2022届高考英语一轮讲义学案语法专题四 第1讲　定语从句

这是一份2022届高考英语一轮讲义学案语法专题四 第1讲　定语从句，共12页。

定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
考点一 that/which/wh/whm
Xia Meng is a girl wh/that① lves reading and she is als a girl wh/whm/that② teachers ften praise.Bks that/which③ talk abut lve r adventures are her favrite.Jurney t the West is the first bk that④ Xia Meng has read，and it is the best nvel that④ she has read.Everything that④ appears in the nvel is interesting and bth peple and mnsters that④ are described in it make her fascinated.
1．that/which/wh/whm在句子里充当主语或宾语，这些关系词叫关系代词。在上面的短文中的限制性定语从句中，that 出现频率最高。既可以作主语，也可以作宾语，既可以指人，也可以指物。
2．此外指物时只用that 不用which的情况的口诀：very、nly序最高，人物、不定that好。即先行词指物被the very、the nly、序数词、形容词或副词最高级修饰时，或者先行词既包括人也包括物时，或者先行词指物是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时，定语从句用that引导。
This is the very bk that I have been lking fr fr several days.
这正是我找了好几天的那本书。
Is there anything that yu want t say abut this matter?
关于这件事你想说什么呢？
3．定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词的数保持一致。
I still remember the peple in the remte village wh were friendly t me.
我仍然记得那些住在边远地区对我很友好的乡亲们。
The students wh are interested in the activity shuld sign up fr it in advance.
对这次活动感兴趣的同学们要提前报名。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．The dictinary that/which the gentleman bught half an hur ag was very expensive.
2．The lady wh/that is(be) standing behind the cunter is my sister.
3．The man wh/whm/that I served was wearing a hat.
4．This is the third apple that she has eaten in the afternn.
5．This is the nly/very thing that I can d t slve the tricky prblem.
6．That’s all that I knw abut the yung man living next dr.
7．When they met again，the tw friends talked abut lts f things and persns that they culd remember in the schl.
8．This is the best film that I have ever seen.
考点二 as/which/whse
As① we all knw/As① is knwn t all，Li Hua is a student whse② name is ften seen in English examinatins.But this year he didn’t make us write cmpsitins fr him，which③ made many students sad.Hw we miss the by fr whm④ we have written many cmpsitins and we have prepared many situatins in which④ he can’t write articles himself.
1．whse既可以指人，又可以指物，在从句中作定语，表示先行词的所有格。即 whse 前的先行词和whse之后的名词有所属关系。口诀：whse前后名，后名属前名。
This is the girl whse name is Li Mei.
这就是那个叫李梅的女孩。
He lives in a huse whse windws face the nrth.
他住在窗户朝北的房子里。
2．只用which/whm而不用that的情况。
用在非限制性定语从句中或者动词短语中的介词提到关系代词之前，充当其宾语时。
注意：which既可以指某一个名词，也可以指前面的整个句子。
This is the cmpany in which my father nce wrked.
这就是我父亲曾经在里面工作的公司。
There was n persn t whm she culd turn fr help in the dark street.
在黑漆漆的街上没有她可以求助的人。
3．定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
4．常用as 的结构：as anybdy can see，as we all knw，as we expected，as is reprted，as has been annunced，as is ften the case，as 常常位于句首。
As was expected，he came late again.
正如我们所预料的那样，他又迟到了。
As anybdy can see，the elephant is like a snake.
正如每个人所看到的一样，这匹大象像一条蛇。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．He is the student whse English is always at the tp.
2．In ur factry there are 2,000 wrkers，tw thirds f whm are wmen.
3．He is wrking hard，which will make him pass the final exam.
4．As is knwn t all，there are 7 cntinents n the earth.
考点三 when/where/why
Xia Ming still remembers the day when① he was seriusly punished by his father.The reasn why② he was punished was that he played cellphne games fr a whle weekend.His father brught him t a rm where③ there was n thers.After putting the cellphne int a basin which/that④ was full f water，he tld Xia Ming abut the days that/which④ he spent earning schl fees by ding part-time jbs in a restaurant.This was the reasn that/which④ his father tld him nt t play cellphnes.
1．关系副词与关系代词的选择
从句不缺主语或宾语，是个完整的句子，可以是主谓宾或主系表结构，亦可以是主谓结构(主语＋vi.)。此时需要判断谓语动词是否及物。判断定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词的方法：把谓语动词与先行词连接起来，看它们是否能构成动宾关系，如果能直接构成动宾关系，则该谓语动词为及物动词，否则为不及物动词。
(1)The factry he nce wrked is clsed nw.
wrk与factry不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，wrk in the factry。因此可推知wrk为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语，也可使用in which (which代替先行词the factry)。
(2)The factry he set up last year is perating well.
该题中从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构set up the factry，所以set up 是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。
2．当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situatin，case，stage，pint等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。
3．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
I bught a great many bks，n which I spent all my mney that I saved.
我买了很多书，这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。
(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定
I’ll never frget the time during which I spent my childhd in the cuntry.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定
The clurless gas withut which we cannt live is called xygen.
离开它我们就不能生存的这种无色气体被称为氧气。
4．当the way 作先行词时，无论关系词作主语、宾语还是作状语，用that一定正确。
I dn’ t like the way that/in which he speaks t me.(关系词作方式状语)
They are lking fr a way that/which is the mst suitable fr the prblem.(关系词作主语)
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．I still remember the day when I first came t Beijing.
2．The reasn why he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.
3．Gift shps in museums where peple wuld buy suvenirs fr themselves and their friends used t be the last stp f each visit.
单句语法填空
1．Nw Irene Astbury wrks frm 9 am t 5 pm daily at the pet shp in Macclesfield，
she pened with her late husband Les.(2019·全国Ⅱ)
答案 which
解析 分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shp，在非限制性定语从句中作pened的宾语，故填which。
2．They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring fr these animals.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
答案 wh/that
解析 先行词为masters，且限制性定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系词wh/that。
3．We have entered int an age dreams have the best chance f cming true.
(2019·江苏)
答案 when
解析 句中先行词为an age(一个时代)，且先行词在从句中作时间状语，所以用关系词when。
定语从句解题三步走
第一步：根据是否修饰某一名词，放在该名词之后确定是不是定语从句。
第二步：根据从句中是否缺主语或宾语确定用关系代词还是关系副词。如果从句缺主语或宾语，则用关系代词；如果不缺主语或宾语，则使用关系副词(或者“介词＋which”)
第三步：根据先行词具体所指，确定是哪个关系代词或者关系副词。
层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．The ld man turned his business ver t his yunger sn， made his elder sn discuraged.
答案 which
解析 设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，并在从句中作主语，故填which。
2．I will never frget such a beautiful village I spent my childhd with my grandparents.
答案 where
解析 设空处引导定语从句，先行词是village，且在从句中作地点状语，因此用where引导，相当于in which。
3．There they met peple frm ther parts f the cuntry， had als vlunteered t help.
答案 wh
解析 分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是peple，从句缺少主语，故填关系代词wh。
4．There are many gd websites yu can check ut the latest in the science wrld.
答案 where
解析 先行词为websites，将先行词代入定语从句后为：yu can check ut the latest in the science wrld n the websites，由此可知，先行词在定语从句中与介词n一起作地点状语，故填关系副词where。
5．The system， can be the mst advanced in many ways，will be the largest earthquake bservatin netwrk in the wrld.
答案 which
解析 设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the system，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故填which。
6．He decided t g t Stanfrd because there were many pprtunities fr peple
wanted t wrk in Silicn Valley.
答案 wh/that
解析 peple为先行词，从句中缺主语，故用wh/that。
7．His interest started a few years ag， he was in cllege and studying wildlife science.
答案 when
解析 先行词为a few years ag，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故填when。
8．Then Needham began his lifelng research， ended up creating the greatest wrk—Science and Civilisatin in China.
答案 which
解析 根据设空处前的逗号可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句；先行词为his lifelng research，将先行词代入定语从句后为：his lifelng research ended up creating the greatest wrk—Science and Civilisatin in China，由此可知，关系词在定语从句中作主语，先行词指物，故填which。
9．This wman has set a gd example t her sn， is a really lucky guy.
答案 wh
解析 分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且先行词为her sn，并在从句中作主语，故填wh。
10．Over the years，I have met sme interesting peple.Tw f the mst interesting peple were tw elderly sisters，Jan and Bernice， way f talking abut peple inspired me.
答案 whse
解析 引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作定语，先行词为Jan and Bernice，故填whse。
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．Because the mn’s bdy blcks direct radi cmmunicatin with a prbe，China first had t put a satellite in rbit abve the mn in a spt it culd send signals t the spacecraft and t Earth.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案 where
解析 分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spt，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
2．In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almst lifelike.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
答案 whse
解析 此处为定语从句，修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whse。故填whse。
3．The 80,000 bjects cllected by Sir Hans Slane，fr example，frmed the cre cllectin f the British Museum pened in 1759.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案 which/that
解析 此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
4．The students benefitting mst frm cllege are thse are ttally engaged(参与) in academic life，taking full advantage f the cllege’s chances and resurces(资源)．(2019·北京)
答案 wh
解析 “ are ttally engaged(参与) in academic life”是定语从句，修饰先行词thse，且空格处在从句中作主语，指代人，故填wh。
5．Their child is at the stage she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences.
(2019·天津)
答案 where
解析 分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是the stage，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。
6．Tw f the authrs f the review als made a study published in 2014 shwed a mere five t 10 minutes a day f running reduced the risk f heart disease and early deaths frm all causes.(2018·全国Ⅰ)
答案 that/which
解析 分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语，修饰先行词study，故填that/which。
7．The Chinese Ministry f Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the gvernment started a sil-testing prgram gives specific fertilizer recmmendatins t farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use drpped by 7.7 millin tns.(2018·全国Ⅱ)
答案 that/which
解析 设空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰“a sil-testing prgram”，先行词表示物，故用that/which。
8．Many westerners cme t China ck much less than in their wn cuntries nce they realize hw cheap it can be t eat ut.(2018·浙江)
答案 wh/that
解析 空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词指人，并在从句中作主语，故用wh/that 引导定语从句。
9．Self-driving is an area China and the rest f the wrld are n the same starting line.
(2018·江苏)
答案 where
解析 设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为“China and the rest f the wrld are n the same starting line in the area”，由此可知，先行词与表地点的介词in一起在定语从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。
10．But Sarah， has taken part in shws alng with tp mdels，wants t prve that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017·全国Ⅲ)
答案 wh
解析 分析句子结构可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，指人，并在从句中作主语，故用关系代词wh。
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
There was a time 1. I was tired f learning English and disliked t speak English.And this was the reasn 2. my father frced me t jin in a 30-day training in an English club befre I went t senir high schl.When I first came t the club,3. I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.S I packed up my things and wanted t g hme.Frtunately，my guide,4. teacher was Yu Minhng，cmmunicated with me face t face.He，frm 5. I gained sme useful instructins，als shwed me a gd partner，and we gt alng well with each ther.Gradually I adapted t the life there.Every day I wuld like t talk t ther teenagers and set dwn a series f activities 6. we did.I shuld be grateful t my father and the guide,7. encuraged me t fall in lve with English.Nw I feel it interesting t learn English，int 8. I put my entire energy.Every day I read my wrds and passages alud.In class I jin in English discussins.Befre I g t sleep，I recall the passages，thrugh 9. I can memrize a large number f new wrds.10. ur English teacher says，“As lng as yu frm the habit f learning English every day and have perseverance，yu will cnquer English sner r later.”
1．答案 when
解析 先行词是时间time，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词when。
2．答案 why
解析 先行词是原因reasn，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词why。
3．答案 where
解析 先行词是地点club，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词where。
4．答案 whse
解析 先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系，故填whse。
5．答案 whm
解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空格前的介词frm可知填whm。
6．答案 that/which
解析 定语从句中用关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which。
7．答案 wh
解析 非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代先行词my father and the guide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语，故用wh。
8．答案 which
解析 非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代“学习英语”这件事，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用which。
9．答案 which
解析 非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子“I recall the passages”，要用which。
10．答案 As
解析 非限制性定语从句中要用关系词指代后面的句子“As lng as yu frm the habit f learning English every day and have perseverance，yu will cnquer English sner r later.”并放在句首，意为“正如”，故用As。
不同语境中定语从句的使用
1．邀请信
典例 (2015·全国Ⅱ)我写信邀请你来看我们学校举办的汉服表演。
I’m writing t invite yu t enjy a hanfu shw which will be hsted by ur schl.
运用 (2019·全国Ⅲ)我给你写信的目的是邀请你参加下周六在我们学校举办的音乐节。
I’m writing t invite yu t take part in the music festival which will be held in ur schl next Saturday.
2．申请信(1)
典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)我自五岁学习中国画，因此我很了解这门艺术，这使得我能够很好地介绍画展。
I have taken up Chinese painting since I was five years ld and I have a gd knwledge f it，which makes it pssible fr me t intrduce the exhibitin well.
运用 (2018·浙江)我英语很熟练，这使得我与外国人自由交谈成为可能。
I have a gd cmmand f English，which makes it pssible fr me t cmmunicate with freigners freely.
3．申请信(2)
典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)我写信是想申请你们昨天在报纸上刊登的志愿者工作。
I’m writing t apply t wrk as a vlunteer that yu advertised in yesterday’s newspaper.
运用 (2018·浙江)我写信申请我们学校英语协会所提供的职位。
I’m writing t apply fr the psitin that the English Assciatin f ur schl ffers.
4．通知(1)
典例 (2018·全国Ⅱ)Grwing Tgether这部电影主要讲述我们学校的发展，将于6月17日下午2∶00到4∶00在校报告厅放映。
The mvie Grwing tgether，which is abut the develpment f ur schl，will be shwn in the schl hall frm 2∶00 t 4∶00 in the afternn n June 17th.
运用 (2019·全国Ⅲ)这场音乐会，其中包括由才华横溢的学生们表演的各种精彩节目，将于下周日上午在我校大厅举行。
The cncert，which includes varius fantastic perfrmances played by talented students，will be held in the schl hall next Sunday mrning.
5．通知(2)
典例 (2018·全国Ⅱ)据要求，任何想要观看电影的同学要在下午两点之前到达。
Thse wh want t watch the mvie are required t arrive befre tw in the afternn.
运用 (2014·辽宁)任何想参加该活动的同学，请通过lihua@123.cm与李华联系。
Anyne wh wants t take part in this activity can email Li Hua at lihua@123.cm.
6．感谢信
典例 (2019·浙江)我感谢你为了提高我的英语所做的一切。
I am grateful t yu fr everything yu did fr me t imprve my English.
运用 你告诉我的每一件事都帮助我更好地了解了英国的文化。
Everything yu tld me helped me t have a better understanding f English culture.
7．推荐信
典例 (2017·北京)我强烈推荐的旅行线路是长江之旅。
The trip that I strngly recmmend is the tur alng the Yangtze River.
运用 (2018·北京)我建议你申请北京大学，它是中国最好的大学之一。
I suggest that the university yu apply fr is Peking University，which is ne f the best universities in China.
8．建议信
典例 (2008·全国Ⅱ)以下是一些关于学习汉语的建议，希望能对你有帮助。
Here are sme tips abut hw t learn Chinese，which I hpe will be f help t yu.
运用 以下是一些怎样克服考前焦虑的建议，希望能对你有好处。
Here are sme suggestins abut hw t get ver yur anxiety befre exams，which I hpe will be beneficial t yu.①关系词指人作主语，可以用that，wh引导。
②关系词指人作宾语，可以用that, wh，whm 引导。
③关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用that, which引导。
④关系词指物由形容词或副词最高级、序数词修饰，或者是关系词是不定代词，或关系词既指人又指物时，只能用that。
①位于句首，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，用as引导定语从句。
②在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系“……的”，用关系代词whse。
③用于带逗号的非限制性定语从句中，作主语指物或前面整个句子时，只能用which而不用that。
④当介词提到关系代词之前时，若先行词指物，则关系词只能用which；若先行词指人，则关系词只能用whm。
①先行词表示时间，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词when。
②先行词表示原因，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词why。
③先行词表示地点，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where。
④先行词虽然表示地点、时间或原因，但是从句缺主语或宾语，仍然用关系代词that/which。
语篇解读 本文为记叙文，文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣，同时作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。