（新高考）2022届高中英语外研版一轮复习 板块四 概要写作(备选) Part 3 强化细节 精品课件

这是一份（新高考）2022届高中英语外研版一轮复习 板块四 概要写作(备选) Part 3 强化细节 精品课件，共43页。PPT课件主要包含了微技能 1　句子提升，微技能 2　篇章提升等内容，欢迎下载使用。
一、同义转换 概要写作的语言表达要灵活,不能简单地照搬原句,而是要用自己的话进行转换。这就要求考生要有丰富的语言功底,尽可能多地掌握能够进行语言转换的词汇、短语或者句式来丰富自己的表达。多数的可转换的词汇之间有一些细微的差别,它们的侧重点不一样,在实际运用中,还要根据不同的语境选择最恰当的词。
◆词汇的转换1.常用名词(词组)的转换方法 way,methd,apprach,means困难 difficulty,challenge,barrier问题 prblem,questin,truble,issue事情 thing,matter,affair,business机会 chance,pprtunity,ccasin目标 gal,target,aim
责任 duty,respnsibility发展 develpment,prgress,advance职业 jb,career,emplyment,prfessin优势 advantage,merit,virtue,benefit,strength,strng pint劣势disadvantage,shrtcming,weakness,drawback,dwnside,limitatin,weak pint
2.重点动词(短语)的转换认为think,cnsider,insist知道knw,realize,be aware f,learn abut相信believe (in),have faith in,trust,be cnvinced f使用use,apply,emply完成finish,achieve,accmplish,cmplete获得gain,get,acquire,attain,btain提供ffer,prvide,supply,affrd
鼓励encurage,mtivate,stimulate,inspire发生happen,ccur,take place,cme abut同意agree,apprve,cnsent要求request,demand,require,claim影响influence,impact,affect表明shw,suggest,imply,indicate,demnstrate导致lead t,bring abut,result in,give rise t,cntribute t
3.描绘性形容词的转换好的gd,excellent,utstanding,favrable坏的bad,awful,terrible,negative,harmful大的big,massive,huge,enrmus,giant,vast小的small,tiny富的rich,wealthy,well-ff穷的pr,needy有益的helpful,beneficial,rewarding,advantageus有害的harmful,damaging,destructive勇敢的brave,bld,curageus,fearless,daring
害怕的afraid,frightened,scared,fearful严重的serius,severe困难的difficult,tugh,challenging悲伤的sad,depressed,srrwful,heartbrken高兴的happy,delightful,glad,jyful,merry,cheerful重要的imprtant,essential,significant,vital,crucial,critical漂亮的 beautiful,charming,attractive,fascinating,pretty,eye-catching
4.高频副词(短语)的转换经常ften,regularly,frequently很少rarely,seldm,hardly ever起先firstly,riginally,initially,t begin with然后then,subsequently,afterwards,thereafter最后lastly,ultimately,eventually,finally立刻immediately,shrtly,right nw,right away偶尔ccasinally,at times,nw and then也als,t,as well,likewise,either因为because,as,due t,since,in that
非常very,exceedingly,extremely,highly目前nw,at present,nwadays,recently忽然suddenly,all f a sudden,all at nce当然certainly,definitely,undubtedly但是hwever,nevertheless,while,yet大约apprximately,abut,arund,rughly,almst平稳地steadily,smthly只有,仅仅nly,just,merely,barely实际上actually,as a matter f fact,indeed,in fact,truly完全地ttally,cmpletely,abslutely,entirely,fully因此s,therefre,thus,cnsequently,as a result,in cnsequence
5.介词(短语)和独立成分等的转换关于abut,cncerning,invlving,regarding提前ahead f time,ahead f schedule,in advance例如fr instance,fr example,t name nly a few,such as随着时间的推移as time ges n/by,with time ging n/by随着……的到来with the cming/appraching/arrival f...在某种程度上t sme extent,t sme degree,in a sense,in a way
◆词性的转换在概要写作中,学生若是不能完全用自己的语言转换表达,可以通过词性转换法来改变原句中一些词的词性以避免照搬原文。例如:1.The wrkers have prduced at a very high rate.(名词与动词的转换)The wrkers have sped up fund it difficult t slve this cmplicated prblem.(名词与形容词的转换)We fund difficulty in slving this cmplicated buses are safe fr the envirnment.(名词与副词的转换)Schl buses are envirnmentally safe.
4.The white and the black shuld be equally treated.(形容词与副词的转换;名词与动词的转换) The white and the black shuld receive equal treatment. 5.What he had said left a deep impressin n me.(名词与动词的转换;形容词与副词的转换) His wrds deeply impressed me. 6.It is abslutely necessary t think independently in study.(形容词与副词的转换;形容词与名词的转换) Independent thinking is an abslute necessity in study. 
◆句式的转换在概要写作中,恰当运用一些简单的常用句式,来改变原文的句式,可以彰显考生的综合语言运用能力,提高文章的档次。例如:1.时态的转换(1)The bus is cming nw.(现在进行时) Here cmes the bus.(一般现在时)(2)He jined the army tw years ag.(一般过去时)He has been a sldier fr tw years.(现在完成时) 
2.语态的转换(1)Parents shuld give children mre praise.(主动语态)Children shuld be given mre praise.(被动语态) (2)We are ging t discuss this prblem in ur class meeting.(主动语态)This prblem is ging t be discussed in ur class meeting.(被动语态) 
3.非谓语动词代替句子(1)It is difficult and I can’t finish it.I find it difficult t finish it.(动词不定式) (2)They knw the plan and it will be carried ut next week.They knw the plan t be carried ut next week.(动词不定式的被动语态) (3)When yu arrive,yu can send me a message.On arriving,yu can send me a message.(动词-ing形式作宾语)(4)The teacher walked ut f the lab and the children fllwed her.Fllwed by the children,the teacher walked ut f the lab.(动词-ed形式作状语)(5)The bk is very interesting and it has been published recently.The bk published recently is very interesting.(动词-ed 形式作定语)
4.复合句来代替简单句(1)Simn is ur teacher.He will leave fr Japan next week.Simn,wh is ur teacher,will leave fr Japan next week. (2)Pamela is spken highly f.Her cmpsitin was well written.Pamela whse cmpsitin was well written is spken highly f. (3)I wn’t believe what she says.N matter what she says,I wn’t believe. 
(4)It was a cld day.There was nbdy n the street.It was such a cld day that there was nbdy n the street.(5)T ur surprise,the little by knws s many things.What surprises us is that the little by knws s many things. (6)He didn’t turn up and we felt disappinted.The fact that he didn’t turn up made us feel disappinted. 5.使用虚拟语气(1)He suggested eating ut fr a change this weekend.He suggested that we (shuld) eat ut fr a change this weekend. (2)We didn’t have a pleasant jurney because f the rain.But fr the rain,we wuld have had a pleasant jurney. 
6.使用特殊句式(1)Thugh I am weak,I’ll spare n effrt.Weak as I am,I’ll spare n effrt. (2)I can help the ld lady nly in this way.Only in this way can I help the ld lady. (3)The first step matters.It is the first step that matters. (4)I didn’t realize hw much time I had wasted until I began t wrk.It was nt until I began t wrk that I realized hw much time I had wasted. 
二、巧妙使用衔接词要想清晰地概括出文章中的逻辑关系,就要恰当巧妙地使用衔接词,这些衔接词会为你得高分助一臂之力。1.表示并列或递进的14种高分衔接单词:additinally;furthermre;besides;mrever短语:in additin t;as well as;alng with;wrse still;apart frm结构:what’s wrse;t make matters wrse;what’s mre;;nt als...
2.表示因果的30种高分衔接表示原因的连词: because;as;fr;since表示原因的短语和结构:because f;due t;wing t;thanks t;in that;nw that;as a result f;the cause f;fr fear that;the reasn fr;seeing that;ne reasn is that...表示结果的副词:therefre;thus;cnsequently;hence;accrdingly表示结果的短语和结构:result in;the effect f;the cnsequence f;causing+n.;leading t+n.;resulting in+n.注意:以下是动词短语 cntribute t;have an effect n;we sth t
3.表示转折的25种高分衔接单词:but;hwever;nevertheless;yet;althugh;therwise;instead;despite短语:n the cntrary;differ frm;different frm;even s;even thugh;in spite f;by cntrast;in cntrast结构:n matter wh (what/when/where);in spite f the fact that...隐含转折或否定意义的词:unlike;actually;unfrtunately;unexpectedly;as a matter f fact;in fact;in deed4.表示对比的10种高分衔接单词:while;whereas;similarly;alike;resemble;meanwhile短语和结构:equally imprtant;at the same time;n the ne the ther hand...;fr ne anther...
5.表示顺序、程度等的43种高分衔接首先:first;first f all;at first;in the first place;primarily;initially肯定:certainly;definitely;undubtedly;bviusly;apparently;inevitably;essentially;interestingly;surely;certainly程度:ttally;entirely;cnsiderably;relatively最近情况:recently;in recent years;these years;presently;lately;currently总结:n the whle;in cnclusin;in a wrd;t sum up;in shrt;in belief;t cnclude;in general;generally speaking;significantly;abve all;in any case;anyway;abve all;in fact;especially;mst imprtantly
一、高度概括概要写作评分标准第五档要求,“理解准确,涵盖全部要点”。用有限的字数涵盖全部要点就需要高度概括。高度概括除了把事物的共同点归纳总结外,还要简明扼要。部分学生概要写作得分低,主要原因是不会概括。他们只是照抄了原文中的个别句子,或者句子的一部分,不能用自己的话凝练表达。要学会概括,首先要学会寻找主题句。寻找主题句时,要注意以下小技巧:①转折词语后面的部分,有可能是主题句;②段首出现疑问时,回答部分可能是主题句;③作者有意识重复强调的观点,往往是主旨;反复出现的词语,往往是体现主旨的关键词;④表示总结或者结论的句子常包含therefre,in shrt;cnclude;thus等。
下面我们从段落开始,通过具体案例,来学习、感悟、掌握寻找主题句并进行概括。1.如何寻找主题句?案例①Accrding t mst peple,after a lng perid f studying r wrking,we need t have a rest t refresh urselves.②Hwever,that may nt be the case.③Accrding t a recent reprt,yu dn’t need the break as much as yu may think.
详细解析:转折词语后面的部分,有可能是主题句。本段第一句话阐述了一种观点:大多数人认为,经过长时间的学习或工作后,我们需要休息来恢复精神。第二句,Hwever之后,引出本段主题:事实可能并非如此。第三句是对上述表述的阐释:根据最近的一份报告,你并不像你想象的那样需要休息。因此,需要将前两句进行整合。
参考表达:Having a rest t refresh yurself is nt s essential as many peple think.简要解析:将“经过长时间的学习或工作后,我们需要休息来恢复精神”这种现象用“Having a rest t refresh yurself”来概括,用“nt s essential as...”替换“may nt be the case”,用自己的语言进行概括,高度提炼段落大意。
2.主题句在段首案例①Mre than three billin peple are at risk frm indr air pllutin because f the heating r cking fuels they use.②Mst live in Africa,India and China.③They use wd,crp waste,animal waste r cal.④These slid fuels may be the least cstly fuels available.⑤But they are als a majr cause f health prblems and death.
详细解析:段落中第一句话表示超过30亿人因为使用的燃料而处于室内空气污染的危险之中。第二句话具体阐述的是这些人来自哪些国家。第三句话具体阐述他们使用的是什么燃料。第四句话阐述了他们使用的原因——廉价。第五句话表明虽然廉价,但是会带来健康问题甚至死亡。因此判断第一句为主题句,后面的为支撑句。
参考表达:Many peple are suffering frm the indr air pllutin caused by cheap fuels.简要解析:用“Many peple”概括“Mre than three billin peple”,用“are suffering frm”替换“are at risk frm”,用“air pllutin caused by cheap fuels”概括“indr air pllutin because f the heating r cking fuels they use”和“These slid fuels may be the least cstly fuels available.”,用高度概括与替换的手法进行整合概括。
3.主题句在段末案例①In 2002,an Australian man went t his friend’s 21st birthday party.②He gt drunk,fell ff sme steps and cut his lip.③He tk a picture f his injuries and shared it with his friends nline.④“And srry abut the fcus,” he wrte,“it was a selfie (自拍).” ⑤That was the first recrded use f the wrd “selfie”,accrding t sme experts at Oxfrd Dictinaries.
详细解析:本段介绍“自拍”的起源。段落第一句话表示一位澳大利亚男子参加朋友的生日聚会。第二句话表示他喝得酩酊大醉,磕破了嘴唇。第三句话表示他拍了张负伤的照片,传到了网络上与朋友分享。第四句话表示他说这是张“自拍”。第五句话表示这是“自拍”一词最早出现的记录。前面几句是叙述“自拍”一词出现的具体事例,引出总结性主题句,主题句在段末。
参考表达:The wrd “selfie” was first used by an Australian man in 2002.简要解析:用“The wrd ‘selfie’ was first used...”被动句来表达主题句,高度概括,省去具体描述事件的词语。
4.主题句在段中案例①Until the 1960s,mst Finnish students left schl after six years.②In the middle f the 1960s,the Finnish gvernment saw the need t change and mdernize their educatinal system if they wanted t be internatinally cmpetitive.③Lawmakers made a simple decisin:a basic schl fr all the 7-t-16-year-lds.④Cmpulsry (义务的) educatin begins at 7.⑤The gvernment makes it pssible fr all children t attend preschl as well.
详细解析:段落第一句话阐述的是一种现象:大多数芬兰学生入学六年后就会辍学。第二句话表明芬兰政府意识到了改变这种现象的重要性及重要措施。第三句话讲述的是芬兰政府的决定:为所有7到16岁的孩子建立一所基础学校。段落中体现重要决策的,往往为主题句。因此,此处为主题句。第四句话表示义务教育开始的年龄。第五句话表示政府尽可能让所有的孩子都能上学前班。都是对第三句进行的补充。
参考表达:The Finnish gvernment made laws t ensure the cmpulsry educatin.简要解析:用“The Finnish gvernment”替换“Lawmakers”,用“made laws”替换“made a simple decisin”,将芬兰政府具体的政策高度概括为“the cmpulsry educatin”,简洁明了。
5.提炼主题句案例In recent years,the act f taking a picture f neself with a mbile phne,placing the subject center-stage,has wn great ppularity with everyne frm Britain’s Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ t jining in.详细解析:整段就是一个长句。近年来,用手机自拍照片,在屏幕中间设置主题相片的行为越来越流行,甚至英国女王伊丽莎白二世及美国总统也加入了这一行列。概括时只需要用简洁的语言来表达。
参考表达:Tday,mre and mre peple are crazy abut taking selfies,including sme famus peple.简要解析:使用“Tday”代替短语“In recent years”,用短语“take selfies”概括从句“the act f taking a picture f neself with a mbile phne,placing the subject center-stage”,将“everyne frm Britain’s Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ t ”高度概括为“sme famus peple”,使用词组代替整句或从句更简洁。
二、删除细节在概要写作中,我们首先要学会辨别哪些是概括性语言,哪些是细节性语言。能恰当地删除细节、删除具体例子更容易把握主旨大意。那么,细节主要包括哪些方面呢?通常情况下,具体的描述性语言、事例、数据、论据、重复强调的观点,往往都是细节。在概括主旨时,往往都要考虑删除。下面,我们通过具体案例来感悟、掌握如何删除细节。
1.删除描绘性语言案例①Scientists have lng assumed that willpwer is a limited resurce,which is why yu feel the need t have a rest,have a snack and then get back t task when yu are feeling better.②They argue that the nly way yur bdy restres willpwer is by rest,fd r entertainment.详细解析:本段第一句表示长期以来,科学家们一直认为意志力是一种有限的资源,这就是为什么你觉得有必要休息一下,吃点东西,然后当你感觉好些时再继续工作。第二句表示身体恢复意志力的唯一方式是休息、进食或者娱乐。本段主旨需要删除细节,并将两句话进行概括。
参考表达:Willpwer,assumed t be a limited resurce,is thught t be regained by rest,fd,as well as entertainment.简要解析:第一句删除描述性的语言“which is why yu feel the need t have a rest,have a snack and then get back t task when yu are feeling better”,用willpwer作主语,删除重复的内容,运用同位语及被动语态的手法,有效地将两个句子连接起来,使得其逻辑意思更为连贯与简洁。
2.删除事例与数据等案例①Aprvech has nw partnered with a stve manufacturer in China.②The cmpany is making Aprvech’s first mass-prduced stves.③They are said t use 40%-50% less wd than an pen fire,and prduce 50%-70% less smke.④A cmpany called StveTec is selling them thrugh its website fr less than ten dllars.⑤Dean Still says that mre than ne hundred thusand have been sld s far.
详细解析:段落中第一句话表示Aprvech现在与中国的一家炉具制造商合作。第二句话表示该公司正在制造Aprvech首批量产的炉具。第三句话表示它们比明火少用40%-50%的木材,少产生50%-70%的烟雾。第四句话表示一家名为StveTec的公司在其网站上以不到10美元的价格出售这些产品。第五句话表示到目前为止其销量已经超过10万。后面几句是具体的数字与例子的描写,因此,主题句在段首。
参考表达:Nw Aprvech has achieved the gal and the new stves made by its Chinese partner are said t be selling pretty well.简要解析:用“has achieved the gal”高度概括“Aprvech has nw partnered with a stve manufacturer in China.The cmpany is making Aprvech’s first mass-prduced stves.”;用“selling pretty well”高度概括数量表达“mre than ne hundred thusand have been sld s far”,删除具体数字“They are said t use 40%-50% less wd than an pen fire,and prduce 50%-70% less smke.”;删除具体例子“A cmpany called StveTec is selling them thrugh its website fr less than ten dllars.”,把握主旨大意。