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人教版 (新课标)选修7&8Unit 3 Inventors and inventions课时练习
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这是一份人教版 (新课标)选修7&8Unit 3 Inventors and inventions课时练习，共22页。试卷主要包含了重点词汇，重点短语等内容，欢迎下载使用。
高二英语同步精品
选修8
Unit 3 Inventions and inventors
一、重点词汇
考点1．distinguish vt. & vi.显示……的差别；辨别
【教材原句】Here was a chance for me to distinguish myself...
这次我有机会来表现一下自己了……。
【例句研读】
(1) Research suggests that babies learn to see by ____________________ areas of light and dark.
研究表明，婴儿通过辨别光亮和黑暗的区域来学会看东西。
(2) There is something about music that distinguishes it ________all other art forms.
音乐的某种特质使其有别于其他所有艺术形式。
(3)Over the next few years he _____________________________________________ a leading scholar.
在接下来的几年里，他作为一名杰出的学者而声名远扬。
【归纳拓展】
distinguish between...and...区分/辨别……和……
distinguish...from...使……有别于……
distinguish oneself (as...)(作为……)表现突出
distinguished adj.卓越的；著名的；杰出的
be distinguished for...因……而出名
【即时巩固】
①He is a ________ (distinguish) writer.
②we must ___ ____two kinds of holiday.
我们必须区别两种节日的不同之处。
【答案】答案：①distinguished ②distinguish between
考点2．seize vt.抓住；捉住；夺取；攻占
【教材原句】...I decide to seize the opportunity to get recognition for my successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office.
……我决定抓住这次机会把我的发明送到专利局去，请他们对我这次成功的思路给予认定。
【例句研读】
(1) The elephant___ a nearby branch and put it into her mouth.
大象抓住一根附近的树枝并放入口中。
(2) He ___ ___ ___sudden chest pains.
他突然感到胸部疼痛。
【归纳拓展】
seize sb. by the collar/the arm抓住某人的衣领/胳膊
seize up停止运转，发生故障
seize a chance to do...抓住机会做……
seize hold of 抓住，占领
seize on/upon利用，抓住(可利用的事物)
【温馨提示】
seize作“(疾病)侵袭”讲时常用于被动语态中，构成“be
seized with”结构，意为“感染……疾病，受……侵染”。
【即时巩固】
(1) He seized me ________ the arm.
(2) If he____________________ of escaping from the burning building, he might have lost his life.
如果他没有抓住机会从燃烧的大楼里逃出来的话， 他很可能就丧生了。
答案：（1）by （2）hadn't seized the chance
考点3．bear (bore, born) vt. 忍受；忍耐；负担；生育
【教材原句】I can’t bear the smell of burnt sausage on the barbecue. 我不能忍受烤肉架是烤焦的香肠的气味。
【例句研读】
①The ice is too thin___ ____ your weight.
冰太薄，承受不了你的重量。
②I can't bear people ____in my office while I'm working.
我在办公室工作时，受不了有人吸烟。
【答案】①to bear ②smoking
【归纳拓展】
can't bear doing/to do sth.不能忍受做……
can't bear sb./sb.'s doing/to do sth.不能忍受某人做某事
bear a heavy burden肩负重担
bear responsibility承担责任
bear/keep sth. in mind记住……
bear in mind that...记住……
【即时巩固】
①You must bear this rule ________ mind.
②I think this task is ________ (bear)．
③He can’t bear ____ （laugh）at in the public。
考点4．associate vt.联想；联系；n.同伴；伙伴
【教材原句】Although he is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, …尽管他经常被与电话的发明练习起来。…
【例句研读】
①While she was in Paris, she ___ ____many well known artists.
她在巴黎的时候和许多知名艺术家共过事。
②We often associate China ___ the Great Wall.我们常把中国同长城联系起来。
【答案】①associated with ②with
【归纳拓展】
associate...with...使……与……联系起来；结合；合伙
associate with sb与某人交往；共事
be associated with与……有关
association n．联合；联想；交往；协会；社团
in association with与……联合；与……有关联
【即时巩固】
①This man is ________ (associate) with the case.
②He is in ________ (associate) with this accident.
③The famous actor is associated ___ the case.
④The ancient tools are often found ___association ___ broken animal bones
答案：①associated ②association ③with ④ in; with
考点5．practical adj. 实际的；实践的；适用的
【教材原句】…, he was indeed a continuing searcher after practical solutions to improve the quality of everybody’s life 他的确是一名永不停息的探索家，不断寻求着改善人们生活质量的途径。
【例句研读】
①Her advice is_____. You'd better follow it.
她的建议是适用的，你最好听从。
②There are two obvious practical applications of the research.
这项研究有两个明显的____用途。
【答案】①practical ②实际
【归纳拓展】
practical experience 实践经验
practically＝actually 实际上；事实上
put...into practice 把……付诸实施
in practice 在实践中
out of practice (因久不练习)荒废；生疏
practice doing sth. 练习做…
特别提示
其反义词为impractical；名词形式为practice；动词为practise/practice，
其后若跟动词用ing形式。
【即时巩固】
①He practised ________ (play) the piano in his spare time.
②His advice on how to keep fish is ________ (practice)．
③He lacks___ ____.他缺乏实践经验。
④He came up with __ ___ ___他提出了一个切实可行的计划。
考点6．caution n．&vt. 小心，谨慎；警告
【教材原句】This time with great caution I bent down to examine the snakes and I found them very sleepy.
这一次我小心翼翼地蹲下去检查，我发现蛇正在犯困。
【例句研读】
①I ____him not to be late.
我警告他不要迟到。
②We proceeded with caution.
我们___进行。
③The information should be treated ___ ___ .
处理此信息要特别谨慎。
【答案】①cautioned ②谨慎 ③with caution.
【归纳拓展】
with caution 小心地
give sb.a caution 告诫某人
receive a caution from sb. 得到某人的劝告
let sb.off with a caution 给出警告后才放过某人
cautious adj. 小心的，谨慎的
be cautious about/of/with...在……方面很谨慎
be cautious(not)to do 小心(不)做……
【即时巩固】
①He is ________ (caution) about his messages.
②I must stress the need for ____(cautious)
我必须强调务请小心。
③He received__ ___ ___ .
他受到正式警告。.
考点7．expectation n. 期待；预料；前程
【教材原句】This was in the expectation that the snakes would bite again.
这是因为我预料蛇会再咬人。
【例句研读】
（1）He has little____ of passing the exam.
他对考试及格不抱希望。
（2）I usually enjoy his films, but the latest one didn’t come up to my_____.
我向来喜欢看他的电影，但最近的一部并不像我期望的那样好。
【答案】（1）expectation（2）expectations
【归纳拓展】
have expectation of 期望
in expectation of 期待；指望
against/contrary to expectation(s)＝beyond expectation(s)出乎预料
live up to(one's)expectations 达到(某人的)期望
an artist with great expectations 一位有远大前程的艺术家
特别提示
*expectation其意思为“期望，期待”， 不可数。beyond expectation出乎意料（较预期者大或好）
in expectation of预料
其意思为“期望的事物、前景”时常用复数。against expectation(s)与预期相反
【即时巩固】
①His ________ (expect) are too high.
②He tried to live up ________ his parents' expectations.
③We thought John would do well, but he has succeeded beyond our ____(expect) .
考点8．claim vt. 声称，认领 n．声称
【教材原句】...whose only job is to examine whether your claim is valid or not.
……他的唯一工作是检查你的声明是否有效。
【例句研读】
①if no one ____ the items, they will become Crown property.
如果无人认领这些物件，它们就将成为王室（国有）财产。
②They claim to have discovered a cure for the disease.
他们____已经发现了治疗此病的一种药物。
【答案】①claims ②声称
【归纳拓展】
claim to do sth 声称做某事
claim sb to be / as... 声称...
claim on 要求权利
claim against 要求，索赔
【即时巩固】
①His ____to own the house is valid.
他主张对此屋的所有权有效。
②He ____that he had done the work without help.
他声称没有得到帮助而完成了这项工作。
③You have no claim ____my sympathies.
你无权要求得到我的支持。
④___ ___ ___ ___ ___?
有没有人认领这把伞？
【答案】.①claim ②claimed ③ on ④Does anyone claim this umbrella
考点9．beat(beat，beaten)vt. 连续不断的击打，打败
【教材原句】Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods.
偶尔离开平路去寻找困境。
【例句研读】
①His heart is ___fast.
他的心跳得很快。
②she beat him easily at chess.
下象棋时，她轻而易举地___了他。
③he heard a regular drum____.
他听到了有规律的击鼓声。
【归纳拓展】
beat/defeat＋某人/队 打败某人/队
beat sb.to death 打某人致死
beat sb.to it 抢先一步；捷足先登
n. 节拍： clap the beat 拍手打节拍
adj.(作表语)筋疲力尽：I am beat.
【即时巩固】
(1) He was ________ (beat) to death by the cruel boss.
(2) I tried to get in but ___ ___ back by the flames.
我试图进去，但被大火挡了回来。
【答案】(1) beaten (2) was beaten
10．innocent adj. 无辜的，清白的，无罪的；天真的
【教材原句】In a courtroom it is sometimes difficult to recognize who is innocent and who is guilty.
在法庭上，有时很难辨别出谁是有罪的，谁是无罪的。
【例句研读】
①she was an _____person.
她是个天真无邪的人。
②They have imprisoned an innocent man.
他们监禁了一个_____男子。
【答案】①innocent ②无辜的
【归纳拓展】
be innocent of a crime 无罪的
an innocent child 一个天真的孩子
innocent fun 无恶意的玩笑
be innocent of sth. 缺乏/没有某物
innocence n. 无罪，无知，天真
【即时巩固】
①He is innocent ________ self respect.
②I'm convinced of the man's ________ (innocent)．
11．abrupt adj. 突然的；意外的
【教材原句】They abruptly disappeared into a convenient hole in the wall.他们突然消失在附近的墙洞里了。
【例句研读】
①The ___change of schedule gave me lots of trouble.
行程突然改变给我造成许多麻烦。
②The road is full of abrupt turns and is dangerous for motoring.
这条路到处都是____，开汽车很危险
【答案】（1）abrupt（2）急转弯
【归纳拓展】
abruptly adv. 突然地；唐突地
abruptness n. 鲁莽；唐突
【即时巩固】
①I don't know the cause of his ______leave.
我不知道他突然离去的原因。
②The match came to an abrupt end.
比赛_____中止了。
③He ________ (abrupt) changed his mind.
④I was surprised by ___ ___ ___of subject.
出其不意的变换题目让我很吃惊。
二、重点短语
考点1．set about开始，着手(后接动词 ing形式)；出发；动身
【教材原句】I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them.
我着手研究蛇的习性，以便能找到捕蛇的最简易的方法。
【例句研读】
That evening he ___ ___ ___a report on pollution.
那天晚上，他开始着手写一篇关于污染的报告。
②After the earthquake, people set about rebuilding their homes.
地震过后人们____重建家园。
【答案】（1）set about writing（2）开始
【归纳拓展】
set out出发，启程
set off 出发，动身；使爆炸
set aside 留出，对……不予以考虑
set down 记下，写下
set up 建立，开办；开业；树立；造成，产生
【即时巩固
①He set ________ to paint the whole house but finished only the front part.
②On their arrival, they set ________ reading the English books they brought with themselves.
【答案】：①out ②about
考点2．get through完成；通过；接通电话；度过(时间)
【教材原句】I can't get through.
我打不通电话。
【例句研读】
①The woman was so fat that she couldn't ___ ____the doorway.
这女人胖得连门都通不过。
②After getting ________ washing the dishes, he went out.
【归纳拓展】
get along with sb.与某人相处；进展
get away with sth.携某物潜逃；不因某事受惩罚
get down to sth./doing sth.开始做某事；认真处理某事
get across 被理解；使人了解
get down to 认真地静下心(工作)(to为介词)
get over 克服
get in 收获
【即时巩固】指出 get through在句中的不同含义。
①The passage is too narrow for cars to get through.__________
②Our message doesn‘t seem to have got through. We’ve had no reply though it was sent several days ago.____________
③I've piles of papers to get through before the meeting._______________
④I rang you several times but wasn't able to get through.___________
⑤I got through the novel in one evening.___________
⑥He has got through all the money I lent him.________
⑦We wish to get through the business quickly. _________
【答案】①穿过，通过 ②到达目的地 ③读完；理解；消化
④接通电话⑤看完；完成 ⑥用完，花光 ⑦办完，做完
考点3．call up 给……打电话；(使)回忆起；召集(开会等)
【教材原句】When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset.
当我给在乡下的妈妈打电话时，她正感到心烦。
【例句研读】
①I ___ ___ ___three months after the war broke out.
战争爆发三个月后，我被征召入伍。
②I call you up this evening.
今晚我________。
③The music_____ old times.
音乐让人回想起旧日时光。
④This old photo ____ _____memories of my childhood.
这老照片引起我对童年的回忆。
【归纳拓展】
call for 需要；要求；呼吁；(去)接某人
call at(火车等)停靠；拜访某地
call on 拜访某人
call on sb. to do sth. 号召/要求某人做某事
call off 取消
call out 大声说；召唤某人
call in 叫某人进入
call back 回电话；再打电话
规则提示
call up后的宾语如果是代词，此代词应放在call和up之间；如果是具体的人或物，放在call和up之间或up之后均可。
I called her up.
I called the girl up.=I called up the girl.
call up作“打电话”讲时可用ring up代替。
look back on /to sth.也当“回忆，记起”讲，其主语一般为“人”，而call up的意思是“使……回忆起”，主语为“物”。
【即时巩固】用call相关短语的适当形式填空。
①They decided to ____________ a doctor because the child was not any better.
②This is a problem that ____________ an immediate solution.
③The boy on the watch started ____________ when he saw somebody approaching.
④He had to ____________ the meeting because of the bad weather.
⑤This picture ____________ my memories of the amusing experience.
⑥We ____________ our new neighbour's last week.
【答案】①call in ②calls for ③calling out ④call off
⑤called/ calls up ⑥called at
考点4．out of order 次序颠倒；发生故障
【教材原句】I’m sorry, but this phone is out of order.对不起，这部电话坏了。
【例句研读】
①Not that the machine is___ ____ ___, but that I have not learned to operate it.
不是机器出了故障，而是我还没有学会操作。
②I checked the files and some of them were out of order.我检查了这些卷宗，其中一些_____.
【归纳拓展】
in order 按顺序；整齐；状况良好
keep good order 保持良好秩序
place an order (for)订购……
order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
order that...(should) do 命令……
【即时巩固】
①Let's number the letters of the alphabet, ________ order, from 1 to 26.
②The phone is ________ of order, so I can't get through.
③Everything in the room is ____ good order .
【答案】．①in ②out ③in
考点5. now and then偶尔；有时
【教材原句】Snakes come near the house now and then.蛇偶尔会来到这所房子附近。
【例句研读】
(1) He is busy with his job every day and goes to the cinema______.
他每天忙于工作，偶尔去看看电影。
(2) He slips now and then in his grammar.
他_____犯语法错误。
【答案】(1) now and then (2) 不时地
【归纳拓展】
from time to time时而；不时；偶尔
now and again时而；不时；偶尔
at times时而；不时；偶尔
once in a while时而；不时；偶尔
up and down 上下，来回
here and there 到处；处处
to and from 来来回回；往返
day and night 夜以继日地
【即时巩固】
①He went to his hometown now ________ then.
②We all write________, even when there's not much to say.
我们时不时的写信， 甚至没有很多话说的时候
考点6．hang on 不挂断；稍等；紧紧握住
【教材原句】Hang on,please请别挂断电话.
【例句研读】
(1)___ ____ — I'll just see if he's here.
等一下——我这就看看他在不在。
(2) We all hung on as the bus swung around a sharp turn.
公共汽车急转弯时，我们都______扶手。
【答案】(1) Hang on (2) 紧紧抓住
【归纳拓展】
hang up挂电话
hang off挂断(电话)
规则提示
hang on作“别挂断，坚持”讲时和hold on的用法一样。
Hold on a minute，I’ll just get a pen.
请稍等，我拿一只笔来。
Try and hold on until help arrives.
想办法坚持到有人来帮助。
hang up的意思是“挂断电话”。
【即时巩固】
①Hang ______ to that rope and don't let go.
②Time is up; I have to hang ________ the receiver now.
【答案】：① on ② up
考点7.dive into跳水（头朝下）；将手伸入……中；（对活动，问题等）全心投入，潜心研究
【教材原句】Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods. 偶尔离开坦途去寻求困境。
【例句研读】
① The boy ___ ____the river from the bridge.
这男孩从桥上跳入河中。
② He dived into his pocket and pulled out a quarter.
他_____口袋中取出一枚25美分的硬币。
③He dived into/in the history of China.
他_____中国历史。
【归纳拓展】
dive into作“潜心于……”讲时和devote oneself to sth.的意思一样，但devote oneself to sth.还有“投身于……把自己奉献给……”的意思。
【即时巩固】
①He dived ____the bag and brought out two red apples.
②他全身心地投入他的事业，为我们的国家做出了很大的贡献。
He______his career and made a great contribution to our country.
【答案】：①into ②devoted himself to/ dived into
考点8. set out to do sth.为了某个目标而努力
【教材原句】Bell never set out to invent the telephone and what he was trying to design was a multiple telegraph.贝尔从来没打算去发明电话，他所努力去设计的是一种复合电报。
【例句研读】
(1) He ___ ____to break the record for the channel swim.
他决心打破游过海峡的记录。
(2) They set out to examine the ship.
他们____检查这艘船。
【答案】(1) set out (2) 着手
【归纳拓展】
set out to do sth.和set about doing sth.着手做某事
set out for=set off for=leave for 出发到哪里去
三 经典句型
考点1. before 从句
【教材原句】The next morning I got up early before the sun was hot.
第二天早上，天还不是很热，我就早早地起来了。
【句法分析】
before作连词表示时间时，根据其在句中的实际情况，译法有多种，具体可译为：
(1)在……之前。
We lived in Paris before moving to London.
我们搬到伦敦之前住在巴黎。
(2)……(之后)才……。
It was a long time before I got to sleep again.
很长一段时间之后我才重新入睡。
(3)(不多久)就……。
It wasn't long before she came back.不久她就回来了。
(4)以免……。
Lock your bike before it gets stolen.
锁好你的自行车，以免被偷。
(5)还没来得及……就……。
Before John stopped her， she ran out.
约翰还没来得及阻止她，她就跑了出去。
【例句研读】
①There's a feeling in me that we'll meet again.
我有一种感觉，我们会再见面。
②The news that he passed away made me sad.
【考点聚焦】before引导时间状语从句
【即时巩固】
It won't be long ________ I go abroad.
②It was some time____ the door opened in response to his ring.
他按完门铃后过了一会儿门才打开。
③ We waited a long time___ ___ ____.
我们等了很长时间火车才到
考点2. 祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句
【教材原句】Follow it up, explore all around it, and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.
跟踪下去，不断探索，不知不觉中，你就会发现某种值得思考的东西占据着你的头脑。
【句法分析】 “祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”结构中，前后为承接关系时用and或then；而前后是相反关系时用or， otherwise或or else，这种句型可以改为if引导的条件状语从句。
【例句研读】
Give me one more hour, and I’ll get the work finished.再给我一个小时，我把工作完成。
②Follow your doctor’s advice. or your cough will get worse.听从医嘱，否则你的咳嗦会更厉害。
【考点聚焦】and或者or引导的并列连词
【即时巩固】
①Lend her a hand, ________ she will be grateful to you.
②Send an e mail to your parents, ________ they will get annoyed.
【答案】①and ②or
考点3. it is/was not until...that...
【教材原句】...but it was not until five days later that Bell sent his first telephone message to his assistant Watson.
但是直到五天以后比尔才把他的电话信息传给他的助手沃森。
【句法分析】该句为含有 not...until 句子的强调句，其构成形式为“it is/was not until...that...”。
【例句研读】
①It was not until the 1940s that such machines could be built.
直到20世纪40年代这种机器才能制造。
②It was not until five days later that Bell sent the first telephone message to his assistant,Watson.
在（专利给予他）五天之后贝尔才向他的助手华生发出了第一个电话信息。
【考点聚焦】not until 用于强调句型
【即时巩固】
①It was not until 1972 ________ we began studying English.
②It was not until the next day ________ I learned the truth.
考点4 . seem +to have made...（作表语）
【教材原句】Snakes come near the house now and then，and they seem to have made their home here.
蛇偶尔出现在房子附近，它们好像在这里安了家。
【句法分析】seem 是连系动词，to have made...作表语，表示动作发生在seem之前。
【例句研读】
They seem to have made their home there.
他们似乎在那安了家。
There only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes.
似乎只有一些设计好用来杀死蛇的药末。
Things are not always what they seem(to be).
事物并非总是与表象一致。
It would seem that there is no way out of our difficulty.
我们似乎无法摆脱困境。
It seems like years since I last saw you.
似乎有多年没见你了。
It seems(as if)there will be an election soon.
似乎不久就要进行选举了
【拓展归纳】
seem to do sth.“似乎要做……”，有各种时态，如：
seem to do sth.
seem to be doing sth.
seem to have done sth.
seem like后一般跟名词，seem as if后跟句子，有时as if可省略：It seems as if …
seem后跟从句时，主语一般用it: It seems that…
seem to be + adj.结构中，to be可以省略。
【考点聚焦】seem 后跟非谓语的形式
【即时巩固】
①What he saw seemed ________ (have) the form of a man.
②Her mind seemed ________ (wander) and she didn't recognize us.
③She seemed ________ (forget) her promise.
【答案】①to have ②to be wandering ③to have forgotten
考点5. 连词＋v. ed/v. ing…
【教材原句】Between the outside and the inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when cooled.
在碗内外壁之间有一些胶状物，冷却时被冻得很结
【句法分析】 这里的when cooled是一个省略结构，相当于when it (the jelly) is cooled。
【例句研读】
When (he was) still a boy of ten, he started working to support himself.
【拓展归纳】
在使用时间、地点、条件、让步、原因、比较或方式等之类的状语从句时，如果其中谓语部分含有 be的任何一种形式，而其主语又与主句的主语相一致或主语为it时，为避免重复，使语言生动、自然、简洁，常可以省略从句的主语和谓语部分，特别是系动词be。这种现象称为状语从句的省略。具体如下：
(1)时间状语从句的省略。这类从句主要由when，while，as soon as，once，until等词引导。如：
(2)地点状语从句的省略。主要由where, wherever引导。如：
You can add some words to your composition where (it is) necessary.
(3)条件状语从句的省略。主要由if，unless，once引导。如：
Once (it was) published, his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line.
(4)让步状语从句的省略。主要由though，although，however，whatever，even if，even though，no matter how/what引导。如：
Though (he had been) defeated many times, he didn't lose heart.
(5)原因状语从句的省略。主要由because引导。如：
He decided not to watch the football match because (he was) not himself.
(6)比较状语从句的省略。主要由as，than引导。如：
In winter it is much colder in Beijing than (it is) in Shanghai.
Mary is not so shy as (she was) a year ago when I first met her.
(7)方式状语从句的省略。主要由as，as if引导。如：
The old man sat at the corner alone, as if (he was) thinking of something.
English is not so difficult to learn, as (it is) generally supposed.
【考点聚焦】状语从句的省略
【即时巩固】
①Unless____(invite), he will not come back to the company.
②After ________________________， the airport will have above 50% of plants coverage.
机场全部建成后，绿化覆盖率将达到50%以上。
(3)While________ (talk)on the phone, keep conversation volume to a normal level.
④ Anyone, once ____________(test) positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
语法
一．过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语与所修饰的词之间有两种关系:从时间上讲,表示动作已经完成;从语态上讲,表示被动的概念。分词作定语有两种形式：它可以放在被修饰的名词之前,称为前置定语；有的放在被修饰的名词之后,称为后置定语。
(1) 前置定语:单个过去分词及由过去分词构成的复合形容词作定语时,通常置于被修饰词之前。如:
the developed countries 发达国家;
well-trained policemen 训练有素的警察
man-made satellites 人造卫星;
invited people 被邀请的人
We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。
(2) 后置定语:当单个过去分词及由过去分词修饰代词时,需置于被修饰词之后;过去分词短语作定语要后置。如:
Don’t use words, expression_rs or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.
不要运用只有具有特别知识的人才能懂的词汇和表达方式。
The bridge built last month needs repairing.
上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。
(3)部分过去分词作定语有的既可前置也可后置，意义不变,但部分过去分词置于被修饰词前后的位置不同,则意义也不相同。如:
All the broken windows have been repaired. =All the windows broken have been repaired. 所有坏了的窗户已经修理好了。
an adopted child 收养的孩子; a plan adopted 被采纳的方案
(4)分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如:
① The first textbooks written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. = The first textbooks that(which)were written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
② The Olympic Games, first held in 776 BC, did not include women competitors until1912. = The Olympic Games, which were first held in 776 BC, did not include women competitors until 1912.?
③ The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. = The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被严重困扰,这个人几乎失去了记忆。过去分词修饰句子作状语时，它所修饰的句子的主语与其是逻辑上的被动关系。
二 过去分词做状语
过去分词作状语：过去分词作状语时，说明动作发生的背景或情况，其等同于一个状语从句。vt 过去分词作状语时与主句主语构成被动关系，表示被动和完成，vi 过去分词表示状态或动作的完成。
Heated , water changes into steam .
The professor came in, followed by a group of young people .
1 作原因状语，等于as / since / because 引导从句
Moved by what she said ,we couldn’t help crying . = ( As we are moved by what she said …
2 作时间状语，等于when 引导时间从句，如果分词表示的动作与谓语的动作同时发生，可在分词前加when/ while / until 等使时间意义更明确。
When heated , water can be changed into steam .
Seen from the hill , the park looks very beautiful .= ( When the park is seen from the hill…
3 作条件状语等于 if / whether 引导从句
Given more attention , the cabbages could have grown better .= ( If they have been given more attention ….
Compared with you , we still have a long way to go = ( If we are compared with you …
4 作方式或伴随状语
The actress came in , followed by her fans .
She sat by the window , lost in thought .
5 作让步状语
Much tired ,he still kept on working .=(Although he was tired ,) he ….
6 独立主格结构： 当分词的逻辑主语不是主句主语时，分词可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。常用来表示伴随情况。
The boy rushed into the classroom , his face covered with sweat .
All things considered ,your article is of great value than hers .
Rewrite with proper conjunctions
Example : United we stand, divided we fall.
If we are united, we will stand, but if we are divided,we will fall.
1 Asked what had happened, he told us about it.
→When he was asked what had happened, …
2 Well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.
→Because he was well known for his expert advice, …
3 Given more time, we would be able to do the work much better.
If we were given more time,…
【即时巩固】
1.We are studying in a school___ (build)14 years ago.
2.He found that it came from the river ____(pollute)by the dirty water from London.
3._____(disappoint) that he did not win the contest, Tony decided to give up.
4.More time ____(give), we would have done it better.
5._____(dress) in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
6.All the money _____(spend), we started looking for jobs.
答案:
1．built 2．polluted 3．Disappointed 4．given
5．Dressed 6．spent
高二英语同步精品
选修8
Unit 3 Inventions and inventors
一、重点词汇
考点1．distinguish vt. & vi.显示……的差别；辨别
【教材原句】Here was a chance for me to distinguish myself...
这次我有机会来表现一下自己了……。
【例句研读】
(1) Research suggests that babies learn to see by ____________________ areas of light and dark.
研究表明，婴儿通过辨别光亮和黑暗的区域来学会看东西。
(2) There is something about music that distinguishes it ________all other art forms.
音乐的某种特质使其有别于其他所有艺术形式。
(3)Over the next few years he _____________________________________________ a leading scholar.
在接下来的几年里，他作为一名杰出的学者而声名远扬。
【归纳拓展】
distinguish between...and...区分/辨别……和……
distinguish...from...使……有别于……
distinguish oneself (as...)(作为……)表现突出
distinguished adj.卓越的；著名的；杰出的
be distinguished for...因……而出名
【即时巩固】
①He is a ________ (distinguish) writer.
②we must ___ ____two kinds of holiday.
我们必须区别两种节日的不同之处。
【答案】答案：①distinguished ②distinguish between
考点2．seize vt.抓住；捉住；夺取；攻占
【教材原句】...I decide to seize the opportunity to get recognition for my successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office.
……我决定抓住这次机会把我的发明送到专利局去，请他们对我这次成功的思路给予认定。
【例句研读】
(1) The elephant___ a nearby branch and put it into her mouth.
大象抓住一根附近的树枝并放入口中。
(2) He ___ ___ ___sudden chest pains.
他突然感到胸部疼痛。
【归纳拓展】
seize sb. by the collar/the arm抓住某人的衣领/胳膊
seize up停止运转，发生故障
seize a chance to do...抓住机会做……
seize hold of 抓住，占领
seize on/upon利用，抓住(可利用的事物)
【温馨提示】
seize作“(疾病)侵袭”讲时常用于被动语态中，构成“be
seized with”结构，意为“感染……疾病，受……侵染”。
【即时巩固】
(1) He seized me ________ the arm.
(2) If he____________________ of escaping from the burning building, he might have lost his life.
如果他没有抓住机会从燃烧的大楼里逃出来的话， 他很可能就丧生了。
答案：（1）by （2）hadn't seized the chance
考点3．bear (bore, born) vt. 忍受；忍耐；负担；生育
【教材原句】I can’t bear the smell of burnt sausage on the barbecue. 我不能忍受烤肉架是烤焦的香肠的气味。
【例句研读】
①The ice is too thin___ ____ your weight.
冰太薄，承受不了你的重量。
②I can't bear people ____in my office while I'm working.
我在办公室工作时，受不了有人吸烟。
【答案】①to bear ②smoking
【归纳拓展】
can't bear doing/to do sth.不能忍受做……
can't bear sb./sb.'s doing/to do sth.不能忍受某人做某事
bear a heavy burden肩负重担
bear responsibility承担责任
bear/keep sth. in mind记住……
bear in mind that...记住……
【即时巩固】
①You must bear this rule ________ mind.
②I think this task is ________ (bear)．
③He can’t bear ____ （laugh）at in the public。
考点4．associate vt.联想；联系；n.同伴；伙伴
【教材原句】Although he is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, …尽管他经常被与电话的发明练习起来。…
【例句研读】
①While she was in Paris, she ___ ____many well known artists.
她在巴黎的时候和许多知名艺术家共过事。
②We often associate China ___ the Great Wall.我们常把中国同长城联系起来。
【答案】①associated with ②with
【归纳拓展】
associate...with...使……与……联系起来；结合；合伙
associate with sb与某人交往；共事
be associated with与……有关
association n．联合；联想；交往；协会；社团
in association with与……联合；与……有关联
【即时巩固】
①This man is ________ (associate) with the case.
②He is in ________ (associate) with this accident.
③The famous actor is associated ___ the case.
④The ancient tools are often found ___association ___ broken animal bones
答案：①associated ②association ③with ④ in; with
考点5．practical adj. 实际的；实践的；适用的
【教材原句】…, he was indeed a continuing searcher after practical solutions to improve the quality of everybody’s life 他的确是一名永不停息的探索家，不断寻求着改善人们生活质量的途径。
【例句研读】
①Her advice is_____. You'd better follow it.
她的建议是适用的，你最好听从。
②There are two obvious practical applications of the research.
这项研究有两个明显的____用途。
【答案】①practical ②实际
【归纳拓展】
practical experience 实践经验
practically＝actually 实际上；事实上
put...into practice 把……付诸实施
in practice 在实践中
out of practice (因久不练习)荒废；生疏
practice doing sth. 练习做…
特别提示
其反义词为impractical；名词形式为practice；动词为practise/practice，
其后若跟动词用ing形式。
【即时巩固】
①He practised ________ (play) the piano in his spare time.
②His advice on how to keep fish is ________ (practice)．
③He lacks___ ____.他缺乏实践经验。
④He came up with __ ___ ___他提出了一个切实可行的计划。
考点6．caution n．&vt. 小心，谨慎；警告
【教材原句】This time with great caution I bent down to examine the snakes and I found them very sleepy.
这一次我小心翼翼地蹲下去检查，我发现蛇正在犯困。
【例句研读】
①I ____him not to be late.
我警告他不要迟到。
②We proceeded with caution.
我们___进行。
③The information should be treated ___ ___ .
处理此信息要特别谨慎。
【答案】①cautioned ②谨慎 ③with caution.
【归纳拓展】
with caution 小心地
give sb.a caution 告诫某人
receive a caution from sb. 得到某人的劝告
let sb.off with a caution 给出警告后才放过某人
cautious adj. 小心的，谨慎的
be cautious about/of/with...在……方面很谨慎
be cautious(not)to do 小心(不)做……
【即时巩固】
①He is ________ (caution) about his messages.
②I must stress the need for ____(cautious)
我必须强调务请小心。
③He received__ ___ ___ .
他受到正式警告。.
考点7．expectation n. 期待；预料；前程
【教材原句】This was in the expectation that the snakes would bite again.
这是因为我预料蛇会再咬人。
【例句研读】
（1）He has little____ of passing the exam.
他对考试及格不抱希望。
（2）I usually enjoy his films, but the latest one didn’t come up to my_____.
我向来喜欢看他的电影，但最近的一部并不像我期望的那样好。
【答案】（1）expectation（2）expectations
【归纳拓展】
have expectation of 期望
in expectation of 期待；指望
against/contrary to expectation(s)＝beyond expectation(s)出乎预料
live up to(one's)expectations 达到(某人的)期望
an artist with great expectations 一位有远大前程的艺术家
特别提示
*expectation其意思为“期望，期待”， 不可数。beyond expectation出乎意料（较预期者大或好）
in expectation of预料
其意思为“期望的事物、前景”时常用复数。against expectation(s)与预期相反
【即时巩固】
①His ________ (expect) are too high.
②He tried to live up ________ his parents' expectations.
③We thought John would do well, but he has succeeded beyond our ____(expect) .
考点8．claim vt. 声称，认领 n．声称
【教材原句】...whose only job is to examine whether your claim is valid or not.
……他的唯一工作是检查你的声明是否有效。
【例句研读】
①if no one ____ the items, they will become Crown property.
如果无人认领这些物件，它们就将成为王室（国有）财产。
②They claim to have discovered a cure for the disease.
他们____已经发现了治疗此病的一种药物。
【答案】①claims ②声称
【归纳拓展】
claim to do sth 声称做某事
claim sb to be / as... 声称...
claim on 要求权利
claim against 要求，索赔
【即时巩固】
①His ____to own the house is valid.
他主张对此屋的所有权有效。
②He ____that he had done the work without help.
他声称没有得到帮助而完成了这项工作。
③You have no claim ____my sympathies.
你无权要求得到我的支持。
④___ ___ ___ ___ ___?
有没有人认领这把伞？
【答案】.①claim ②claimed ③ on ④Does anyone claim this umbrella
考点9．beat(beat，beaten)vt. 连续不断的击打，打败
【教材原句】Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods.
偶尔离开平路去寻找困境。
【例句研读】
①His heart is ___fast.
他的心跳得很快。
②she beat him easily at chess.
下象棋时，她轻而易举地___了他。
③he heard a regular drum____.
他听到了有规律的击鼓声。
【归纳拓展】
beat/defeat＋某人/队 打败某人/队
beat sb.to death 打某人致死
beat sb.to it 抢先一步；捷足先登
n. 节拍： clap the beat 拍手打节拍
adj.(作表语)筋疲力尽：I am beat.
【即时巩固】
(1) He was ________ (beat) to death by the cruel boss.
(2) I tried to get in but ___ ___ back by the flames.
我试图进去，但被大火挡了回来。
【答案】(1) beaten (2) was beaten
10．innocent adj. 无辜的，清白的，无罪的；天真的
【教材原句】In a courtroom it is sometimes difficult to recognize who is innocent and who is guilty.
在法庭上，有时很难辨别出谁是有罪的，谁是无罪的。
【例句研读】
①she was an _____person.
她是个天真无邪的人。
②They have imprisoned an innocent man.
他们监禁了一个_____男子。
【答案】①innocent ②无辜的
【归纳拓展】
be innocent of a crime 无罪的
an innocent child 一个天真的孩子
innocent fun 无恶意的玩笑
be innocent of sth. 缺乏/没有某物
innocence n. 无罪，无知，天真
【即时巩固】
①He is innocent ________ self respect.
②I'm convinced of the man's ________ (innocent)．
11．abrupt adj. 突然的；意外的
【教材原句】They abruptly disappeared into a convenient hole in the wall.他们突然消失在附近的墙洞里了。
【例句研读】
①The ___change of schedule gave me lots of trouble.
行程突然改变给我造成许多麻烦。
②The road is full of abrupt turns and is dangerous for motoring.
这条路到处都是____，开汽车很危险
【答案】（1）abrupt（2）急转弯
【归纳拓展】
abruptly adv. 突然地；唐突地
abruptness n. 鲁莽；唐突
【即时巩固】
①I don't know the cause of his ______leave.
我不知道他突然离去的原因。
②The match came to an abrupt end.
比赛_____中止了。
③He ________ (abrupt) changed his mind.
④I was surprised by ___ ___ ___of subject.
出其不意的变换题目让我很吃惊。
二、重点短语
考点1．set about开始，着手(后接动词 ing形式)；出发；动身
【教材原句】I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them.
我着手研究蛇的习性，以便能找到捕蛇的最简易的方法。
【例句研读】
That evening he ___ ___ ___a report on pollution.
那天晚上，他开始着手写一篇关于污染的报告。
②After the earthquake, people set about rebuilding their homes.
地震过后人们____重建家园。
【答案】（1）set about writing（2）开始
【归纳拓展】
set out出发，启程
set off 出发，动身；使爆炸
set aside 留出，对……不予以考虑
set down 记下，写下
set up 建立，开办；开业；树立；造成，产生
【即时巩固
①He set ________ to paint the whole house but finished only the front part.
②On their arrival, they set ________ reading the English books they brought with themselves.
【答案】：①out ②about
考点2．get through完成；通过；接通电话；度过(时间)
【教材原句】I can't get through.
我打不通电话。
【例句研读】
①The woman was so fat that she couldn't ___ ____the doorway.
这女人胖得连门都通不过。
②After getting ________ washing the dishes, he went out.
【归纳拓展】
get along with sb.与某人相处；进展
get away with sth.携某物潜逃；不因某事受惩罚
get down to sth./doing sth.开始做某事；认真处理某事
get across 被理解；使人了解
get down to 认真地静下心(工作)(to为介词)
get over 克服
get in 收获
【即时巩固】指出 get through在句中的不同含义。
①The passage is too narrow for cars to get through.__________
②Our message doesn‘t seem to have got through. We’ve had no reply though it was sent several days ago.____________
③I've piles of papers to get through before the meeting._______________
④I rang you several times but wasn't able to get through.___________
⑤I got through the novel in one evening.___________
⑥He has got through all the money I lent him.________
⑦We wish to get through the business quickly. _________
【答案】①穿过，通过 ②到达目的地 ③读完；理解；消化
④接通电话⑤看完；完成 ⑥用完，花光 ⑦办完，做完
考点3．call up 给……打电话；(使)回忆起；召集(开会等)
【教材原句】When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset.
当我给在乡下的妈妈打电话时，她正感到心烦。
【例句研读】
①I ___ ___ ___three months after the war broke out.
战争爆发三个月后，我被征召入伍。
②I call you up this evening.
今晚我________。
③The music_____ old times.
音乐让人回想起旧日时光。
④This old photo ____ _____memories of my childhood.
这老照片引起我对童年的回忆。
【归纳拓展】
call for 需要；要求；呼吁；(去)接某人
call at(火车等)停靠；拜访某地
call on 拜访某人
call on sb. to do sth. 号召/要求某人做某事
call off 取消
call out 大声说；召唤某人
call in 叫某人进入
call back 回电话；再打电话
规则提示
call up后的宾语如果是代词，此代词应放在call和up之间；如果是具体的人或物，放在call和up之间或up之后均可。
I called her up.
I called the girl up.=I called up the girl.
call up作“打电话”讲时可用ring up代替。
look back on /to sth.也当“回忆，记起”讲，其主语一般为“人”，而call up的意思是“使……回忆起”，主语为“物”。
【即时巩固】用call相关短语的适当形式填空。
①They decided to ____________ a doctor because the child was not any better.
②This is a problem that ____________ an immediate solution.
③The boy on the watch started ____________ when he saw somebody approaching.
④He had to ____________ the meeting because of the bad weather.
⑤This picture ____________ my memories of the amusing experience.
⑥We ____________ our new neighbour's last week.
【答案】①call in ②calls for ③calling out ④call off
⑤called/ calls up ⑥called at
考点4．out of order 次序颠倒；发生故障
【教材原句】I’m sorry, but this phone is out of order.对不起，这部电话坏了。
【例句研读】
①Not that the machine is___ ____ ___, but that I have not learned to operate it.
不是机器出了故障，而是我还没有学会操作。
②I checked the files and some of them were out of order.我检查了这些卷宗，其中一些_____.
【归纳拓展】
in order 按顺序；整齐；状况良好
keep good order 保持良好秩序
place an order (for)订购……
order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
order that...(should) do 命令……
【即时巩固】
①Let's number the letters of the alphabet, ________ order, from 1 to 26.
②The phone is ________ of order, so I can't get through.
③Everything in the room is ____ good order .
【答案】．①in ②out ③in
考点5. now and then偶尔；有时
【教材原句】Snakes come near the house now and then.蛇偶尔会来到这所房子附近。
【例句研读】
(1) He is busy with his job every day and goes to the cinema______.
他每天忙于工作，偶尔去看看电影。
(2) He slips now and then in his grammar.
他_____犯语法错误。
【答案】(1) now and then (2) 不时地
【归纳拓展】
from time to time时而；不时；偶尔
now and again时而；不时；偶尔
at times时而；不时；偶尔
once in a while时而；不时；偶尔
up and down 上下，来回
here and there 到处；处处
to and from 来来回回；往返
day and night 夜以继日地
【即时巩固】
①He went to his hometown now ________ then.
②We all write________, even when there's not much to say.
我们时不时的写信， 甚至没有很多话说的时候
考点6．hang on 不挂断；稍等；紧紧握住
【教材原句】Hang on,please请别挂断电话.
【例句研读】
(1)___ ____ — I'll just see if he's here.
等一下——我这就看看他在不在。
(2) We all hung on as the bus swung around a sharp turn.
公共汽车急转弯时，我们都______扶手。
【答案】(1) Hang on (2) 紧紧抓住
【归纳拓展】
hang up挂电话
hang off挂断(电话)
规则提示
hang on作“别挂断，坚持”讲时和hold on的用法一样。
Hold on a minute，I’ll just get a pen.
请稍等，我拿一只笔来。
Try and hold on until help arrives.
想办法坚持到有人来帮助。
hang up的意思是“挂断电话”。
【即时巩固】
①Hang ______ to that rope and don't let go.
②Time is up; I have to hang ________ the receiver now.
【答案】：① on ② up
考点7.dive into跳水（头朝下）；将手伸入……中；（对活动，问题等）全心投入，潜心研究
【教材原句】Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods. 偶尔离开坦途去寻求困境。
【例句研读】
① The boy ___ ____the river from the bridge.
这男孩从桥上跳入河中。
② He dived into his pocket and pulled out a quarter.
他_____口袋中取出一枚25美分的硬币。
③He dived into/in the history of China.
他_____中国历史。
【归纳拓展】
dive into作“潜心于……”讲时和devote oneself to sth.的意思一样，但devote oneself to sth.还有“投身于……把自己奉献给……”的意思。
【即时巩固】
①He dived ____the bag and brought out two red apples.
②他全身心地投入他的事业，为我们的国家做出了很大的贡献。
He______his career and made a great contribution to our country.
【答案】：①into ②devoted himself to/ dived into
考点8. set out to do sth.为了某个目标而努力
【教材原句】Bell never set out to invent the telephone and what he was trying to design was a multiple telegraph.贝尔从来没打算去发明电话，他所努力去设计的是一种复合电报。
【例句研读】
(1) He ___ ____to break the record for the channel swim.
他决心打破游过海峡的记录。
(2) They set out to examine the ship.
他们____检查这艘船。
【答案】(1) set out (2) 着手
【归纳拓展】
set out to do sth.和set about doing sth.着手做某事
set out for=set off for=leave for 出发到哪里去
三 经典句型
考点1. before 从句
【教材原句】The next morning I got up early before the sun was hot.
第二天早上，天还不是很热，我就早早地起来了。
【句法分析】
before作连词表示时间时，根据其在句中的实际情况，译法有多种，具体可译为：
(1)在……之前。
We lived in Paris before moving to London.
我们搬到伦敦之前住在巴黎。
(2)……(之后)才……。
It was a long time before I got to sleep again.
很长一段时间之后我才重新入睡。
(3)(不多久)就……。
It wasn't long before she came back.不久她就回来了。
(4)以免……。
Lock your bike before it gets stolen.
锁好你的自行车，以免被偷。
(5)还没来得及……就……。
Before John stopped her， she ran out.
约翰还没来得及阻止她，她就跑了出去。
【例句研读】
①There's a feeling in me that we'll meet again.
我有一种感觉，我们会再见面。
②The news that he passed away made me sad.
【考点聚焦】before引导时间状语从句
【即时巩固】
It won't be long ________ I go abroad.
②It was some time____ the door opened in response to his ring.
他按完门铃后过了一会儿门才打开。
③ We waited a long time___ ___ ____.
我们等了很长时间火车才到
考点2. 祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句
【教材原句】Follow it up, explore all around it, and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.
跟踪下去，不断探索，不知不觉中，你就会发现某种值得思考的东西占据着你的头脑。
【句法分析】 “祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”结构中，前后为承接关系时用and或then；而前后是相反关系时用or， otherwise或or else，这种句型可以改为if引导的条件状语从句。
【例句研读】
Give me one more hour, and I’ll get the work finished.再给我一个小时，我把工作完成。
②Follow your doctor’s advice. or your cough will get worse.听从医嘱，否则你的咳嗦会更厉害。
【考点聚焦】and或者or引导的并列连词
【即时巩固】
①Lend her a hand, ________ she will be grateful to you.
②Send an e mail to your parents, ________ they will get annoyed.
【答案】①and ②or
考点3. it is/was not until...that...
【教材原句】...but it was not until five days later that Bell sent his first telephone message to his assistant Watson.
但是直到五天以后比尔才把他的电话信息传给他的助手沃森。
【句法分析】该句为含有 not...until 句子的强调句，其构成形式为“it is/was not until...that...”。
【例句研读】
①It was not until the 1940s that such machines could be built.
直到20世纪40年代这种机器才能制造。
②It was not until five days later that Bell sent the first telephone message to his assistant,Watson.
在（专利给予他）五天之后贝尔才向他的助手华生发出了第一个电话信息。
【考点聚焦】not until 用于强调句型
【即时巩固】
①It was not until 1972 ________ we began studying English.
②It was not until the next day ________ I learned the truth.
考点4 . seem +to have made...（作表语）
【教材原句】Snakes come near the house now and then，and they seem to have made their home here.
蛇偶尔出现在房子附近，它们好像在这里安了家。
【句法分析】seem 是连系动词，to have made...作表语，表示动作发生在seem之前。
【例句研读】
They seem to have made their home there.
他们似乎在那安了家。
There only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes.
似乎只有一些设计好用来杀死蛇的药末。
Things are not always what they seem(to be).
事物并非总是与表象一致。
It would seem that there is no way out of our difficulty.
我们似乎无法摆脱困境。
It seems like years since I last saw you.
似乎有多年没见你了。
It seems(as if)there will be an election soon.
似乎不久就要进行选举了
【拓展归纳】
seem to do sth.“似乎要做……”，有各种时态，如：
seem to do sth.
seem to be doing sth.
seem to have done sth.
seem like后一般跟名词，seem as if后跟句子，有时as if可省略：It seems as if …
seem后跟从句时，主语一般用it: It seems that…
seem to be + adj.结构中，to be可以省略。
【考点聚焦】seem 后跟非谓语的形式
【即时巩固】
①What he saw seemed ________ (have) the form of a man.
②Her mind seemed ________ (wander) and she didn't recognize us.
③She seemed ________ (forget) her promise.
【答案】①to have ②to be wandering ③to have forgotten
考点5. 连词＋v. ed/v. ing…
【教材原句】Between the outside and the inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when cooled.
在碗内外壁之间有一些胶状物，冷却时被冻得很结
【句法分析】 这里的when cooled是一个省略结构，相当于when it (the jelly) is cooled。
【例句研读】
When (he was) still a boy of ten, he started working to support himself.
【拓展归纳】
在使用时间、地点、条件、让步、原因、比较或方式等之类的状语从句时，如果其中谓语部分含有 be的任何一种形式，而其主语又与主句的主语相一致或主语为it时，为避免重复，使语言生动、自然、简洁，常可以省略从句的主语和谓语部分，特别是系动词be。这种现象称为状语从句的省略。具体如下：
(1)时间状语从句的省略。这类从句主要由when，while，as soon as，once，until等词引导。如：
(2)地点状语从句的省略。主要由where, wherever引导。如：
You can add some words to your composition where (it is) necessary.
(3)条件状语从句的省略。主要由if，unless，once引导。如：
Once (it was) published, his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line.
(4)让步状语从句的省略。主要由though，although，however，whatever，even if，even though，no matter how/what引导。如：
Though (he had been) defeated many times, he didn't lose heart.
(5)原因状语从句的省略。主要由because引导。如：
He decided not to watch the football match because (he was) not himself.
(6)比较状语从句的省略。主要由as，than引导。如：
In winter it is much colder in Beijing than (it is) in Shanghai.
Mary is not so shy as (she was) a year ago when I first met her.
(7)方式状语从句的省略。主要由as，as if引导。如：
The old man sat at the corner alone, as if (he was) thinking of something.
English is not so difficult to learn, as (it is) generally supposed.
【考点聚焦】状语从句的省略
【即时巩固】
①Unless____(invite), he will not come back to the company.
②After ________________________， the airport will have above 50% of plants coverage.
机场全部建成后，绿化覆盖率将达到50%以上。
(3)While________ (talk)on the phone, keep conversation volume to a normal level.
④ Anyone, once ____________(test) positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
语法
一．过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语与所修饰的词之间有两种关系:从时间上讲,表示动作已经完成;从语态上讲,表示被动的概念。分词作定语有两种形式：它可以放在被修饰的名词之前,称为前置定语；有的放在被修饰的名词之后,称为后置定语。
(1) 前置定语:单个过去分词及由过去分词构成的复合形容词作定语时,通常置于被修饰词之前。如:
the developed countries 发达国家;
well-trained policemen 训练有素的警察
man-made satellites 人造卫星;
invited people 被邀请的人
We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。
(2) 后置定语:当单个过去分词及由过去分词修饰代词时,需置于被修饰词之后;过去分词短语作定语要后置。如:
Don’t use words, expression_rs or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.
不要运用只有具有特别知识的人才能懂的词汇和表达方式。
The bridge built last month needs repairing.
上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。
(3)部分过去分词作定语有的既可前置也可后置，意义不变,但部分过去分词置于被修饰词前后的位置不同,则意义也不相同。如:
All the broken windows have been repaired. =All the windows broken have been repaired. 所有坏了的窗户已经修理好了。
an adopted child 收养的孩子; a plan adopted 被采纳的方案
(4)分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如:
① The first textbooks written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. = The first textbooks that(which)were written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
② The Olympic Games, first held in 776 BC, did not include women competitors until1912. = The Olympic Games, which were first held in 776 BC, did not include women competitors until 1912.?
③ The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. = The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被严重困扰,这个人几乎失去了记忆。过去分词修饰句子作状语时，它所修饰的句子的主语与其是逻辑上的被动关系。
二 过去分词做状语
过去分词作状语：过去分词作状语时，说明动作发生的背景或情况，其等同于一个状语从句。vt 过去分词作状语时与主句主语构成被动关系，表示被动和完成，vi 过去分词表示状态或动作的完成。
Heated , water changes into steam .
The professor came in, followed by a group of young people .
1 作原因状语，等于as / since / because 引导从句
Moved by what she said ,we couldn’t help crying . = ( As we are moved by what she said …
2 作时间状语，等于when 引导时间从句，如果分词表示的动作与谓语的动作同时发生，可在分词前加when/ while / until 等使时间意义更明确。
When heated , water can be changed into steam .
Seen from the hill , the park looks very beautiful .= ( When the park is seen from the hill…
3 作条件状语等于 if / whether 引导从句
Given more attention , the cabbages could have grown better .= ( If they have been given more attention ….
Compared with you , we still have a long way to go = ( If we are compared with you …
4 作方式或伴随状语
The actress came in , followed by her fans .
She sat by the window , lost in thought .
5 作让步状语
Much tired ,he still kept on working .=(Although he was tired ,) he ….
6 独立主格结构： 当分词的逻辑主语不是主句主语时，分词可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。常用来表示伴随情况。
The boy rushed into the classroom , his face covered with sweat .
All things considered ,your article is of great value than hers .
Rewrite with proper conjunctions
Example : United we stand, divided we fall.
If we are united, we will stand, but if we are divided,we will fall.
1 Asked what had happened, he told us about it.
→When he was asked what had happened, …
2 Well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.
→Because he was well known for his expert advice, …
3 Given more time, we would be able to do the work much better.
If we were given more time,…
【即时巩固】
1.We are studying in a school___ (build)14 years ago.
2.He found that it came from the river ____(pollute)by the dirty water from London.
3._____(disappoint) that he did not win the contest, Tony decided to give up.
4.More time ____(give), we would have done it better.
5._____(dress) in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
6.All the money _____(spend), we started looking for jobs.
答案:
1．built 2．polluted 3．Disappointed 4．given
5．Dressed 6．spent
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