2021届北京市东城区高三下学期英语一模试卷及答案

这是一份2021届北京市东城区高三下学期英语一模试卷及答案，共14页。试卷主要包含了完形填空，用单词的适当形式完成短文，阅读选择，任务型阅读，提纲类作文等内容，欢迎下载使用。

1.完形填空
A Labradr has been ding an imprtant jb t help peple stay safe during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Eight-year-ld Rby runs thrugh the streets f the hilly city f Medellin several times a day with a 1 in his jaws, taking vegetables, fruit and packaged fds t custmers f the Fresh4U mini-market.
"He helps us t maintain scial distancing," said Rby' wner, Sherry Bter. "And peple 2 it when we send the dg." Rby enjys eating carrts 3 t him by custmers, a tip fr bringing a basket f fd.
Rby wasn't always a star. He was accepted int the family 4 by Ms Bter after repeated requests by her sn t 5 a dg.
But Ms Bter quickly 6 with the dg. And when she pened a mini-market fur years ag, he started t accmpany her t make deliveries.
Rby can't read 7 . But he remembers the names f custmers wh have previusly rewarded him with treats. And with sme practice, he has learned t g t their huses n his wn.
"He knws the names f five r six f ur custmers," Ms Bter said, "S I send the gds with a receipt in the basket, and my custmers 8 me thrugh a bank transfer(转账；转移)."
Rby might nt knw that he's becme an 9 wrker. But he is happy t help his wner and 10 his daily pay.
二、用单词的适当形式完成短文
以下短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Cmets are amng the mst beautiful and interesting ________(sight) in the universe. Fr centuries, peple ________(shw) great interest in studying them. In 1682, Edmund Halley, an astrnmer, nticed a cmet that was especially bright and large. Based n his calculatins, Halley predicted that this bright cmet wuld return in 1758 r 1759—this was abut 75 years ________ he first saw the cmet. The cmet really returned n time and it was named "Halley's Cmet" in hnr f Edmund Halley.
以下短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Emma was n her way hme when she heard a sudden scream. Lking arund, she saw a little by n the sidewalk gasping(急喘) fr air, his ________(frighten) mther begging fr help. Emma rushed t the by, ________ face had turned purple. "What's wrng?" "A candy! In his thrat!" It was lucky that Emma had learned hw ________(perfrm) the Heimlich maneuver(海姆利克急救法) at schl. She acted quickly. Sn, the by cughed up a piece f candy and began breathing again. He ________(save) in time.
以下短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
In Japan, the wrd bnsai means tray plant. It refers t the interesting ________(cmbine) f art and the planting and grwing f miniature trees and plants. Bnsai riginated in China mre than 2,000 years ag and ________(spread) t Japan abut 700 years ag. Sme peple believe that nly small plants must be used in bnsai, but this is nt true. Nearly any type f tree r plant can be used, as lng as it is grwn ________ a seed r a small cutting.
三、阅读选择
5.阅读理解
As part f ur missin t inspire the next generatin f scientists, inventrs and engineers, the Science Museum Grup (SMG) has launched an exciting new nline game—Ttal Darkness.
Over the last year we have been develping Ttal Darkness with the aim f creating an experience that can have a psitive impact n peple's attitudes twards STEM (science, technlgy, engineering and maths), as well as having a fcus n self-reflectin, rather than asking players t recall specific facts r cncepts.
Ttal Darkness is a digital strytelling experience which encurages yung peple t recgnise hw the skills they use every day relate t STEM and can help them develp their cnfidence in science thinking. The game invites the player t slve a mysterius pwer cut in their hmetwn. The game puts players in cntrl, allwing their chices and decisins t guide them thrugh the stry.
As the player navigates thrugh the darkened streets f the twn, equipped nly with a trch, they will face varius challenges. Using their curisity, cmmunicatin skills and creative prblem slving, they will discver new theries abut what might have caused the blackut(停电；断电). But with every step their trch fades, and the player must slve the mystery befre the battery runs ut.
The player's chices and actins thrughut the game will scre them curisity, creativity r cmmunicatin pints. At the end, the skills the player has used will be revealed alng with their science style, shwing hw they culd put their skills int actin in the real wrld.
Ttal Darkness is aimed at 8-15 year-lds—an imprtant stage in teens' science develpment. Research shws that as teens make the step between primary and secndary, many mve away frm an interest in science as ther influences have a strnger pull in their lives.
Ttal Darkness is a free nline game playable n smartphne, tablet and desktp. Play nw at .
〔1〕Ttal Darkness aims t help players ________ .
A.recall scientific cncepts
B.better understand STEM
C.imprve strytelling abilities
D.develp cmmunicatin skills
〔2〕What's the key t getting pints in Ttal Darkness?
A.Judgement.
B.Teamwrk.
C.Equipment.
D.Gaming skills.
〔3〕What is the main purpse f the passage?
A.T prmte a new prduct.
B.T intrduce the SMG's missin.
C.T explain the rules f an nline game.
D.T emphasize the imprtance f STEM.
6.阅读理解
Nick Trrance, a junir in high schl, suffers frm muscular dystrphy, and attends schl in a specialized wheelchair. The muscle disease prevents him frm accmplishing many everyday tasks, such as carrying his bks and putting things away in his lcker. S he had a fellw student assigned t help him. But Amy Smith, the schl's ccupatinal therapist, thught that being able t d smething simple like pening his lcker n his wn wuld be empwering.
Amy initially thught they wuld be able t buy a device t help. But searching nline turned up nthing that culd meet their needs—everything needed a keycde r sme ther physical actin, things her disabled student culdn't d. After the utside search fr a methd came up shrt, she lked within the schl itself fr an answer. Amy turned t the schl's rbtics instructr.
The instructr, in turn, suggested that tw f his mst capable students take n the prject: Micah Stuhldreher and Wyatt Smrcka. They tk first place in a natinal rbtics cmpetitin, s they were a natural chice t tackle the lcker dr prblem with a rbtics slutin. Micah and Wyatt wasted n time getting dwn t wrk and fr an hur each schl day, the bys brainstrmed, built, and rebuilt varius versins f the device until they landed n the perfect slutin ne year later.
Like in any device develpment, it tk a lt f trial and errr fr Micah and Wyatt t make smething that wuld wrk fr their target audience. Fr example, they initially built a lcker-pening buttn, but Nick wasn't strng enugh t push it, s they replaced it with a sensr.
Nw, between classes Nick steers his electric wheelchair t his lcker and waves his hand ver a sensr n the arm f the wheelchair. A few secnds later, the lcker dr swings pen. Anther wave clses the dr. Nick can make it with ease—it may be a small thing, but it gives him a sense f independence.
〔1〕Why did Amy Smith want a device?
A.T increase her student's cnfidence.
B.T encurage cperatin at schl.
C.T inspire a rbtics inventin.
D.T help treat a muscle disease.
〔2〕With a sensr in his wheelchair, Nick can ________.
A.mve arund easily
B.put his things away
C.cntinue his schling
D.pen and clse his lcker
〔3〕Accrding t the passage, which wrds can best describe Micah and Wyatt?
A.Caring and passinate.
B.Talented and ambitius.
C.Sensitive and insightful.
D.Humble and warmhearted.
7.阅读理解
Accines (疫苗) may sn make their first film appearance. Led by expert Maria A. Cryle, researchers have develped a thin sheet that preserves vaccines fr lng perids withut refrigeratin. This means the carefully cled small bttles nw used t ship vaccines culd ptentially be replaced by lightweight films that can be mailed in an envelpe and stred n a shelf.
Cryle's labratry began develping the technlgy in 2007. Inspired by amber's ability t preserve the DNA f insects, the researchers set ut t create their wn versin f the substance by mixing "a lt f sugar and a little bit f salt, much like hard candy," Cryle explains. The vaccine-cntaining film is administered by muth—sweet news fr many wh dislike needles.
The film is tailred t suit each specific vaccine candidate and prvide a prtective cating. "We've learned ver time that the key t really stabilizing whatever the film hlds is t have it intermixed with all the cmpnents," Cryle says, adding that the prcess is quick and uses affrdable, standard equipment. "We really wanted t cme up with smething that wuld be transferable t develping cuntries."
Immunizatin(免疫) prgrams depend heavily n keeping vaccines cld(2℃-8℃) as they are transprted, smetimes ver thusands f kilmeters t far-away lcatins. Delivery can be difficult and cstly, and transprt disruptins can cause the vaccines t be ineffective.
But this new prduct can stre live viruses, bacteria and antibdies fr several mnths at 20℃. In a paper published in Science Advances, the scientists shw that the live viruses in ne vaccine were preserved in the film even after 36 mnths. They als find that a flu vaccine suspended in their film cmpares favurably with a traditinal flu sht(流感预防针). "The study demnstrates early prf f cncept fr an exciting platfrm fr vaccine prduct develpment," says Lisa Rhan, a pharmaclgist, wh was nt invlved in the study. She als ntes that each vaccine type wuld need a custm frmulatin(配方) fr future stages f develpment.
Finding partners t mass-prduce fr clinical trials is the researchers' mst pressing prblem, Cryle says. They are als explring packaging methds t keep their films stable up t 40℃.
Size is a majr advantage—a letter-sized sheet f the film can carry mre than 500 dses(剂) f vaccine, abut 1⁄900 the weight f the same amunt f traditinal dses. By making it easier and cheaper t ship and preserve vaccines efficiently, Cryle says, the technlgy culd vastly imprve immunizatin rates the wrld ver, particularly in middle- t lw- incme cuntries.
〔1〕What can we learn abut the film?
A.It cntains animal's DNA
B.It will replace vaccines.
C.It cmes in different flavurs.
D.It can hld bi-prducts.
〔2〕Accrding t Paragraph 3, we can learn abut the film's ________.
A.key cmpnent
B.develpment schedule
C.pssible advantages
D.transprtatin requirements
〔3〕The authr mentins Lisa Rhan's wrds t ________.
A.advise persnalizing vaccines
B.suggest the prduct is prmising
C.prve the study is supprted widely
D.stress the functins f a new platfrm
〔4〕What will be the next urgent task fr Cryle's team?
A.Advertising the film wrldwide.
B.Imprving the film's capacity.
C.Reducing the shipping cst.
D.Seeking ideal manufacturers.
8.阅读理解
Albert Einstein's 1915 masterpiece "The Fundatin f the General Thery f Relativity" is the first and still the best intrductin t the subject, and I recmmend it as such t students. But it prbably wuldn't be publishable in a scientific jurnal tday.
Why nt? After all, it wuld pass with flying clurs the tests f crrectness and significance. And while ppular belief hlds that the paper was incmprehensible t its first readers, in fact many papers in theretical physics are much mre difficult.
As the physicist Richard Feynman wrte, "There was a time when the newspapers said that nly 12 men understd the thery f relativity. I d believe there might have been a time when nly ne man did, because he was the nly guy wh caught n, befre he wrte his paper. But after peple read the paper a lt understd the thery f relativity in sme way r ther, certainly mre than 12."
N, the prblem is its style. It starts with a leisurely philsphical discussin f space and time and then cntinues with an expsitin f knwn mathematics. Thse tw sectins, which wuld be cnsidered extraneus tday, take up half the paper. Wrse, there are zer citatins f previus scientists' wrk, nr are there any graphics. Thse features might make a paper nt even get past the first editrs.
A similar prcess f prfessinalizatin has transfrmed ther parts f the scientific landscape. Requests fr research time at majr bservatries r natinal labratries are mre rigidly structured. And anything invlving wrk with human subjects, r putting instruments in space, invlves piles f paperwrk.
We see it als in the Regenern Science Talent Search, the Nbel Prize f high schl science cmpetitins. In the early decades f its 78-year histry, the winning prjects were usually the srt f clever but naive, amateurish effrts ne might expect f talented beginners wrking n their wn. Tday, plished wrk cming ut f internships(实习) at established labratries is the nrm.
These prfessinalizing tendencies are a natural cnsequence f the explsive grwth f mdern science. Standardizatin and system make it easier t manage the rapid flw f papers, applicatins and peple. But there are serius dwnsides. A lt f unprductive effrt ges int jumping thrugh bureaucratic hps(繁文缛节), and utsiders face entry barriers at every turn.
Of curse, Einstein wuld have fund his way t meeting mdern standards and publishing his results. Its scientific cre wuldn't have changed, but the paper might nt be the same taste t read.
〔1〕Accrding t Richard Feynman, Einstein's 1915 paper ________.
A.was a classic in theretical physics
B.turned ut t be cmprehensible
C.needed further imprvement
D.attracted few prfessinals
〔2〕What des the underlined wrd "extraneus" in Paragraph 4 mean?
A.Unrealistic.
B.Irrelevant.
C.Unattractive.
D.Imprecise.
〔3〕Accrding t the authr, what is affected as mdern science develps?
A.The applicatin f research findings.
B.The principle f scientific research.
C.The selectin f yung talents.
D.The evaluatin f labratries.
〔4〕Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A.What makes Einstein great?
B.Will science be prfessinalized?
C.Culd Einstein get published tday?
D.Hw will mdern science make advances?
四、任务型阅读
9.任务型阅读
Reversal—change yur perspective and slve yur prblem
It's ften yur definitin f a prblem that limits yu in finding a suitable slutin. Creative slutins require a change f perspective. ________
The reversal technique is a creative thinking technique that is based n the thught that t change yur perspective, yu smetimes need t change the rder f the wrds in yur prblem definitin.
Hw yu change the rder f the wrds desn't matter much, as lng as the key wrds are reversed. ________ Yur challenge is "Hw d we make sure that fewer peple take cars t their wrk?". Swapping the key wrds, yu culd rephrase this challenge as "Hw d we make sure that fewer cars take peple t their wrk?" In this case, the first statement will make yu think f alternative means f transprtatin, like trains r bikes, while the secnd statement will prbably make yu think f slutins like carpling—fewer cars fr the same number f peple.
Nt every prblem statement is suitable fr a reversal. Smetimes using this technique requires yu t first rephrase the questin altgether. ________Fr instance, the questin "hw might we sell mre washing machines?" is nt easily reversed—there is n key wrd t swap with "washing machines". Yet, when yu rephrase the questin t "Hw might we sell mre washing machines t yung parents?" yu can easily change it t "Hw might we sell mre yung parents t washing machines? ________ Yu culd interpret this last sentence as "the washing machine pays the yung parents t try it ut". Then, yu culd start cmmunicating t ptential buyers hw much they will save each year when they chse yur energy efficient washing machine.
As this example shws, sme reversals will require a very flexible way f thinking. ________ Hwever, thinking abut the tiny amunt f time it will "cst" yu t try ut a reversal, yu have very little t lse and, ptentially, lts t gain.
A. The secnd prblem statement is much mre lgical.
B. Often it helps t add ne mre key wrd t the sentence.
C. Rephrasing yur challenge is t change the prblem statement.
D. A great way t d this is by "reversing" yur prblem statement.
E. Fr instance, imagine yu are respnsible fr limiting the traffic jam in yur area.
F. Admittedly, it is a very unusual challenge, but it might just stimulate a creative thught.
G. Nt everyne will be able t mve frm an unreasnable statement t a useful slutin.
10.阅读下面短文，根据题目要求答复以下问题。
Quiet the Cmplainer
Fr years, Jane Bth's mther made lengthy airing f cmplaints. It gt s bad that Jane felt it was ruining the quality f their time tgether, s she finally spke up and helped her mther realize hw ften she cmplained. It turned ut that Jane's interventin nt nly helped her mther—it als helped their relatinship.
Yu may nt be as direct as Jane was t her mther, but there are ther ways t get a cnstant cmplainer t end. T be effective, it helps t crrect misbeliefs abut cmplaining in the first place. In fact, even the kindest, mst cnsiderate peple cmplain. And cmplaining desn't always have a negative impact. Smetimes, cmplaining can change an unfavrable situatin int a mre desirable ne. Other times, it can fster new relatinships with peple we dn't knw well.
The prblems start when cmplaining becmes the default mde(默认模式). "When we have a need t be heard, we repeat urselves," says Dian Killian, a life cach, "the satisfactin fr frequent cmplainers cmes frm attentin, s they are never satisfied with any suggestin t address the prblems that they highlight—reslutin isn't their aim."
S, hw d yu quiet a cnstant cmplainer, fr the sake f yur health and his?
Change the subject. Sme cmplainers will switch gears if yu shift the cnversatin in a directin that interests them.
Summarize the cmplaint. If yur cmplainer keeps repeating himself, he may stp if yu demnstrate that yu're listening.
Challenge the persn t act. When a cnstant cmplainer tells yu abut his latest prblem, ask nicely what he's dne t imprve it.
Be hnest. When yu have things t d, tell the cmplainer that yu must cut the cnversatin shrt—especially if it's smene wh's cmplained t yu many times befre.
When smene stresses yu ut with lts f negativity, it's imprtant t talk abut the prblem. Otherwise, if yu bttle up yur feelings and cntinue listening t repeated cmplaints, yu may grw annyed r start aviding the persn.
Remember: Quieting a cnstant cmplainer can be beneficial t bth f yu.
〔1〕What did Jane Bth d t stp her mther cmplaining?
〔2〕Accrding t Paragraph 2, what are the misbeliefs abut cmplaining?
〔3〕Please decide which part is false in the fllwing statement, then underline it and explain why.
●Cmplaining frequently is a way that peple ask fr suggestins fr their prblems.
〔4〕Yur friend has been cnstantly cmplaining abut almst everything in life. What wuld yu d t help him? (abut 40 wrds)
五、提纲类作文
11.假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校英语俱乐部的上一任外教Jim为你们推荐了一位新外教。作为俱乐部负责人，请你给Jim写一封电子邮件，内容包括：
1〕表示感谢；
2〕讲述新外教给予的帮助。
注意：1〕词数100左右；
2〕开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
……
Yurs,
Li Hua
答案解析局部
一、完形填空
1.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了在新冠疫情期间，拉布拉多犬Rby帮助人们送蔬菜、水果和包装食品的故事。
【点评】考查完形填空，此题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的根底上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
二、用单词的适当形式完成短文
2.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了哈雷彗星命名的由来。
【点评】考查语法填空，此题考点涉及名词，时态，连词等知识点的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的根底上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
3.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了Emma在回家路上，救助被糖果卡住喉咙的小男孩的故事。
【点评】考查语法填空，此题考点涉及形容词，定语从句，非谓语动词以及时态语态等知识点的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的根底上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
4.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了Emma在回家路上，救助被糖果卡住喉咙的小男孩的故事。
【点评】考查语法填空，此题考点涉及形容词，定语从句，非谓语动词以及时态语态等知识点的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的根底上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
三、阅读选择
5.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍并推销?完全黑暗?的游戏，讲了开发它的目的和优势。
【点评】此题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
6.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了职业治疗师Amy Smith为了让患有肌肉萎缩症的学生Nick Trrance可以独立翻开储物柜这样简单的事情，让Micah Stuhldreher和Wyatt Smrcka为他制作了一个传感器，让他可以在轮椅上开关储物柜。
【点评】此题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读。考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
7.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科研团队研发出了一种可以长时间保存疫苗而无需冷藏的薄片，描述了它的功能和潜在价值。
【点评】此题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
8.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，通过引用物理学家的话以及现代科学爆炸式开展带来的专业化趋势来介绍爱因斯坦1915年的名著?广义相对论的根底?，这篇论文读起来不一样的地方以及它可能不会在今天的科学期刊上发表的原因。
【点评】此题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜想，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的根底上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
四、任务型阅读
9.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，通过举例子介绍了一种解决问题的思维方式——逆向思维，描述了它的好处和表现形式。
【点评】考查七选五，本文是一篇教育类阅读， 要求在理解细节信息的根底上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
10.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了纠正人们对抱怨的误解，包括让老是抱怨的人安静下来的方法。
【点评】此题考点涉及细节理解和开放性时态题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的根底上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
五、提纲类作文
11.【解析】【分析】此题是一篇英文信件，要求考生以红星中学高三学生李华的身份，给Jim写一封电子邮件。写作背景：你校英语俱乐部的上一任外教Jim为你们推荐了一位新外教。作为俱乐部负责人。写作要点已经给出，属于提纲类阅读，内容包括：1〕表示感谢；2〕讲述新外教给予的帮助。提示中的内容比拟泛泛，需要适当补充。此题对于考生的综合能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如： With her help, we have engaged in activities f all kinds and we are nw ur schl's mst ppular club.运用了并列句； Can yu imagine hw happy they were when receiving thse bks? 运用了宾语从句；
We believe yu are part f why all these have happened, s please allw me t say thank yu again. 运用了宾语从句，因果并列句，祈使句。1. A. bag
B. chain
C. basket
D. stick
2. A. respect
B. lve
C. fllw
D. ntice
3. A. gifted
B. returned
C. lent
D. dnated
4. A. intentinally
B. regretfully
C. immediately
D. unwillingly
5. A. adpt
B. train
C. adre
D. walk
6. A. gt away
B. kept in tuch
C. caught up
D. fell in lve
7. A. minds
B. addresses
C. numbers
D. receipts
8. A. treat
B. help
C. pay
D. impress
9. A. essential
B. hnest
C. ptimistic
D. adventurus
10. A. spend
B. calculate
C. cllect
D. increase