expense,Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week.In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
27.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB.Balancing Our Daily DietC.Making Yourself a Perfect ChefD.Cooking Well for Less解题思路D　此题考查文章标题归纳。全文介绍了“Save Money:Good Food”这个节目旨在教人们如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜,因此D项作为标题最合适。A项只说了文章的一个方面——如何吃得好,没有提到是在省钱的条件下吃得好;B项属于无中生有,文章没有提到均衡饮食;C项以偏概全,只说了做好饭,没有说如何节省。
3.归纳段落大意题→寻找主题句,归纳概括关键词:★寻找段落主题句　★比对选项　★参考全文大意归纳段落大意时,一定要在把握全段以及全文中心思想的基础上进行。主题句可能出现在段首、段中或者段尾。段落大意要用明确、完整、简洁的语句表达。归纳段落大意时可使用以下小技巧:①分析段落结构:如果段落是“总→分”结构,主题句一般在段首;如果是“分→总”结构,主题句一般在段尾;如果是“分→总→分”结构,主题句一般在段中;如果是对比各个事物,那么相同点或者不同点就是该段的主旨。②对于没有主题句的段落,要根据各种暗示,充分运用想象力和判断力,选择与作者说话语气相符的选项。
【典例印证】(2017全国Ⅱ,C)Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight,bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year.The vehicle —named the Transition — has two seats,four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition,which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month,can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air.It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air.On the ground,it gets 35 miles per gallon....
28.What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.The basic data of the Transition.B.The advantages of flying cars.C.The potential market for flying cars.D.The designers of the Transition.解题思路A　此题考查对段落主旨的把握。该段的主题句是第一句“Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight...”,再根据本段后面提到飞行汽车的两个座位、四个轮子以及车翼、飞行速度、耗油等情况可知,该段是在介绍飞行汽车“Transition”的基本数据,故答案为A项。
考点四　词义猜测题
[命题方式]
1.词义猜测词义猜测题常考查对句中关键性词语,像实词、短语、指代关系等的理解。此类题目旨在考査考生根据上下文推断单词或者短语意思的能力。所考查单词的意义通常超出大纲范围,是对超纲单词含义的推断;有时候画线词不超纲,是熟词生义或是对其在特定语境中的意思的推断。常见的设题方式有:What does the underlined word“...” in Paragraph 2 refer to?What does “I” in the text mean/refer to?The word/phrase “...” means/suggests/refers to...The word “...” is closest in meaning to...
2.句意猜测需要考生猜测意思的句子通常是一个具有概括性的句子,或是格言、谚语等,要求考生通过阅读文章,结合上下文,用合适的语句对其进行直接或者解释性的描述。主要设题方式有:What does the underlined sentence mean?The underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean that　　　　　. 
[技巧点拨]
1.根据上下文语境猜测词义或者句意文章中的任何单词或句子在内容上都不是孤立的,都与其所在句子、段落及整篇文章有关。因此,应利用上下文提供的情景和线索,进行符合逻辑的分析,并依此来猜测词义或者句意。2.根据同义词、反义词、举例、定语、同位语等猜测词义通过上下文的同义词、反义词、举例、同位语从句或同位语词组、定语从句以及其他进行说明或者解释的语段等来确定词义。如果生词在文中直接用句子或段落解释,理解句子或段落本身就能推断出词义。构成同位关系的两部分之间多有逗号,有时也使用破折号、冒号和括号等。需要注意的是,同位语前还常有or,similarly,that is to say,in other words,namely等出现。常用来引出所举例子的提示词语有such as,for example,for instance,like等。
3.根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,考生可根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。4.根据指代内容猜测词义文中的代词it,them,he,him,that等可以指上文或者下文提到的人或者事物,其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词与其指代的对象相隔较远,有时候需要对前面或者后面提到的内容进行总结,才能弄清楚所指代的内容。5.利用对比或者比较的词语猜测词义能体现对比关系的词语有:but,yet,however,while,unlike,instead,on the other hand,on the contrary,in contrast to等,标点符号中的分号也可以表示对比。
【典例印证1】(2020新高考山东,D)According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research,both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份),it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid....
13.What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?A.Big eaters. B.Overweight persons.C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons.解题思路D　此题考查词义猜测。根据“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份),it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.”可知,研究表明,与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反,你真正需要避开的是胃口大且又高又瘦的人。根据句中“contrary to(与……相反)”可知,画线词与heavier people意义相反,故正确答案为D项(高而瘦的人)。
【典例印证2】(2020新高考山东,C)In the mid-1990s,Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven months,physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later,still attracted to the country,he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.His visit,however,ended up involving a lot more than that....
9.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Developing a serious mental disease.B.Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.C.Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.D.Writing an article about the Aral Sea.解题思路D　此题考查代词的指代。根据“still attracted to the country,he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.”这一信息可知,Tom回到乌兹别克斯坦的目的本来是写一篇关于咸海是如何消失的文章。由此推知,画线词“that”指代上文中提到的“写文章”这件事,故答案为D项。
[解题示例]
(2019全国Ⅲ,B)For Western designers,China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.“It’s no secret that China has always been a source(来源) of inspiration for designers,”says Amanda Hill,chief creative officer at A+E Networks,a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚) shows.
Earlier this year,the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art,with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries.The exhibition had record attendance,showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.“China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world,which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.”Of course,not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu are taking on Galliano,Albaz,Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales,”adds Hill. 
For Hill,it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.“The most famous designers are Chinese,so are the models,and so are the consumers,”she says.“China is no longer just another market;in many senses it has become the market.If you talk about fashion today,you are talking about China—its influences,its direction,its breathtaking clothes,and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.”
24.What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?A.It promoted the sales of artworks.B.It attracted a large number of visitors.C.It showed ancient Chinese clothes.D.It aimed to introduce Chinese models.
25.What does Hill say about Chinese women?A.They are setting the fashion.B.They start many fashion campaigns.C.They admire super models.D.They do business all over the world.
26.What do the underlined words “taking on” in paragraph 4 mean?A.learning fromB.looking down on C.working withD.competing against
27.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Young Models Selling Dreams to the WorldB.A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New YorkC.Differences Between Eastern and Western AestheticsD.Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
解题流程Step 1　速读文章,把握主旨。Step 2　研读题干,确定考点。Step 3　明确题干关键信息,回归原文锁定解题信息。Step 4　比对四个选项,确定正确答案。
答案详解【语篇导读】速读文章可知,本文是一篇说明文。文章以国外视角介绍了中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响,展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。24.B　推理判断题。解题思路该题问“关于纽约的展览,我们可以知道什么信息?”根据题干中的关键信息“the exhibition in New York”可以将解题信息定位到文章第三段。根据该段中第二句“The exhibition had record attendance,showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.”可知“出席这次展览的人数创了纪录,表明人们对中国的影响有极大的兴趣”,由此可推知B项“展览吸引了大量的游客”为正确答案。A项“展览促进了艺术品的销售”,C项“展览展示了中国古代服装”,D项“展览旨在介绍中国模特”,均与文中信息不符或无中生有。
25.A　细节理解题。解题思路该题问的是“关于中国女性,Hill说了什么?”根据题干中的关键词“Hill”和“Chinese women”可以将解题信息定位到文章第四段。根据该段第二句中Hill说的话“...which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.”可知,“中国女性不仅是时尚的消费者——她们是时尚运动的核心”。由此可知,Hill认为中国女性正在引领时尚,故A项“她们在确立时尚”为正确答案。B项“她们开办许多时尚活动”,C项“她们羡慕超级模特”和D项“她们在全世界做生意”均与文中信息不符。
26.D　词义猜测题。解题思路该题问的是第四段中的画线短语“taking on”是什么意思。根据题干中的关键词“taking on”可以将信息定位到文章第四段中的最后一句“Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu are taking on Galliano,Albaz,Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales”。画线词前面的一句提到“当代一些最优秀的时装设计师本身就是中国人”,本句接着列举了“Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu”三个例子,再结合破折号后的信息“在设计和销售方面都击败了她们”可知,该短语的意思应是“与……竞争”,故选D项。 
27.D　主旨大意题。解题思路该题问的是适合文章的标题是什么。通读全文尤其是第三段和最后一段的最后一句可知,本文主要介绍了对西方设计师而言,中国极其丰富的文化一直都是西方创作的灵感来源。而D项“中国文化推动国际时尚潮流”概括了文章主旨,最适合作为本文的标题。A项“年轻模特向世界推销梦想”属于无中生有,B项“纽约举办的一场中国艺术展”属于以偏概全,C项“东西方美学的差异”过于笼统。
真题演练 明趋势
Unit 1
A(2020全国Ⅰ,A)Train InformationAll customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding.For ticket information,please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.While Queensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled,there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services.
Lost property(失物招领)Call Lost Property on 13 16 17 during business hours for items lost on Queensland Rail services.The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7:30am to 5:00pm and is located(位于) at Roma Street station.Public holidaysOn public holidays,generally a Sunday timetable operates.On certain major event days,i.e.Australia Day,Anzac Day,sporting and cultural days,special additional services may operate.Christmas Day services operate to a Christmas Day timetable.Before travel please visit translink.com.au or call TransLink on 13 12 30 anytime.Customers using mobility devicesMany stations have wheelchair access from the car park or entrance to the station platforms.For assistance,please call Queensland Rail on 13 16 17.
Guardian trains (outbound)
【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了车票、失物招领、公共假日、残疾人辅助及车次等火车服务的相关信息。
1.What would you do to get ticket information?A.Call 13 16 17.B.Visit translink.com.au.C.Ask at the local station.D.Check the train schedule.
答案 C解析 细节理解题。由文章第一段“For ticket information,please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.”可知,如果想查寻火车票相关信息,可咨询当地车站或打13 12 30查询。故选C项。
2.At which station can you find the lost property office?A.Altandi.B.Roma Street.C.Varsity Lakes.D.Fortitude Valley.
答案 B解析 细节理解题。由文章“Lost property”部分“The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7:30am to 5:00pm and is located at Roma Street station.”可知,失物招领处位于Roma Street车站。故选B项。
3.Which train would you take if you go from Central to Varsity Lakes?A.6:42pm.B.7:29pm.C.8:57pm.D.11:02pm.
答案 B解析 细节理解题。由文章“Guardian trains (outbound)”部分可知,从Central到Varsity Lakes要乘坐晚上7:29的火车。故选B项。
B(2020全国Ⅱ,B)Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child,but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine,an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago,found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,education and the amount of parent talk,Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not,on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转) and translate shapes,”Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would,and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time.Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently,and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills.However,boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。研究人员发现,玩拼图游戏能帮助孩子们掌握与数学相关的技能,尤其是空间想象技能。
4.In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?A.Building confidence.B.Developing spatial skills.C.Learning self-control.D.Gaining high-tech knowledge.
答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句内容可知,两岁到四岁之间的孩子玩拼图,能够发展更好的空间技能。故选B项。
5.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?A.Parents’ age.B.Children’s imagination.C.Parents’ education.D.Child-parent relationship.
答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句可知,设计实验时,Levine考虑到了父母的收入以及受教育的程度。故选C项。
6.How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play?A.They play with puzzles more often.B.They tend to talk less during the game.C.They prefer to use more spatial language.D.They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句可知,男孩们倾向于玩更复杂一些的拼图。故选D项。
7.What is the text mainly about?A.A mathematical method.B.A scientific study.C.A woman psychologist.D.A teaching program.
答案 B解析 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了有关玩拼图的研究发现,再结合最后一段内容不难推断出文章主旨。故选B项。
C(2020全国Ⅲ,C)With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独),more families are choosing to live together.The doorway to peace and quiet,for Nick Bright at least,leads straight to his mother-in-law:she lives on the ground floor,while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol—one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof.They share a front door and a washing machine,but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen,bathroom,bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house,”says Kathryn Whitehead.Rita cuts in:“We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”And what does Nick think?“From my standpoint,it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it?Yes,I think I would.”It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him,but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time.Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common.Some people live with their elderly parents;many more adult children are returning to the family home,if they ever left.It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents,compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted.In India,particularly outside cities,young women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get married.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。在英国,人们的生活方式逐渐发生着改变:越来越多的家庭选择合住。
8.Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?A.Nick. B.Rita.C.Kathryn. D.The daughters.
答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“...but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen,bathroom,bedroom and living room on the ground floor.”可知,丽塔在一楼有她自己的厨房、浴室、卧室和客厅。所以丽塔居住在一楼。故选B项。
9.What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law?A.Positive. B.Carefree.C.Tolerant. D.Unwilling.
答案 A解析 推理判断题。根据第五段中尼克说的话“From my standpoint,it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it?Yes,I think I would.”可知,尼克觉得和岳母合住在一起挺好的,一切都很顺畅自然。由此推测,尼克对于与岳母合住持积极的态度。故选A项。
10.What is the author’s statement about multigenerational family based on?A.Family traditions. B.Financial reports.C.Published statistics. D.Public opinions.
答案 C解析 推理判断题。结合第六段中的“Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.”可知,官方报告显示三代同堂的家庭数量从2001年的32.5万户增加到了2013年的41.9万户。第七段也用了相关的数据对家庭几代人合住的情况进行了介绍。文中作者是在引用官方的具体数据对几代人合住的家庭进行分析和说明。故选C项。
11.What is the text mainly about?A.Lifestyles in different countries.B.Conflicts between generations.C.A housing problem in Britain.D.A rising trend of living in the UK.
答案 D解析 主旨大意题。文章重点讲述了在英国越来越多的家庭选择合住这一社会现象。故选D项。
(2020年7月浙江,A)I am an active playgoer and play-reader,and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theatre with others.To do this I have searched through dozens of plays to find the ones that I think best show the power and purpose of the shirt play.
Each player has a theme or central idea which the playwright (剧作家) hopes to get across through dialogue and action.A few characters are sued to create a single impression growing out the theme.It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection,for that would,indeed,ruin the pleasure of reading,discussing,and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright.However,satire,poignant drama,historical and reginal drama.To show the versatility(多面性) of the short play,I have included a guidance play,a radio play and a television play.
Among the writers of the plays in this collection,Paul Green,Susan Glaspell,Maxwell Anderson,Thornton Wilder,Willian Saroyan,and Tennessee Williams have all received Pulitzer Prizes for their contributions to the theatre.More information about　the playwrights will be found at the end this book.To get the most out of reading these plays,try to picture the play on stage,with you,the reader,in the audience.The houselights dim(变暗).The curtains are about to open,and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell you the story.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者著作的序言部分,包括编写目的、内容主体及就如何实现快乐的阅读给出了自己的建议。
12.What do we know about the author from the first paragraph?A.He has written dozens of plays.B.He has a deep love for the theater.C.He is a professional stage actor.D.He likes reading short plays to others.
答案 B解析 细节理解题。 根据文章第一段第一句“...and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others.”可知,作者希望与他人分享对戏剧的热情,由此可以看出作者对戏剧热情很高。故选B。
13.What does the author avoid doing in his work?A.Stating the plays’ central ideas.B.Selecting works by famous playwrights.C.Including various types of plays.D.Offering information on the playwrights.
答案 A解析 细节理解题。根据文章第二段第三句“It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection,for that would,indeed,ruin the pleasure of reading,discussing,and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright.(我并不想指出这本书中每一部戏剧的中心主题,因为那样确实会破坏阅读、讨论和思考戏剧以及剧作家的有效性的乐趣。)”可知作者避免陈述戏剧的中心思想。故选A。
14.What does the author suggest readers do while reading the plays?A.Control their feelings.B.Apply their acting skills.C.Use their imagination.D.Keep their audience in mind.
答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第一句“To get the most out of reading these plays,try to picture the play on stage,with you,the reader,in the audience.”可知,作者建议读者试着想象戏剧在舞台上上演,这样才能实现最佳的阅读乐趣,因此作者建议读者运用想象力。故选C。
15.What is this text?A.A short story.B.An introduction to a book.C.A play review.D.An advertisement for a theater.
答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句“I am an active playgoer and play-reader,and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is...”可推知,作者是介绍自己的一本书。故选B。
【帮你拓知识】核心知识,词块记忆①in possession of拥有……②as scheduled 按照计划③lost property失物招领④math-related skills与数学有关的技能⑤interact with sb与某人互动⑥at risk of有……的风险⑦ground floor底层,一楼⑧float the idea提出想法
⑨from my standpoint从我的立场来看⑩multigenerational households多代同堂的家庭⑪playgoer n.爱看戏的人⑫play-reader n.剧本读评人⑬central idea中心思想⑭grow out of产生于……⑮ruin the pleasure of reading 毁掉了阅读的乐趣
Unit 2A(2020全国Ⅱ,A)The Lake District Attractions GuideDalemain Mansion & Historic GardensHistory,Culture & Landscape(景观).Discover and enjoy 4 centuries of history,5 acres of celebrated and award-winning gardens with parkland walk.Owned by the Hasell family since 1679,home to the International Marmalade Festival.Gifts and antiques,plant sales,museums & Mediaeval Hall Tearoom.Open:29 Mar-29 Oct,Sun to Thurs.Tearoom,Gardens & Gift Shop:10.30-17.00(16.00 in Oct).House:11.15-16.00(15.00 in Oct).Town:Pooley Bridge & Penrith
Abbot Hall Art Gallery & MuseumThose viewing the quality of Abbot Hall’s temporary exhibitions may be forgiven for thinking they are in a city gallery.The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives.Open:Mon to Sat and Summer Sundays.10.30-17.00 Summer.10.30-16.00 Winter.Town:Kendal
Tullie House Museum & Art GalleryDiscover,explore and enjoy award-winning Tullie House,where historic collections,contemporary art and family fun are brought together in one impressive museum and art gallery.There are four fantastic galleries to visit from fine art to interactive fun,so there’s something for everyone!Open:High Season 1 Apr-31 Oct:Mon to Sat 10.00-17.00,Sun 11.00-17.00.Low Season 1 Nov-31 Mar:Mon to Sat 10.00-16.30,Sun 12.00-16.30.Town:Carlisle
Dove Cottage & The Wordsworth MuseumDiscover William Wordsworth’s inspirational home.Take a tour of his Lakeland cottage,walk through his hillside garden and explore the riches of the collection in the Museum.Visit the shop and relax in the café.Exhibitions,events and family activities throughout the year.Open:Daily,09.30-17.30(last admission 17.00).Town:Grasmere
【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个著名的旅游景点,包括各自的特色、开放时间以及所处的具体位置。
1.When is the House at Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens open on Sundays in July?A.09.30-17.30.B.10.30-16.00.C.11.15-16.00.D.12.00-16.30.
答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据第一个景点中Open部分的最后一行House后的内容可知,它在七月份的星期天开放时间是11点15分到16点。故选C项。
2.What can visitors do at Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum?A.Enjoy Romney’s works.B.Have some interactive fun.C.Attend a famous festival.D.Learn the history of a family.
答案 A解析 细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum可快速锁定第二个景点,根据其中的第二句可知,这里收藏有Romney的作品。故选A项。
3.Where should visitors go if they want to explore Wordsworth’s life?A.Penrith. B.Kendal.C.Carlisle. D.Grasmere.
答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词Wordsworth’s life可快速锁定第四个景点,根据最后一行Town后的内容可知其具体位置。故选D项。
B(2020全国Ⅰ,B)Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend.There’s a welcome familiarity—but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both,and thus the relationship.But books don’t change,people do.And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register.It’s true,the older I get,the more I feel time has wings.But with reading,it’s all about the present.It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now,because reading is a give and take between author and reader.Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually.The first,which I take to reading every spring,is Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast.Published in 1964,it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.The language is almost intoxicating(令人陶醉的),an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time.Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm,her poetic 1975 ramble(随笔) about everything and nothing.The third book is Julio Cort?zar’s Save Twilight:Selected Poems,because poetry.And because Cort?zar.While I tend to buy a lot of books,these three were given to me as gifts,which might add to the meaning I attach to them.But I imagine that,while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.The best books are the ones that open further as time passes.But remember,it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。作者讲述了自己喜欢重读书籍的原因以及每年必重读的三本书的内容及其感悟。
4.Why does the author like rereading?A.It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.B.It’s a window to a whole new world.C.It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.D.It extends the understanding of oneself.
答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“There’s a welcome familiarity—but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both,and thus the relationship.But books don’t change,people do.”可知,重新阅读书会让你感觉到时间改变了自己。第二段的第一句表明重新阅读书籍的美妙之处在于我们与作品的关系基于我们当前的心理状态。由此可知,作者喜欢重读书的原因在于读书加深了他对自己的理解。
5.What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?A.It’s a brief account of a trip.B.It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.C.It’s a record of a historic event.D.It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
答案 B解析 细节理解题。由文章第三段“...an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time.”可知,A Moveable Feast是描写海明威早年生活的回忆录。故选B项。
6.What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to?A.Debt.B.Reward.C.Allowance.D.Face value.
答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据上文的“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,...”结合下文的“a reader can pay them”可知,该词的意思应该与“money”相关,此处的意思是“重读作者的书是给予他们最高的奖励(报酬)”。debt“债务”;reward“报酬,奖励,回报”;allowance“津贴,补贴”;face value“面值”。分析四个选项可知选B项。
7.What can we infer about the author from the text?A.He loves poetry.B.He’s an editor.C.He’s very ambitious.D.He teaches reading.
答案 A解析 推理判断题。由文章第三段“The third book is Julio Cort?zar’s Save Twilight:Selected Poems,because poetry.And because Cort?zar.”可知,作者最喜欢重读的第三本书籍是Save Twilight:Selected Poems,是一本诗选,且其中的两个because起到了强调作用。由此推测作者喜欢诗歌。故选A项。
C(2020全国Ⅱ,C)When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list,fur probably didn’t cross your mind.But some ecologists and fashion(时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles.“It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur—unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree,project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail.Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild.“The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species(物种).It’s destroying the environment.It’s them or us,”says Michael Massimi,an expert in this field.The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades,but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana.He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green,but he has no doubt about it.Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year,so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions.Model Paige Morgan says,“To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that’s going to be a massive thing,at least here in New York.”Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable.She’s trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。海狸鼠对生态系统造成了严重的破坏,因此科学家们鼓励人们捕猎海狸鼠,并把它们的毛皮制成时装。
8.What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?A.To promote guilt-free fur.B.To expand the fashion market.C.To introduce a new brand.D.To celebrate a winter holiday.
答案 A解析 推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知,在这两个城市举办的时装展不同寻常,如果了解了背后的原因,人们就不必因为穿着用动物毛皮制作的衣服而感到内疚。由此推断出,时装展的目的是宣传推广用海狸鼠的毛皮制成的时装。故选A项。
9.Why are scientists concerned about nutria?A.Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.B.Nutria are an endangered species.C.Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.D.Nutria are illegally hunted.
答案 A解析 细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知,科学家们之所以关心海狸鼠,是因为它们严重破坏了当地的生态系统。故选A项。
10.What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?A.Boomed. B.Became mature.C.Remained stable. D.Crashed.
答案 D解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的句意,尤其是but前面出现的短语keep sth.in check“将……控制住”可推断出,该画线词意为“崩溃;暴跌;倒闭”。故选D项。
11.What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?A.It’s formal. B.It’s risky.C.It’s harmful. D.It’s traditional.
答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Morgan所说的话可以推断出,在纽约,穿皮草是一件很冒险的事情,因为可能会有人往你身上泼油漆。故选B项。
D(2020天津,D改编)After years of observing human nature,I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent.I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either.And I have never known an average man who had both.The two belong together.Together,these deep human urges(驱策力)count for much more than ambition.Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground.Like Galileo,all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent,“Why? Why? Why?”
Fortunately,curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned.We are born with them and need only recapture them.“The great man,” said Mencius(孟子),“is he who does not lose his child’s heart.”Yet most of us do lose it.We stop asking questions.We stop challenging custom.We just follow the crowd.And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average.It encourages us to occupy our own little corner,to avoid foolish leaps into the dark,to be satisfied.Most of us meet new people,and new ideas,with hesitation.But once having met and liked them,we think how terrible it would have been,had we missed the chance.We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start? Modestly,so as not to become discouraged.I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself.She was curious about how the experts did it.How she is one of the experts,writing books on flower arrangement.One way to begin is to answer your own excuses.You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses.You haven’t any time? That’s good,because it’s always the people with no time who get things done.Harriet Stowe,mother of six,wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking.You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel,and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.However you start,remember there is no better time to start than right now,for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment.【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要谈论了伟大成就获得者与平庸者的不同之处在于两方面:好奇心和不满足。
12.What does the example of Galileo tell us?A.Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.B.Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.C.Creativity results from challenging authority.D.Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据第二段内容,尤其是第二段第一句内容可推断,作者举伽利略这个例子,是告诉我们伟大来自对探索的持久渴望。
13.What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent?A.Observe the unknown around you.B.Develop a questioning mind.C.Lead a life of adventure.D.Follow the fashion.
答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据第四段内容可推断,为了重新找回好奇心和不满足,作者建议我们培养质疑的头脑,不要人云亦云、随波逐流。
14.What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7?A.Gaining success helps you become an expert.B.The genius tends to get things done creatively.C.Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.D.You should remain modest when approaching perfection.
答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据第七段的前两个设问以及回答可推断,作者认为,缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由。
15.What could be the best title for the passage?A.Curious Minds Never Feel ContentedB.Reflections on Human NatureC.The Keys to AchievementD.Never Too Late to Learn
答案 C解析 主旨大意题。分析文章结构可知,文章首先提出论点,然后进行论证,最后得出结论。第一段主要指出取得伟大成就的人的两大品质。可见,C项最具概括性。
【帮你拓知识】核心知识,词块记忆①award-winning adj.获奖的②contemporary art当代艺术③interactive fun互动乐趣④the riches of the collection丰富的收藏品⑤pull one’s own weight尽力工作,尽本分⑥figure out想出,弄清楚⑦cross one’s mind(念头等)出现在脑中,突然想起⑧fashion enthusiast时装爱好者⑨showcase v.展示⑩in different styles以不同的式样
⑪a massive thing一件大事⑫eco-friendly adj.对环境无害的;环保的⑬men of average performance 表现一般的人⑭in discontent 不满足地⑯waken one’s curiosity 唤醒某人的好奇心⑰follow the crowd 随大流
Unit 3A(2020全国Ⅲ,A)Journey Back in Time with ScholarsClassical Provence (13 days)Journey through the beautiful countryside of Provence,France,with Prof.Ori Z.Soltes.We will visit some of the best-preserved Roman monuments in the world.Our tour also includes a chance to walk in the footsteps of Van Gogh and Gauguin.Fields of flowers,tile-roofed(瓦屋顶) villages and tasty meals enrich this wonderful experience.
Southern Spain (15 days)Spain has lovely white towns and the scent(芳香) of oranges,but it is also a treasury of ancient remains including the cities left by the Greeks,Romans and Arabs.As we travel south from Madrid with Prof.Ronald Messier to historic Toledo,Roman Mérida and into Andalucia,we explore historical monuments and architecture.China’s Sacred Landscapes (21 days)Discover the China of “past ages,” its walled cities,temples and mountain scenery with Prof.Robert Thorp.Highlights(精彩之处) include China’s most sacred peaks at Mount Tai and Hangzhou’s rolling hills,waterways and peaceful temples.We will wander in traditional small towns and end our tour with an exceptional museum in Shanghai.
Tunisia (17 days)Join Prof.Pedar Foss on our in-depth Tunisian tour.Tour highlights include the Roman city of Dougga,the underground Numidian capital at Bulla Regia,Roman Sbeitla and the remote areas around Tataouine and Matmata,unique for underground cities.Our journey takes us to picturesque Berber villages and lovely beaches.【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了四个国家中,那些让人们回顾过去的著名景点。
1.What can visitors see in both Classical Provence and Southern Spain?A.Historical monuments.B.Fields of flowers.C.Van Gogh’s paintings.D.Greek buildings.
答案 A解析 细节理解题。根据Classical Provence (13 days)部分的“We will visit some of the best-preserved Roman monuments in the world.”和Southern Spain (15 days)部分的“...we explore historical monuments and architecture.”可知,在这两个旅游地都可以看到历史遗迹。故选A项。
2.Which country is Prof.Thorp most knowledgeable about?A.France. B.Spain.C.China. D.Tunisia.
答案 A解析 细节理解题。根据Classical Provence (13 days)部分的“We will visit some of the best-preserved Roman monuments in the world.”和Southern Spain (15 days)部分的“...we explore historical monuments and architecture.”可知,在这两个旅游地都可以看到历史遗迹。故选A项。
3.Which of the following highlights the Tunisian tour?A.White towns. B.Underground cities.C.Tile-roofed villages. D.Rolling hills.
答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据Tunisia (17 days)部分的“Tour highlights include the Roman city of Dougga,the underground Numidian capital at Bulla Regia...”可知,在突尼斯旅行,其亮点在于对地下城市的观光。故选B项。
B(2020全国Ⅲ,B)When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month,a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard.But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars.Instead,one activist,dressed in a full-body monkey suit,had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers:“Thanks for not using real apes(猿)!”The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture(动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals,spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image(图像).In this case,one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule.In fact,Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately.One nonprofit organization,which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment,is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year.Already,a number of films,including “Water for Elephants,”“The Hangover Part Ⅱ” and “Zookeeper,” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly. In some cases,it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried;it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns.And there are questions about the films made outside the States,which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
【语篇导读】这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了电影《猩球崛起》上个月首次与公众见面。动物保护者们聚集在好莱坞大道,感谢电影制作者在电影拍摄时没有使用真的类人猿。现在的动物拍摄使用的是数字化人猿的创造技术,而一些电影的拍摄却存在着虐待动物的现象,这让一个非营利组织密切关注此事。但有些拍摄也是不能够被监测到的。
4.Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?A.To see famous film stars.B.To oppose wearing fur coats.C.To raise money for animal protection.D.To express thanks to some filmmakers.
答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Thanks for not using real apes!”可知,动物保护者们聚集起来,目的在于感谢《猩球崛起》拍摄中没有使用真的类人猿作为动物演员。
5.What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?A.The cost of making “Apes.”B.The creation of digitalized apes.C.The publicity about “Apes.”D.The performance of real apes.
答案 B解析 段落大意题。第二段主要讲《猩球崛起》拍摄过程中是如何借助于计算机技术创造出“数字化人猿”的。故选B项。
6.What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean?A.Listing completely.B.Directing professionally.C.Promoting successfully.D.Watching carefully.
答案 D解析 词义猜测题。keeping tabs on所在句子的意思是“一个监督动物在电影娱乐中的待遇的非营利组织,今年对2 000多部电影的制作　　　。”结合段落的主旨“动物演员受到虐待”可以推测,keeping tabs on意为“密切关注”。故选D项。 
7.What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?A.They may be badly treated.B.They should take further training.C.They could be traded illegally.D.They would lose popularity.
答案 A解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“...it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns.”可知,让人担忧的是动物们的台下训练和生活条件。故选A项。
C(2020全国Ⅰ,C)Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running,research shows,while most likely contributing to fewer injuries.It does,however,have its own problem.Race walkers are conditioned athletes.The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk,which is about five miles longer than the marathon.But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact(接触) with the ground at all times.It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however,says Jaclyn Norberg,an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem,Mass.
Like running,race walking is physically demanding,she says.According to most calculations,race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour,which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking,although fewer than running,which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.However,race walking does not pound the body as much as running does,Dr.Norberg says.According to her research,runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step,while race walkers,who do not leave the ground,create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result,she says,some of the injuries associated with running,such as runner’s knee,are uncommon among race walkers.But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips,so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport.In fact,anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique,she says.It takes some practice.【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了竞走运动及其与跑步的不同之处。
8.Why are race walkers conditioned athletes? A.They must run long distances.B.They are qualified for the marathon.C.They have to follow special rules.D.They are good at swinging their legs.
答案 C解析 细节理解题。由文章第二段中的“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知,竞走必须遵循特殊规则。故选C项。
9.What advantage does race walking have over running?A.It’s more popular at the Olympics.B.It’s less challenging physically.C.It’s more effective in body building.D.It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
答案 D解析 细节理解题。由文章最后一段中的“...some of the injuries associated with running,such as runner’s knee,are uncommon among race walkers.”可知,与跑步相比,竞走的优势在于它不大可能使膝盖受伤。故选D项。
10.What is Dr.Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?A.Getting experts’ opinions.B.Having a medical checkup.C.Hiring an experienced coach.D.Doing regular exercises.
答案 A解析 细节理解题。由文章最后一段中的“In fact,anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique...”可知,Dr.Norberg对于想尝试竞走运动的人的建议是咨询专业人士的意见。故选A项。
11.Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?A.Skeptical. B.Objective.C.Tolerant. D.Conservative.
答案 B解析 推理判断题。通读全文,作者介绍了竞走这项运动的特点:需要遵循一定规则;膝盖较少受伤,但会对脚踝和臀部造成压力;如果想从事这项运动,尚需专业人士指导。由此可推断,作者对待竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。
D(2020全国Ⅱ,D)I have a special place in my heart for libraries.I have for as long as I can remember.I was always an enthusiastic reader,sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child.Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties,I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old.It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother,the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life.I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment.It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library,where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them. I always read,using different voices,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it!It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books.Now,I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.
As a novelist,I’ve found a new relationship with libraries.I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can’t afford to purchase a book.I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers,a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book.Libraries,in their own way,help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can.Encourage readers to use the library.Share library announcements on your social media.Frequent them and talk about them when you can.【语篇导读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者从小就喜欢读书,喜欢待在图书馆里,并且喜欢读书这一习惯延续到了下一代人。作者鼓励人们尽自己所能支持图书馆、利用好图书馆。
12.Which word best describes the author’s relationship with books as a child?A.Cooperative.B.Uneasy.C.Inseparable.D.Casual.
答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知,作者从有记忆起就喜欢读书,有时一天能读三本书。由此推知作者与书籍的关系是“不可分离”。故选C项。
13.What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to?A.Pleasure from working in the library.B.Joy of reading passed on in the family.C.Wonderment from acting out the stories.D.A closer bond developed with the readers.
答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知,作者成为母亲后,她的孩子们也喜欢读书,喜欢去图书馆。由此推断出,画线部分指的是读书的乐趣延续到了下一代人身上。故选B项。
14.What does the author call on other writers to do?A.Sponsor book fairs.B.Write for social media.C.Support libraries.D.Purchase her novels.
答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段第四句内容可知,作者号召其他作家用自己能做到的方式支持图书馆。故选C项。
15.Which can be a suitable title for the text?A.Reading:A Source of KnowledgeB.My Idea about WritingC.Library:A Haven for the YoungD.My Love of the Library
答案 D解析 标题归纳题。通读全文内容可知,文章主要讲述了作者对图书馆的热爱。故选D项。
【帮你拓知识】核心知识,词块记忆①best-preserved monument保存最好的纪念碑②ancient remains 古代遗迹③highlight精彩之处④in-depth tour 深度游⑤animal activist 动物活动家⑥realistic-looking adj.看起来逼真的⑦in some cases在某些情况下;有时候⑧off-set training脱岗培训⑨at all times不论什么时候⑩physically demanding体力要求高的
⑪at a pace of...以……的速度⑫be associated with...与……有关⑬place stress on...强调……,重视……⑭check out books借出图书⑮pick out books挑选图书⑯bond with sb与……建立联系
Unit 4A(2019全国Ⅰ,A)Need a Job This Summer?The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs.The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.Not a student?Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills,find a job or start businesses all year round.
Jobs for YouthIf you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province,you could be eligible(符合条件) for this program,which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.Who is eligible:Youth 15-18 years old in select communities(社区).Summer CompanySummer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.Who is eligible:Students aged 15-29,returning to school in the fall.
Stewardship Youth Ranger ProgramYou could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire,but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.Summer Employment Opportunities(机会)Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program,students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service,its related agencies and community groups.Who is eligible:Students aged 15 or older.Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四个为青年人提供夏季就业岗位的项目及申请条件等。
1.What is special about Summer Company?A.It requires no training before employment.B.It provides awards for running new businesses.C.It allows one to work in the natural environment.D.It offers more summer job opportunities.
答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据Summer Company部分第一句“Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.”可知,Summer Company的特别之处在于它为创业者提供奖金。故选B项。
2.What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?A.15-18. B.15-24.C.15-29. D.16-17.
答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据Stewardship Youth Ranger Program部分第二句“Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire,but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.”可知, Stewardship Youth Ranger Program需要年龄在16至17岁之间。故选D项。
3.Which program favors the disabled?A.Jobs for Youth.B.Summer Company.C.Stewardship Youth Ranger Program.D.Summer Employment Opportunities.
答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据Summer Employment Opportunities部分最后一句“Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.”可知,Summer Employment Opportunities这一项目对残疾人有利。故选D项。
B(2019全国Ⅱ,B)“You can use me as a last resort(选择),and if nobody else volunteers,then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids’ lacrosse(长曲棍球) club.I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule,or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport.She may just need a little persuading.So I try again and tug at the heartstrings.I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on... At this point the unwilling parent speaks up,“Alright.Yes,I’ll do it.” 
I’m secretly relieved because I know there’s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many.The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule,sends out emails,and collects money for end-of-season gifts.Somewhere along the way,the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team.The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season.Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
Still,most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close.That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more:Connecting to the community(社区)as you freely give your time,money,skills,or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good.In that sense,I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit.However,if others benefit in the process,and I get some reward too,does it really matter where my motivation lies?【语篇导读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议类文章。作者介绍了自己说服他人参与志愿者工作的经历,论述了志愿者工作的特殊意义。
4.What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1?A.She knows little about the club.B.She isn’t good at sports.C.She just doesn’t want to volunteer.D.She’s unable to meet her schedule.
答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据第一段的第一句“You can use me as a last resort,and if nobody else volunteers,then I will do it.”可知,这位家长让作者最后再考虑她,如果没有其他人当志愿者,她才会做。由此可知,她不想做志愿者工作。
5.What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Encourage teamwork.B.Appeal to feelings.C.Promote good deeds.D.Provide advice.
答案 B解析 词义猜测题。开头提到这位家长不愿当志愿者,再根据第二段的“She may just need a little persuading.”以及下文作者提到的两个例子可知,作者是想让她内心有所触动。对比四个选项可知,B项正确。
6.What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?A.She gets interested in lacrosse.B.She is proud of her kids.C.She’ll work for another season.D.She becomes a good helper.
答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据第三段的第二句“The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule,sends out emails,and collects money for end-of-season gifts.”可知,这位家长安排就餐时间表、发送电子邮件,并且为季末礼品筹款。这些都可表明她是一位好帮手。故选D项。
7.Why does the author like doing volunteer work?A.It gives her a sense of duty.B.It makes her very happy.C.It enables her to work hard.D.It brings her material rewards.
答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Connecting to the community as you freely give your time,money,skills,or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good.”可知,志愿者工作给她带来了快乐。故选B项。
C(2020全国Ⅰ,D)The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown,Ohio,for example,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another,employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse,even unusual functions.These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.“We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,”explained Michael Strano,a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光) in experiments using some common vegetables.Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours.The light,about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by,is just a start.The technology,Strano said,could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.In the future,the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime.The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US.Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了麻省理工学院开展的研究,力求用发光的植物代替日常用品的功能。用普通蔬菜来发光照亮房间,甚至将树木变成自供电的街灯。
8.What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.A new study of different plants.B.A big fall in crime rates.C.Employees from various workplaces.D.Benefits from green plants.
答案 D解析 段落大意题。由文章第一段可知,一项研究发现,城市绿化率越高的区域犯罪率越低;另一项研究发现,工作环境有室内植物装饰时,员工的效率提高15%。由此可知,本段主要讲绿色植物的好处。故选D项。
9.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers?A.To detect plants’ lack of water.B.To change compositions of plants.C.To make the life of plants longer.D.To test chemicals in plants.
答案 A解析 细节理解题。由文章第二段中的“These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water”可知,麻省理工学院的工程师们之所以在植物叶子上放置传感器,是想监测植物的缺水状况。故选A项。
10.What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A.They will speed up energy production.B.They may transmit electricity to the home.C.They might help reduce energy consumption.D.They could take the place of power plants.
答案 C解析 推理判断题。由文章最后两段,尤其是最后一段中的“Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.”可推知,将来这种发光植物可能会有助于降低能源消耗。故选C项。
11.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.Can we grow more glowing plants?B.How do we live with glowing plants?C.Could glowing plants replace lamps?D.How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
答案 C解析 标题归纳题。文章开门见山,指出人类与植物的联系一直是科研的主题;然后讲述麻省理工学院开展的研究,力求用植物代替日常用品的功能;接下来进一步阐述用普通蔬菜来发出光照亮房间,甚至将树木变成自供电的街灯。由此可知,文章最佳标题为:发光的植物能替代街灯吗?故选C项。
D(2020全国Ⅲ,D)We are the products of evolution,and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago.As scientists look deeper into our genes(基因),they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes.Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation(突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell,a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation—not to air or to food,but to the ocean.A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers.The Bajau,as these people are known,number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia,Malaysia and the Philippines.They have traditionally lived on houseboats;in recent times,they’ve also built houses on stilts(支柱) in coastal waters.“They are simply a stranger to the land,”said Rodney C.Jubilado,a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines.They made a living as divers,spearfishing or harvesting shellfish.“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,”Dr. Jubilado said.“I could see them actually walking under the sea.”In 2015,Melissa Ilardo,then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen,heard about the Bajau.She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them.“It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,”said Dr. Ilardo.She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。人类会因为长期的特殊生活环境而进化。本文主要介绍了生活在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾海岸的巴夭人,并对其生活和居住方式进行了说明。
12.What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?A.Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.B.New knowledge of human evolution.C.Recent findings of human origin.D.Significance of food selection.
答案 B解析 推理判断题。第一段讲到人类是进化的产物。不过随着科学家对基因的深入研究,他们发现了人类在过去几千年里进化的例子。据此可知,这里是要介绍关于人类进化的新知识。故选B项。
13.Where do the Bajau build their houses?A.In valleys.B.Near rivers.C.On the beach.D.Off the coast.
答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times,they’ve also built houses on stilts in coastal waters.”可知,传统上,巴夭人住在船屋上;不过最近他们还在沿海水域的支柱上建造了房屋。故选D项。
14.Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?A.They could walk on stilts all day.B.They had a superb way of fishing.C.They could stay long underwater.D.They lived on both land and water.
答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders...”可知,令Jubilado感到惊讶的是,巴夭人居然在水下停留的时间比当地岛民还要长。故选C项。
15.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Bodies Remodeled for a Life at SeaB.Highlanders’ Survival SkillsC.Basic Methods of Genetic ResearchD.The World’s Best Divers
答案 A解析 标题归纳题。文章主要讲述了居住在海上的巴夭人由于生活环境特殊而进化,故A项“为(适应)海上生活而重新塑造的躯体”适合做标题。
【帮你拓知识】核心知识,词块记忆①paid employment有偿工作②hands-on business training实际业务培训③related agency相关机构④put out a request提出要求⑤speak up大胆地说,公开表态⑥end-of-season adj.季末的⑦invaluable adj.极有用的,极宝贵的⑧bloodthirsty adj.残忍的;嗜血的⑨be coupled with...与……相结合⑩in that sense从那个意义上说
⑪on and off switch电源开关⑫account for...占……比例⑬billions of...数十亿……⑭look deep into...深入观察(研究)……⑮at high altitudes在海拔很高的地方⑯act on对……起作用;对……有功效
Unit 5A(2019全国Ⅱ,A)My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series (系列) of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl’s writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds.Matilda’s battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress,Miss Trunchbull,are equally funny and frightening,but they’re also aspirational.
After DarkHaruki MurakamiIt’s about two sisters—Eri,a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping,and Mari,a young student.In trying to connect to her sister,Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse “night people” who are hiding secrets.Gone GirlGillian FlynnThere was a bit of me that didn’t want to love this when everyone else on the planet did,but the horror story is brilliant.There’s tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust.It’s a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what’s going on is horribly enjoyable.
The StandStephen KingThis is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around.After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world’s population,a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left.Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。Jo Usmar是位作家,也是This Book Will系列图书的作者之一,文章介绍了她最喜欢的四本书。
1.Who does “I” refer to in the text?A.Stephen King.B.Gillian Flynn.C.Jo Usmar.D.Roald Dahl.
答案 C解析 代词指代题。根据文章标题以及第一段中的“Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads.”可知,文章中的“I”指的就是Jo Usmar。
2.Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri?A.Cosmopolitan.B.Matilda.C.After Dark.D.The Stand.
答案 C解析 代词指代题。根据文章标题以及第一段中的“Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads.”可知,文章中的“I”指的就是Jo Usmar。
3.What kind of book is Gone Girl?A.A folk tale.B.A biography.C.A love story.D.A horror story.
答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据Gone Girl中的“There was a bit of me that didn’t want to love this when everyone else on the planet did,but the horror story is brilliant.”可知,Gone Girl讲的是恐怖故事。
B(2019全国Ⅰ,B)For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue,N.Y.,today is speech day,and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn.The 8-year-old is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes,he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.But he’s nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...”Chris trips on the“-ld,”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is next to him,whispering support.“...Vote for...me...” Except for some stumbles,Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion,Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
A son of immigrants,Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.Whaley recalls(回想起) how at the beginning of the year,when called upon to read,Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience.What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.“It takes a lot for any student,” Whaley explains,“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language,to feel confident enough to say,‘I don’t know,but I want to know.’”
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.“Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities,” Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”
【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了纽约州帕奇格的迦南小学二年级教师Thomas Whaley在班里开展“总统竞选演讲”项目,以帮助学生树立自信。
4.What made Chris nervous?A.Telling a story.B.Making a speech.C.Taking a test.D.Answering a question.
答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第一段及第二段第一句“But he’s nervous.”可知,尽管Chris是班上爱开玩笑的人,但在全班同学面前公开演讲他还是感到紧张。故选B项。
5.What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Improper pauses.B.Bad manners.C.Spelling mistakes.D.Silly jokes.
答案 A解析 词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“‘...Vote for...me...’Except for some stumbles,Chris is doing amazingly well.”可知,除了演讲过程中的一些不恰当的停顿(Improper pauses)之外,Chris还是完成得相当不错。故选A项。
6.We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to 　　　. A.help students see their own strengthsB.assess students’ public speaking skillsC.prepare students for their future jobsD.inspire students’ love for politics
答案 A解析 推理判断题。根据第五段及第六段中的“...is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”可以推知,Whaley之所以在班里开展“总统竞选演讲”项目,目的是帮助学生看到自己的长处,找到自信。故选A项。
7.Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?A.Humorous. B.Ambitious.C.Caring. D.Demanding.
答案 C解析 推理判断题。纵观全文,尤其是第二段中的“His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is next to him,whispering support.”可以看出,Chris演讲时,Whaley在身旁默默地鼓励他;当初学语言时,Whaley允许学生犯错,让学生有勇气面对自身的不足之处,且渴望去探索,并鼓励走进教室的不自信的学生们夸赞自己的好品质。由此推知, 作为教师,Whaley对于学生关怀备至(Caring)。故选C项。
C(2019全国Ⅲ,C)Before the 1830s,most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America,usually $8 to $10 a year.Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money,but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens.Accordingly,newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades.In addition,most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.They were dull and visually forbidding.But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.The trend,then,was toward the “penny paper”—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public.It meant any inexpensive newspaper;perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight.It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer’s office to purchase a copy.Street sales were almost unknown.However,within a few years,street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities.At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny—usually two or three cents was charged—and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents.But the phrase “penny paper” caught the public’s fancy,and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well.Some of the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures.Publishers already in business,people who were owners of successful papers,had little desire to change the tradition.It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“便士报”产生的背景及其发展的艰难过程。
8.Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?A.Academic.B.Unattractive.C.Inexpensive.D.Confidential.
答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第一段的第四、五句“In addition,most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.They were dull and visually forbidding.”可知,当时的报纸枯燥无味,没有吸引力。
9.What did street sales mean to newspapers?A.They would be priced higher.B.They would disappear from cities.C.They could have more readers.D.They could regain public trust.
答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据第二段的 “...papers made widely available to the public.”和“...that could be bought in single copies on the street.”可知,街头销售能让报纸有更多的读者。
10.Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?A.Local politicians.B.Common people.C.Young publishers.D.Rich businessmen.
答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段的第一句 “This new trend of newspapers for ‘the man on the street’ did not begin well.”中提到的“the man on the street”可知,报纸的目标读者是普通人。
11.What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?A.It was a difficult process.B.It was a temporary success.C.It was a robbery of the poor.D.It was a disaster for printers.
答案 A解析 推理判断题。最后一段中提到“早期的一些企业是直接失败的。那些拥有成功报纸的出版商几乎不想改变传统。一些年轻大胆的商人才把这件事情推动起来。”由此推测,便士报的推动过程比较艰难。
D(2019全国Ⅰ,D)During the rosy years of elementary school(小学),I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens,and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes,breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein,a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories:the likable and the status seekers.The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships,jump-start interpersonal skills and,when tapped early,are employed ever after in life and work.Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence:status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed,Dr.Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest in status in high school,as well as those least liked in elementary school,are “most likely to engage(从事) in dangerous and risky behavior”.In one study,Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents,scoring the least liked,the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究).“We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment,high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing,kindness,openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research,Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion:Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes,but it is also responsible for those outcomes,too.“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage,” he said.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了赢得欢迎度的两种类型及这两种类型对日后生活和成功的影响。结果表明,与人为善,人缘不会差。
12.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.
答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据第一段第一、二句“During the rosy years of elementary school,I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.”可知,在小学阶段,作者是一个慷慨大方的姑娘,人缘很好。故选C项。
13.What is the second paragraph mainly about?A.The classification of the popular.B.The characteristics of adolescents.C.The importance of interpersonal skills.D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.
答案 A解析 段落大意题。根据第二段第二句“Mitch Prinstein,a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.”可知,本段主要论述人气的分类:讨人喜爱型与追求地位型。故选A项。
14.What did Dr.Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?A.They appeared to be aggressive.B.They tended to be more adaptable.C.They enjoyed the highest status.D.They performed well academically.
答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据第五、六段可知,乐于分享、仁慈善意、开放心态能够使人更好地建立人脉。讨人喜欢不仅与积极的生活体验相关,而且与人生的成功和幸福相关。受欢迎的孩子能为未来的人生际遇创造机会。他们会更能适应未来的生存挑战。故选B项。
15.What is the best title for the text?A.Be Nice—You Won’t Finish LastB.The Higher the Status,the BetterC.Be the Best—You Can Make ItD.More Self-Control,Less Aggressiveness
答案 A解析 主旨大意题。本文分别讲了受欢迎的两种类型可能在社会长远生活中产生的影响。因追求权力和地位而惹人喜爱的人与最不受欢迎的人相仿,他们更倾向于采取冒险举动。因此这种类型更容易给人的发展带来负面影响。最后证实最受欢迎的人能对日后长远生活带来的好处。由此推知,我们要做一个受欢迎的人,这样你在社会交往中不会差。故选A项。
【帮你拓知识】核心知识,词块记忆①battle with...与……斗争②bossy headmistress 专横的女校长③fantasy novel 玄幻小说④flu outbreak 流感暴发⑤joker n.爱说笑话的人⑥bring one’s speech to a conclusion 结束某人的演讲⑦be called upon to do sth.被号召做某事⑧presidential campaign 总统竞选活动⑨annual subscription 全年订阅⑩forbidding adj.令人生畏的
⑪accordingly adv.因此,所以⑫mass audience 大众⑬commonplace adj.平凡的,普通的⑭catch one’s fancy 投其所好⑮rosy years 美好的岁月⑯well-explored subject 广为探讨的话题⑰likable adj.讨人喜欢的⑱interpersonal skill 人际交往能力(技巧)⑲tap v.开发,利用⑳enviable adj.令人羡慕的;引起忌妒的
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