2022 高考英语语法专项之定语从句课件PPT

这是一份2022 高考英语语法专项之定语从句课件PPT，共32页。PPT课件主要包含了定语从句的定义， 关系代词，关系副词，介词+关系代词等内容，欢迎下载使用。

【考点解读】 定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：1. 考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如: that, which和where, when的区分; that, which和why的区分等。2. 考查whse的使用。whse可以指代人或物, 在定语从句中作定语, 后跟名词。3. 考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which，as引导的非限制性定语从句和it，what引导的主语从句的区分。 4. 考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。5. 考查“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whm，指物时用which，不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whse。6. 考查一些特殊的先行词。如: 当situatin, pint, case, activity, scene及perid, festival, ccasin等出现时，要注意具体情况具体分析; 作主语、宾语和表语时, 用关系代词that/which; 作状语时, 用关系副词where/when或“介词＋which”, 表示在某种特定的情形下。7. 考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。
定语从句:在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。⑵先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。⑶关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。头系代词有that, which,wh, whm, whse 等; 关系副词有when, where, why 等。⑷关系词通常有下列三个作用： ⑴引号定语从句；⑵代替先行词；⑶在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如: The wmen wh are speaking at the meeting are famus scientists.该句中, wh are speaking at the meeting are famus scientists.是定语从句,修饰先行词 the wmen,wh是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词 the wmen,在定语从句中作主语。
The girl wh is behind the tree is kate.
2. 关系代词that和which的用法区别
3. 关系代词as引导限制性定语从句的用法
（1）as既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等，引导限制性定语从句时的 固定搭配：the same ...；such ...；s/as ... ☞She is such a nice girl as we all like.她是一个我们大家都喜欢的好女孩。（2）the same 与the same 的区别： ☞This is the same pen as I bught yesterday. 这和我昨天买的那支钢笔一样。 ☞This is the same pen that I bught yesterday.这就是我昨天买的那支钢笔。
例（2019·新课标III卷·短文改错）In the cafe, custmers will enjy themselves in the histrical envirnment what is created fr them
1. 常用的关系副词：when，why，where(在从句中只作状语)2. 意义及作用
☞I’ll never frget the day_________we spent tgether last week.我将永远不会忘记上周我们一起度过的那一天。 ☞I’ll never frget the day __________I gt t knw yu.我将永远不会忘记我认识你的那天。
① why或that引导的定语从句, 先行词是reasn, 且reasn又作主句主语时,表语从句不能用because引导, 而要用that引导。其句型为：The reasn that...或The reasn that... 。☞The reasn that he explained at the meeting was that he had t lk after his mther in hspital. 他在会上解释的原因是他不得不去照顾他住院的母亲②“地点模糊”的先行词后跟where引导的定语从句。当先行词 pint, situatin, cnditins, case, psitin, stage, scene, spt, activity, family, jb等表示某人/物所处的情况、发展的阶段或表达某事的某个方面时, 用where引导定语从句, where相当于frm which, under which等, 表示“在这种情况下”, “从……中”等。☞We’re just trying t reach a pint where bth sides will sit dwn tgether and talk.我们只是尽力想能达到双方共同坐下来商谈的地步。
  4. 关系代词与关系副词的选择依据
Ex:a.⑴She wn’t frget the days ___________she spent n the islands.⑵She wn’t frget the days _______ they stayed tgether.b.⑴The teacher didn’t knw the reasn ________ she was absent yesterday.⑵The tearcher culdn’t accept the reasn __________she explained yesterday.c.⑴This is the park____________we visited last year.⑵This is the park ——————— we held a birthday party.
一、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句时，位于介词之后的关系代词只能是which或whm，构成介词+which（指物）；介词+whm（指人）两种结构。（1）介词＋关系代词☞Mandela was the black lawyer t whm I went fr advice.＝Mandela was the black lawyer whm I went t fr advice.曼德拉是我寻求帮助的一位黑人律师。 （2）名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词☞The ld man has tw daughters, bth f whm are dctrs.那位老人有两个女儿，她们都是医生。（3）形容词最高级＋介词＋关系代词☞China has thusands f islands，the largest f which is Taiwan.中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。 （4）介词＋关系代词＋名词☞I called him by the wrng name，fr which mistake I aplgized.我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他表示了歉意。(不能使用whse)
Ex:⑴The service abut that the students cmplain a lt shuld be imprved.(改错) ⑵He is a library assistant frm wh I brrwed sme bks. (改错)
⑴I live in a rm whse windws are all brken.=I live in a rm f which the windws are all brken.= I live in a rm the windws f which are all brken.⑵This is my teacher whse handwriting is excellent.= This is my teacher ＿＿＿　＿＿＿　＿＿＿　＿＿＿is excellent.= This is my teacher ＿＿＿　＿＿＿　＿＿＿＿　＿＿＿is excellent.
二、代词whse+名词 引导的定语从句可转化为 the+名词+f+ which / whm 或 f+ which/whm+ the +名词结构；f 表所属关系。
三．关系副词when, where, why可以相应地转化为 "介词+ which"结构。
This is the huse where/_____ ______ I lived tw years ag.D yu remember the day when/_____ ____ yu jined ur club?I dn’t knw the reasn why /_____ _____he said s.
四．介词＋关系代词引导的定语从句前常有不定代词sme, any, nne, bth, all, many, a few, few, a little, little, either, neither, ne等修饰。
He lves his parents deeply, _____ _____ _____ （他们俩）are very kind t him. Up t nw, he has written ten stries,______ _________ __________（其中３本）　　 are abut cuntry life.
五．介词＋关系代词引导的定语从句中，介词的确定常常遵循以下三原则1.介词与先行词的关系2.从句谓语动词的搭配3.整个句子表达的意思。简称“一先，二动，三意义”。
This is the car ____ which I bught last year.This is the car ____ which I paid 100$.This is the car ____ which I spent 100$.This is the car ____ which I g t wrk every day.This is the car ____ which I can’t g t wrk.This is the car ____ which the ld wman was kncked dwn.This is the car ____ which a by threw a stne.This is the car ____ which we talked.This is the car ____ which the windw was brken.
6.有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，一般还是放在动语之后，不提前：
He is the student (wh/whm/that) the teachers are lking fr.The number f the children (wh/whm/that) she takes care f is 30.
6. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
 限制性定语从句： The teacher tld me that Tm was the nly persn that I culd depend n.  China is a cuntry which has a lng histry. 非限制性定语从句： China, which was funded in 1949, is becming mre and mre pwerful.  Last summer I visited Great Hall f the peple, in which many imprtant meetings are held every year.He didn’t pass the exam, which surprised us.
as可以引导非限制性定语从句，常有＂正如……＂的意思，所引导的从句既可置于主句之前， 也可置于主句之后。as多用于固定搭配中：
as is knwn t all众所周知as has been said befre如前所说as is ften the case情况常常如此as may be imagined这可以想象得出as has been pinted ut正如已经指出的那样as ften happens这种情况常常发生as is mentined abve 正如上面所提到的☞As yu knw, David is a phtgrapher. =David, as yu knw, is a phtgrapher. = David is a phtgrapher, as yu knw. 戴维是名摄影师，你是知道的。（as引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句的内容。）
Ex: _____ is ften the case, Girls like dlls while bys like guns.Jack has wn the first prize,_____ it ften happens.He changed his mind again,_______ made us all angry.
定语从句中需注意的问题
1. 当先行词为表示方式的the way时，从句不能用hw来引导，应用that或in which，或将它们全部省略。2. as引导限制性定语从句时，常用于下列句式中：such＋名词＋as ...＂像……一样的＂；the same＋名词＋as ...＂和……同样的＂。3. 当先行词是time时，若time表示＂次数＂，应用that引导定语从句，并且that可以省略；若time表示＂一段时间＂讲，应用when或＂at/during＋which＂引导定语从句。☞This is the secnd time(that)the president has visited the cuntry. 这是这位总统第二次访问这个国家。☞This is at a time when/during which there were n radis，n telephnes r n TV sets.这是在一个没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视的时代。
4. 定语从句中的主谓一致当关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中谓语动词的数原则上要与先行词保持一致，但要注意以下几点：先行词是＂ne f＋复数名词＂结构时，关系代词引导的定语从句中的谓语动词一般用复数形式；但如有the very，the nly，the first，the last，the right等修饰ne时，谓语动词用单数。☞This is ne f the mst interesting questins that have been asked. 这是被问过的最有意思的问题之一。☞She is the nly ne f the girls wh studies hard. 她是这些女孩中唯一一个刻苦学习的。
定语从句与其他从句的区别
定语从句与地点状语从句的区别：当定语从句的引导词与地点状语从句的连接词都是where时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明地点名词；而状语从句则说明动作发生的地点，where没有对应的地点名词或代词。☞This is the place where we used t live a few years ag. 这就是几年前我们常居住的地方。（定语从句）☞Let’s g where we can find a better jb. 我们到我们能找到更好工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
定语从句与强调句型的区别
定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制，关系词可能是that, which, as, wh, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that, wh，并且句子中的It 没有任何意义；一般比较明显，而有时就难以区别，还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。It is a bk that he wants.它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来考察。如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题，意思是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What des he want? 这样的问题，那么意思是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。
限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别关系副词引导限制性定语从句中的关系词有跟他们含义相应的先行词，而引导同位语从句时则没有与他们含义相应的先行词。☞Srry, I’ve frgt the day when we met fr the first time. 抱歉，我记不起我们第一次见面的日子了。☞I’ve n idea when we met fr the first time. 我不知道我们第一次是什么时候见面的。
定语从句与时间状语从句的区别当定语从句的引导词与时间状语从句的连接词都是when时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明时间名词，只能放在先行词的后面；而时间状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。☞D yu knw the time when the class is ver? 你知道下课的时间吗？☞It was already five ’clck in Lndn when the class was ver. =When the class was ver, it was already five ’clck in Lndn . 当课结束时，已经是五点钟了。
定语从句与结果状语从句的区别定语从句中的关系词在从句中还要作某种成分，因而从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词不作任何句子成分，因此句子成分完整。☞It is such an interesting bk as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。☞It is such an interesting bk that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我么大家都喜欢它。
1.定语从句与名词性从句的区别a.The fact_____ she tld me yesterday is very imprtant.The fact______ she has knwn the result f the examinatin is knwn t all that the earth is rund.___ is knwn t all, the earth is rund.____ is knwn t us all is that the earth is rund. 2.定语从句与强调句型的区别It was a rm______ we used t have meeting.It was in the rm_____ we used t have meeting.