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形 容 词
形容词
一、形容词的定义、用法
表示人或事物的属性或特征的词叫形容词(Adjective)。形容词修饰名词,它的基本用法就是为名词提供更多的信息,它分为性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,一般放在所修饰的名词之前;若修饰不定代词,则需后置。
形容词的判断方法
判断一个词是不是形容词,可以从其结构特点和句法特点两方面来确定。
(1)结构特点。
以-able,-al,-ful,-ic,-ish,-less,-ous,-y等后缀结尾的词,一般是形容词,如:changeable(多变的),medical(医学上的),careful(仔细的),atomic(原子的),foolish(愚蠢的),careless(粗心的),delicious(美味的),healthy(健康的),rainy(下雨的)等。
(2)句法特点。
大多数形容词都可以作定语;在be,look,seem等词之后作表语;可用very来修饰,有比较级和最高级形式。
形容词的用法
1.形容词用作定语
Li Mei is a beautiful city girl.李梅是一个漂亮的城市女孩。
The new student comes from Japan.那个新来的学生是日本人。
2.形容词用作表语
My father’s car is very expensive.我父亲的小车很贵。
The English story is very interesting.那个英文故事很有趣。
3.形容词用作宾语补足语
Don’t keep the door open. 别让门敞着。
His success made him happy.他的成功让他感到幸福。
We finally found the dictionaries very useful.我们最后发现词典很有用。
4.“the+形容词”用作主语及宾语
The old often think of old things.老年人经常回想往事。
The new always take the place of the old.新生事物总是会取代旧的事物。
5.形容词有时也可用作状语或补语
Please speak loud and clear.请说话大声一点、更清楚点。
These soldiers spent three days in the cold weather,cold and hungry.
士兵们又冷又饿在严寒的气候中过了三天。
After seven days, the children came back from the forest safe.
七天之后,孩子们安全地从森林中返回。
6.少数形容词只能作表语
这些形容词包括 ill,asleep,awake,alone,well,worth,glad,unable,afraid等,只能作表语,不能作定语。例如:
(正)Don’t be afraid.(误)Mr Li is an afraid man.
(正)The old man was ill yesterday.(误)This is an ill person.
(正)This place is worth visiting.(误)That is a worth book.
7.少数形容词只能作定语
这些形容词包括 little,live(活着的),elder,eldest 等,只能作定语,不能作表语。例如:
(正)My elder brother is a doctor.(误)My brother is elder than I.
(正)This is a little house.(误)The house is little.
(正)Do you want live fish or dead one?(误)The old monkey is still live.
二、形容词的位置
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:
a red flower一朵红花an interesting story一个有趣的故事
six blind men 六个盲人my own house我自己的房子
1).当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词 之后。例如:
She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。
I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。
Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?
2).形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。
Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。
This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。
3).在以下特殊用法中,形容词置于所修饰的名词之后。
All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.
所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。
We are building a new school, modern and super.
我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。
All countries, rich and poor, should help one another.
所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。
4).有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you
.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
5).有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:
the writer present 出席的作者 the present writer 现在的作者
2. 两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时的排列顺序
限定词→一般描绘性形容词→表示大小、长短、高低的形容词→表示形状的形容词→表示年龄、新旧的形容词→表示色彩的形容词→表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词→表示物质、材料的形容词→表示用途、类别的形容词→名词中心词。例如:
an exciting international football match 一场令人激动的国际足球赛
a new red sports shirt 一件新的红色运动衫
a light black plastic umbrella 把轻的黑塑料伞
a small old brown wooden house 一座小的旧的棕色的木头房子
巧记形容词的排列顺序
即请你记住“限观形令色国材”这几个字,这似乎有点不大好记,那就请你记住“县官行令谢国材”吧。其分别的含义是:
“县”(限)代表限定词,包括:冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、
数词等。
“官”(观)代表表示观点的描绘性形容词,如:fine,beautiful,interesting等。
“行”(形)代表表示大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词,如:small,tall,high,little, round等。 “令”(龄)代表表示年龄、新、旧的形容词,如old,young等。
“谢”(“色”的近似音)代表表示颜色的形容词,如:white,black,yellow等。
“国” 代表表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词(名词),如:English,American,mountain
等。
“材” 则代表形成中心名词的材料的形容词,如:stone,wooden,silk,plastic等。
多个形容词同时修饰同一个名词时,就按上述顺序排列,然后加上中心名词。
.a fine old stone bridge一座古老漂亮的石头桥
. two big round new Chinese wooden tables 两张新的中国式的木制大圆桌
. his large new black foreign car 他那辆新的大型黑色外国进口汽车
特别连接.常见的后跟形容词作表语的词:
①become,come,fall,get,go,grow,make,turn,wear(表示“变成某种状态”)
②continue,hold,keep,lie,remain,stay(表示“保持某种状态”)
③appear,feel,look,smell,sound,taste,know,write(表示“感觉”)
He turned red when he heard the news.听到这个消息,他的脸变红了。
It’s going to stay cold for some time.天气还要冷一阵子。
The beer tastes very delicious.这啤酒尝起来很可口。
三、形容词的比较等级
1.形容词原级的用法
1.只能修饰原级的词,very,quite,so,too
He is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再继续走了。
My brother runs so fast that I can‘t follow him.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。
形容词的原级常用于“as…as”及“not as(so) …as”两种句型中。
1).句型“as…as”,表示两者相比较,程度相同。例如:
The old man walks as fast as a young man.这位老人走路与青年人一样快。
Science is as important as maths.自然科学与数学一样重要。
This coat is as expensive as that one.这件上衣与那件一样贵。
2).句型“not as(so) …as”,表示两者相比较,程度不一样。例如:
I’m not as tall as Jack. 我不如杰克高。
She doesn’t run so fast as I. 她不如我跑得块。
This warship is not so big as that one.这条军舰不如那条大。
同级比较歌诀
同级比较用原级,as…as不分离;若是否定加not,as…as否前者。
as…as加not,只说两者有区别。so…as加not,后者总是强前者。
3).在使用“as…as”与“not as(so) …as” 句型,应该特别注意“as…as”或“not as(so) …as”中间的形容词必须是形容词的原级。例如:
(正)Today is as warm as yesterday.(误)Today is as warmer as yesterday.
(正)I’m not so careful as my brother.(误)I’m not so more careful as my brother.
4).需要注意的原级形容词用法:
①“数词+times+as+形容词原级+as”(是……的几倍)。例如:
This tree is twice as short as that one.这棵树比那棵树矮两倍。
My scores are three times as many as yours.我的比分是你的三倍。
This road is four times as wide as that one.这条马路的宽度是那条的四倍。
②“half+as+形容词原级+as”(……的一半……)。例如:
My English is not half as good as yours.我的英语不如你的一半好。
This town is half as big as ours.这个城镇有我们的城镇一半大。
The rivers in the north aren’t half as many as those in the south.
北方的河流不如南方的一半多。
③“as…as”结构中,若形容词作定语修饰可数名词单数,不定冠词a(an)应置于形容词与名词之 间。例如:
English is as important a subject as maths.英语和数学是同样重要的一门学科。 Uncle Wang is as good a man as my father.王叔叔是与我父亲同样好的一个人。 This is as famous a school as ours.这是一所与我们学校同样著名的学校。
④“as…as”结构若指同一个人或物,则并无比较意义,而只是说明某人或某物具有两种性质。译为“又……又……”或“不但……而且……”。例如:
This computer is as good as it is cheap.这台电脑质量又好又便宜。
The boy is as strong as he is brave.这个男孩又健壮又勇敢。
The city of Suzhou is as beautiful as it is clean.苏州城既美丽又干净。
⑤The same as 表示与……相同。
The coat is the same as that one .
⑥表示比喻。 A +be = as + A +be = as +原级+ as +B
He is as busy as a bee .
2.形容词的比较等级的构成:比较级和最高级
1.一般在词尾直接加er或est,例如,tall-taller-tallest,long-longer-longest
2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st,例如,nice-nicer-nicest
3.以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y变为i,再加er或est,例如,heavy-heavier-heaviest
4.重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加er或est,例如,big-bigger-biggest
5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级,例如,slowly-more slowly-most slowly;beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
二、不规则变化
下列单、双音节词只能加more和most.
3.形容词的比较级的用法
1)表示两者之间比较时,用“形容词比较级+than” 或more (less) ….than….. 两种句型。例如:
Your mother looks healthier than before.你妈妈看上去比以前健康了。
I’m less interested in basketball than you.我对篮球的兴趣不如你大。
2)“甲+be+(倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙” “甲比乙…几倍”
Tom is three years older than jim .
This room is three times bigger than that one.这个房间比那个大三倍。
3).形容词的比较级还可以用于以下句型中。
①比较级+and +比较级, more and more+原级(越来越……)。例如:
The park is getting more and more beautiful.这个公园变得越来越美了。
China had become stronger and stronger.中国已变得越来越强大了。
②the +比较级,the+比较级(越……就越……)。例如:
The more books we read, the cleverer we will become.
我们读的书越多,就会变得越聪明。
The more trees, the better. 树越多越好。
The sooner, the better. 越早越好。
The more exercise we take, the healthier we are.我们越锻炼,身体就越健康。
③“the+比较级+of the two……(两个中较……的一个)”。例如:
I’d like to go to the farther of the two places.
两个地方相比较,我愿意去更远的一个。
She is the fatter of the two girls.她是那两个女孩中较胖的一个。
④ 比较级+than any other +n. (单) (适用于范围一致时)
(all) other +n.(复)
any +n.(单) (适用于范围不一致时)
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.
=The Yangtze River is longer than any of the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的任何一条其他的河都长。
=The Yangtze River is longer than the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的其他所有的河都长。
=The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流
注意:The Yangtze River is longer than any river in Japan.
长江比日本的任何一条河都长。
(5)“特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级,甲or乙?”
Which is bigger,the earth or the moon?哪一个大,地球还是月球?
3).形容词的比较级前还可以用much,a lot, far, even, still, a little, no, any等表示程度的词来修饰.
I feel a little better than yesterday.我感觉比昨天好一点儿了。
The job is far more difficult than before.这工作比以前要难得多。
4.形容词的最高级的用法
1)三者或三者以上相比较用 “主语+be+the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of/among短语”表示“…… 是……中最……的”。
Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.汤姆是他们班上/所有学生当中最高的。
This apple is the biggest of the five.这个苹果是五个当中最大的。例如:
This is the cleanest place of the city.这是这个城市最清洁的地方。
Hu Yun is the fastest of all the girls in our class.胡云是我们女生中跑得最快的。 2).表示“最……之一”,用“one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词”。例如:
The Great Wall of China is one of the greatest buildings in the world.
中国的长城是世界上最伟大的建筑之一。
This is one of the most interesting books that I’ve ever read.这是我读过的最有趣的书之一。
3) 序数词+最高级+名词单数 表示第……
Yellow river is the second longest river in china .
4)特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲,乙,or丙?
Which is the biggest , Beijing , shanghai or Guangzhou ?
注意. 形容词的最高级前面必须加定冠词the,但当形容词最高级前面有物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格等修饰时,则不加the。例如:
(正)This is my best friend. (误)This is my the(the my) best friend.
(正)Today is the happiest day of my life.(误)Today is happiest day of my life.
四.相关词语辨析
(1)和冠词连用
the +形容词原级+v(复),指一类人或物
the + 形容词比较级,指两者中“较…的”的那一个, the younger of the two
a/ an +形容词比较级eg. The pen is expensive. I want a cheaper one.
( a) +most+形容词最高级 “非常…” a most beautiful city
2).very 和much
A)very修饰形容词、副词的原级;
much修饰比较级;修饰动词用much或very much ,
I very like English.(×),因改为:I like English very much.
B) 表示状态的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child .一般的情况下,以-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。
如:We were greatly /much shocked by the news about Tom..
C) 已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。 :very interesting / worrying / exciting
D)too前用much/ far ,不用very。 You are much / far / a lot too nice.
另外,在too many / much, too few / little前用far。
We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.
E)还有修饰词既不用very,也不用much. be well worth doing, be well above the tree
2. so和such
A)so … that … 与such … that … 的区别。
so + 形容词 / 副词 + that …
so + 形容词 + a(n)+ 单数可数名词 + that …
so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that …
such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that … such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that …
注意: 但当little表示“小”时用such。
如:These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.
下列so的用法是错误的:
so a difficult problem, so difficult problems, so hot weather。
B) some/ any/ every/ no/ each/ all/ another/ several/ few/ many/ one/ two
+such+n. eg. no such word
3. be too much + n. be much too+ adj.
be too much for sb. 对…太过分了
4. can’t be too +adj.= can’t be +adj.+ enough “无论…都不为过”
You can never be careful enough.= You can never be too careful.你越小心越好
5. more…than…结构,其意往往是…rather than…,可译为“是……而不
是……”或颠倒词序译作“与其说是……,不如说是……”。
That little girl is more tired than hungry. 那个小姑娘是累了而不是饿了。 She is more a mother than a wife或She is more of a mother than a wife.
她是贤妻,更是良母。
6. A is to B what C is to D A和B的关系就像C和D的关系
Air is to man what water is to fish. 空气 对于人类就像水和鱼的关系。
7. no more than= only “只不过”,言其少
not more than=at most “不多于”,“至少”,指事实。
no more …than… 和…一样不… 如单音节使用比较级形式
not more…than… 不比…更…
no less than= as much as “多达”
no fewer than= as many as
例:I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱只不过5元。
I have not more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱不多于5元。
He is no richer than I.他和我一样穷。
He is no less determined than you. 他的决心不亚于你。 (no less determined than等于“其决心不亚于你”,言其大) He is not less determined than you. 他的决心不比你小。
(not less determined than等于“其决心不小于”,无言其大或小的含义)
8.farther与further都是形容词和副词far的比较级:
far—farther—farthest far—further—furtherst 但是它们在词义和用法上却有区别。
(1)farther一般只用于表示有形距离的“较远”、“更远”:
On the farther side of the steet there was a large shop. 在街的那一边有一家大商店。
We can't go any farther without a rest. 我们不休息就不能再走了。
(2)(A)further既可表示有形距离的“较远”、“更远”:
There is a cottage on the further side of the hill. 在小山的那一边有一个茅舍。
It turned out a further distance than he had imagined. 原来距离比他想象的要远。
It's not safe to go any further. 再往远走,就不安全了。
(B)further也还可表示“更多的”;“另一些”;“进一步的”;“而且”;“此外”等等:
. Have you any further questions to ask? 你们还有问题要问吗?
We intend to stay for a further two months. 我们打算再停留两个月。
If you need further information, I suggest you go to the library.
如果你需要进一步的资料,我建议你去图书馆查查。
9. older、elder elderly
elder、older这两个词均是old的比较级,在用法上有所区别。elder本身也是形容词。
1).elder表示“前辈的”、“年纪较长的”,仅用于同一家庭成员的比较;older则不限于此。
My younger son is five and my elder son is nine。我的小儿子5岁,大儿子9岁。
Tom is two years older than I.汤姆比我年长两岁。
2).elder在句中只用作定语,不作表语;older两者皆可。
My elder sister does her homework all by herself. 我的姐姐独自做作业。
His elder son got married last week. 他的长子是上星期结婚的。
I think his mother is older. 我认为他的母亲年龄大引起。
3.)elder只能用来指人;older既可修饰人,也可修饰物。例如:
My elder brother joined the army when he was only fifteen.我哥哥年仅15岁就参了军。
This dog is older than any other dogs here.这条狗在这里是最老的一条。
I have a sister older than myself.我有位比我大的姐姐。
It is said Mr Chen is over ten years older than Mrs Li.据说陈先生比李女士大10多岁。
4.)elderly是形容词,“较老的”。elderly是委婉用语意为上了年纪的,一般不说old man而用elderly man代替,the elderly泛指老人。
His mother's elder sister is an elderly woman now.
10. -ed形容词与-ing 形容词的用法区别
1. 以后缀-ed结尾的形容词(如ashamed, delighted, excited, frightened, interested, moved, pleased, surprised, worried等)通常用于说明人,不用于说明事物,即使它们所修饰的名词是事物,那它们指的也是与该事物相关的人。如:
He had a pleased smile on his face. 他脸上露出了满意的微笑。
He told me the news in a very excited voice. 他告诉了我这个消息,声音很激动。
第一句中的a pleased smile 意为“满意的微笑”,它指的是某人因感到满意发出的微笑;第二句中的 excited voice 指的是“激动的声音”,即指的是带有这种声音的某人感到激动。
原则上,-ed 形容词通常直接用于说明人,若修饰事物,则多为 air(神态), appearance(外貌), cry(哭声), face(表情), voice(声音), mood(情绪)等与显示某人的情感状况的名词。
2. 以后缀-ing结尾的形容词(如delighting, exciting, frightening, interesting, moving, surprising, worrying 等)主要用于说明事物,表示事物的性质或特征,若用它们说明人,则表示此人具有此性质或特征。如(from www.yygrammar.com):
The story is very interesting. 这个故事很有趣。
The man is very interesting. 这个人很有趣。
11. One Ones That Those在比较结构中的用法区别
在比较结构中,为了避免重复,常用替代词替代名词词组或它的中心词。可以这样用的替代词常用的且较难掌握的有one,ones,that和those。
I.替代词one和ones的用法:
1.one只能替代单数名词,one的复数形式ones只能替代复数名词。例如:
My child doesn't like this book.Show her a more interesting one.
2.替代词one或ones必须带有一个限定或修饰词,它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象,这是替代词one或ones在用法上的一个重要特征。例如:
I don't like this book.I'd like a more interesting one.
3.当替代词one或ones带有后置修饰语时,它们前面总有定冠词。例如:
Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before.
4.当替代词one或ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this,that,which和序数词等之后,可以省略。例如: This book is much better than that(one).
5.替代词one或ones通常不用在物主代词和名词所有格之后。如不可说my one(s),your one(s),Peter's one(s)等等。one或ones也不能用在own之后。
但是,如果有了形容词,one(s)可以和物主代词及名词所有格连用。如:
My cheap camera seems to be just as good as John's expensive one.
6.one作替代词时,在of前面不能用the one来表示所属关系和类似概念。如不可说:
*He put down his gun and picked up the one of Henry. 该用一个所有格来表示He picked up Henry's.
7.当两个形容词表示对照的意思时,不能使用替代词one。仅在其中一个形容词后加上名词即可。例如:
Don't praise the younger child in the presence of the elder.
8.替代词one如果不带任何前置修饰语,即它的前面既没有限定词,又没有形容词时,便不是替代名词词组的中心词,而是替代整个名词词组。这时,one=a+单数名词。例如:
A cake made of wheat costs less than one made of rice.(one=a cake)
one的这种用法是泛指同类事物中的任何一个,相当一个不定冠词,因此它没有复数形式。要泛指复数事物,只能用some。例如:
Here are a few apples.Would you like some(=some of them)?
II.替代词that和those的用法:
1. that和those通常用作指使代词,也可用作替代词。它们总是伴随着限定性的后置修饰语,分别等于the one和the ones。
The houses of the rich are generally larger than those of the poor.
2.that也可替代不可数名词,但是the one则不能。例如:
The resistance of a thicker wire is less than that of a thin one. 以上两例中的that都不能换成the one。
3.that作替代词,只能指物,不能指人。those作替代词,既可指物,也可指人。例如:
The blonde girl I saw was older than the one you were dancing with. 该句中的the one不能换成that。
4.that用作替代词和它所替代的名词词组的中心词的“数”可以不一致。替代单数名词时,只替代“the+单数名词”,不可替代“a+单数名词”。例如:
The song by Schubert is more tuneful than that by Britain.(that=the song。song为可数名词。)
请注意,这里说的that只替代“the+单数名词”,不可替代“a+单数名词,系指that在句子中实际的作用,并非要求它在句子中所代表的前面出现的词组必须是“the+单数名词。例如: In those days they lived a life worse than that of a beast of burden. 在该句中,前面出现的词组为a life,但that替代的却是the life。 that作为替代词,它不能用于零关系分句(即没有关系代词的定语从句)之前。例如:
The problem confronting us today is not dissimilar from that which the nation confronted in the 1930s
形容词
一、形容词的定义、用法
表示人或事物的属性或特征的词叫形容词(Adjective)。形容词修饰名词,它的基本用法就是为名词提供更多的信息,它分为性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,一般放在所修饰的名词之前;若修饰不定代词,则需后置。
形容词的判断方法
判断一个词是不是形容词,可以从其结构特点和句法特点两方面来确定。
(1)结构特点。
以-able,-al,-ful,-ic,-ish,-less,-ous,-y等后缀结尾的词,一般是形容词,如:changeable(多变的),medical(医学上的),careful(仔细的),atomic(原子的),foolish(愚蠢的),careless(粗心的),delicious(美味的),healthy(健康的),rainy(下雨的)等。
(2)句法特点。
大多数形容词都可以作定语;在be,look,seem等词之后作表语;可用very来修饰,有比较级和最高级形式。
形容词的用法
1.形容词用作定语
Li Mei is a beautiful city girl.李梅是一个漂亮的城市女孩。
The new student comes from Japan.那个新来的学生是日本人。
2.形容词用作表语
My father’s car is very expensive.我父亲的小车很贵。
The English story is very interesting.那个英文故事很有趣。
3.形容词用作宾语补足语
Don’t keep the door open. 别让门敞着。
His success made him happy.他的成功让他感到幸福。
We finally found the dictionaries very useful.我们最后发现词典很有用。
4.“the+形容词”用作主语及宾语
The old often think of old things.老年人经常回想往事。
The new always take the place of the old.新生事物总是会取代旧的事物。
5.形容词有时也可用作状语或补语
Please speak loud and clear.请说话大声一点、更清楚点。
These soldiers spent three days in the cold weather,cold and hungry.
士兵们又冷又饿在严寒的气候中过了三天。
After seven days, the children came back from the forest safe.
七天之后,孩子们安全地从森林中返回。
6.少数形容词只能作表语
这些形容词包括 ill,asleep,awake,alone,well,worth,glad,unable,afraid等,只能作表语,不能作定语。例如:
(正)Don’t be afraid.(误)Mr Li is an afraid man.
(正)The old man was ill yesterday.(误)This is an ill person.
(正)This place is worth visiting.(误)That is a worth book.
7.少数形容词只能作定语
这些形容词包括 little,live(活着的),elder,eldest 等,只能作定语,不能作表语。例如:
(正)My elder brother is a doctor.(误)My brother is elder than I.
(正)This is a little house.(误)The house is little.
(正)Do you want live fish or dead one?(误)The old monkey is still live.
二、形容词的位置
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:
a red flower一朵红花an interesting story一个有趣的故事
six blind men 六个盲人my own house我自己的房子
1).当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词 之后。例如:
She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。
I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。
Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?
2).形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。
Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。
This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。
3).在以下特殊用法中,形容词置于所修饰的名词之后。
All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.
所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。
We are building a new school, modern and super.
我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。
All countries, rich and poor, should help one another.
所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。
4).有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you
.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
5).有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:
the writer present 出席的作者 the present writer 现在的作者
2. 两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时的排列顺序
限定词→一般描绘性形容词→表示大小、长短、高低的形容词→表示形状的形容词→表示年龄、新旧的形容词→表示色彩的形容词→表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词→表示物质、材料的形容词→表示用途、类别的形容词→名词中心词。例如:
an exciting international football match 一场令人激动的国际足球赛
a new red sports shirt 一件新的红色运动衫
a light black plastic umbrella 把轻的黑塑料伞
a small old brown wooden house 一座小的旧的棕色的木头房子
巧记形容词的排列顺序
即请你记住“限观形令色国材”这几个字,这似乎有点不大好记,那就请你记住“县官行令谢国材”吧。其分别的含义是:
“县”(限)代表限定词,包括:冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、
数词等。
“官”(观)代表表示观点的描绘性形容词,如:fine,beautiful,interesting等。
“行”(形)代表表示大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词,如:small,tall,high,little, round等。 “令”(龄)代表表示年龄、新、旧的形容词,如old,young等。
“谢”(“色”的近似音)代表表示颜色的形容词,如:white,black,yellow等。
“国” 代表表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词(名词),如:English,American,mountain
等。
“材” 则代表形成中心名词的材料的形容词,如:stone,wooden,silk,plastic等。
多个形容词同时修饰同一个名词时,就按上述顺序排列,然后加上中心名词。
.a fine old stone bridge一座古老漂亮的石头桥
. two big round new Chinese wooden tables 两张新的中国式的木制大圆桌
. his large new black foreign car 他那辆新的大型黑色外国进口汽车
特别连接.常见的后跟形容词作表语的词:
①become,come,fall,get,go,grow,make,turn,wear(表示“变成某种状态”)
②continue,hold,keep,lie,remain,stay(表示“保持某种状态”)
③appear,feel,look,smell,sound,taste,know,write(表示“感觉”)
He turned red when he heard the news.听到这个消息,他的脸变红了。
It’s going to stay cold for some time.天气还要冷一阵子。
The beer tastes very delicious.这啤酒尝起来很可口。
三、形容词的比较等级
1.形容词原级的用法
1.只能修饰原级的词,very,quite,so,too
He is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再继续走了。
My brother runs so fast that I can‘t follow him.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。
形容词的原级常用于“as…as”及“not as(so) …as”两种句型中。
1).句型“as…as”,表示两者相比较,程度相同。例如:
The old man walks as fast as a young man.这位老人走路与青年人一样快。
Science is as important as maths.自然科学与数学一样重要。
This coat is as expensive as that one.这件上衣与那件一样贵。
2).句型“not as(so) …as”,表示两者相比较,程度不一样。例如:
I’m not as tall as Jack. 我不如杰克高。
She doesn’t run so fast as I. 她不如我跑得块。
This warship is not so big as that one.这条军舰不如那条大。
同级比较歌诀
同级比较用原级,as…as不分离;若是否定加not,as…as否前者。
as…as加not,只说两者有区别。so…as加not,后者总是强前者。
3).在使用“as…as”与“not as(so) …as” 句型,应该特别注意“as…as”或“not as(so) …as”中间的形容词必须是形容词的原级。例如:
(正)Today is as warm as yesterday.(误)Today is as warmer as yesterday.
(正)I’m not so careful as my brother.(误)I’m not so more careful as my brother.
4).需要注意的原级形容词用法:
①“数词+times+as+形容词原级+as”(是……的几倍)。例如:
This tree is twice as short as that one.这棵树比那棵树矮两倍。
My scores are three times as many as yours.我的比分是你的三倍。
This road is four times as wide as that one.这条马路的宽度是那条的四倍。
②“half+as+形容词原级+as”(……的一半……)。例如:
My English is not half as good as yours.我的英语不如你的一半好。
This town is half as big as ours.这个城镇有我们的城镇一半大。
The rivers in the north aren’t half as many as those in the south.
北方的河流不如南方的一半多。
③“as…as”结构中,若形容词作定语修饰可数名词单数,不定冠词a(an)应置于形容词与名词之 间。例如:
English is as important a subject as maths.英语和数学是同样重要的一门学科。 Uncle Wang is as good a man as my father.王叔叔是与我父亲同样好的一个人。 This is as famous a school as ours.这是一所与我们学校同样著名的学校。
④“as…as”结构若指同一个人或物,则并无比较意义,而只是说明某人或某物具有两种性质。译为“又……又……”或“不但……而且……”。例如:
This computer is as good as it is cheap.这台电脑质量又好又便宜。
The boy is as strong as he is brave.这个男孩又健壮又勇敢。
The city of Suzhou is as beautiful as it is clean.苏州城既美丽又干净。
⑤The same as 表示与……相同。
The coat is the same as that one .
⑥表示比喻。 A +be = as + A +be = as +原级+ as +B
He is as busy as a bee .
2.形容词的比较等级的构成:比较级和最高级
1.一般在词尾直接加er或est,例如,tall-taller-tallest,long-longer-longest
2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st,例如,nice-nicer-nicest
3.以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y变为i,再加er或est,例如,heavy-heavier-heaviest
4.重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加er或est,例如,big-bigger-biggest
5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级,例如,slowly-more slowly-most slowly;beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
二、不规则变化
下列单、双音节词只能加more和most.
3.形容词的比较级的用法
1)表示两者之间比较时,用“形容词比较级+than” 或more (less) ….than….. 两种句型。例如:
Your mother looks healthier than before.你妈妈看上去比以前健康了。
I’m less interested in basketball than you.我对篮球的兴趣不如你大。
2)“甲+be+(倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙” “甲比乙…几倍”
Tom is three years older than jim .
This room is three times bigger than that one.这个房间比那个大三倍。
3).形容词的比较级还可以用于以下句型中。
①比较级+and +比较级, more and more+原级(越来越……)。例如:
The park is getting more and more beautiful.这个公园变得越来越美了。
China had become stronger and stronger.中国已变得越来越强大了。
②the +比较级,the+比较级(越……就越……)。例如:
The more books we read, the cleverer we will become.
我们读的书越多,就会变得越聪明。
The more trees, the better. 树越多越好。
The sooner, the better. 越早越好。
The more exercise we take, the healthier we are.我们越锻炼,身体就越健康。
③“the+比较级+of the two……(两个中较……的一个)”。例如:
I’d like to go to the farther of the two places.
两个地方相比较,我愿意去更远的一个。
She is the fatter of the two girls.她是那两个女孩中较胖的一个。
④ 比较级+than any other +n. (单) (适用于范围一致时)
(all) other +n.(复)
any +n.(单) (适用于范围不一致时)
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.
=The Yangtze River is longer than any of the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的任何一条其他的河都长。
=The Yangtze River is longer than the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的其他所有的河都长。
=The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流
注意:The Yangtze River is longer than any river in Japan.
长江比日本的任何一条河都长。
(5)“特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级,甲or乙?”
Which is bigger,the earth or the moon?哪一个大,地球还是月球?
3).形容词的比较级前还可以用much,a lot, far, even, still, a little, no, any等表示程度的词来修饰.
I feel a little better than yesterday.我感觉比昨天好一点儿了。
The job is far more difficult than before.这工作比以前要难得多。
4.形容词的最高级的用法
1)三者或三者以上相比较用 “主语+be+the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of/among短语”表示“…… 是……中最……的”。
Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.汤姆是他们班上/所有学生当中最高的。
This apple is the biggest of the five.这个苹果是五个当中最大的。例如:
This is the cleanest place of the city.这是这个城市最清洁的地方。
Hu Yun is the fastest of all the girls in our class.胡云是我们女生中跑得最快的。 2).表示“最……之一”,用“one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词”。例如:
The Great Wall of China is one of the greatest buildings in the world.
中国的长城是世界上最伟大的建筑之一。
This is one of the most interesting books that I’ve ever read.这是我读过的最有趣的书之一。
3) 序数词+最高级+名词单数 表示第……
Yellow river is the second longest river in china .
4)特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲,乙,or丙?
Which is the biggest , Beijing , shanghai or Guangzhou ?
注意. 形容词的最高级前面必须加定冠词the,但当形容词最高级前面有物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格等修饰时,则不加the。例如:
(正)This is my best friend. (误)This is my the(the my) best friend.
(正)Today is the happiest day of my life.(误)Today is happiest day of my life.
四.相关词语辨析
(1)和冠词连用
the +形容词原级+v(复),指一类人或物
the + 形容词比较级,指两者中“较…的”的那一个, the younger of the two
a/ an +形容词比较级eg. The pen is expensive. I want a cheaper one.
( a) +most+形容词最高级 “非常…” a most beautiful city
2).very 和much
A)very修饰形容词、副词的原级;
much修饰比较级;修饰动词用much或very much ,
I very like English.(×),因改为:I like English very much.
B) 表示状态的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child .一般的情况下,以-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。
如:We were greatly /much shocked by the news about Tom..
C) 已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。 :very interesting / worrying / exciting
D)too前用much/ far ,不用very。 You are much / far / a lot too nice.
另外,在too many / much, too few / little前用far。
We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.
E)还有修饰词既不用very,也不用much. be well worth doing, be well above the tree
2. so和such
A)so … that … 与such … that … 的区别。
so + 形容词 / 副词 + that …
so + 形容词 + a(n)+ 单数可数名词 + that …
so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that …
such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that … such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that …
注意: 但当little表示“小”时用such。
如:These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.
下列so的用法是错误的:
so a difficult problem, so difficult problems, so hot weather。
B) some/ any/ every/ no/ each/ all/ another/ several/ few/ many/ one/ two
+such+n. eg. no such word
3. be too much + n. be much too+ adj.
be too much for sb. 对…太过分了
4. can’t be too +adj.= can’t be +adj.+ enough “无论…都不为过”
You can never be careful enough.= You can never be too careful.你越小心越好
5. more…than…结构,其意往往是…rather than…,可译为“是……而不
是……”或颠倒词序译作“与其说是……,不如说是……”。
That little girl is more tired than hungry. 那个小姑娘是累了而不是饿了。 She is more a mother than a wife或She is more of a mother than a wife.
她是贤妻,更是良母。
6. A is to B what C is to D A和B的关系就像C和D的关系
Air is to man what water is to fish. 空气 对于人类就像水和鱼的关系。
7. no more than= only “只不过”,言其少
not more than=at most “不多于”,“至少”,指事实。
no more …than… 和…一样不… 如单音节使用比较级形式
not more…than… 不比…更…
no less than= as much as “多达”
no fewer than= as many as
例:I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱只不过5元。
I have not more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱不多于5元。
He is no richer than I.他和我一样穷。
He is no less determined than you. 他的决心不亚于你。 (no less determined than等于“其决心不亚于你”,言其大) He is not less determined than you. 他的决心不比你小。
(not less determined than等于“其决心不小于”,无言其大或小的含义)
8.farther与further都是形容词和副词far的比较级:
far—farther—farthest far—further—furtherst 但是它们在词义和用法上却有区别。
(1)farther一般只用于表示有形距离的“较远”、“更远”:
On the farther side of the steet there was a large shop. 在街的那一边有一家大商店。
We can't go any farther without a rest. 我们不休息就不能再走了。
(2)(A)further既可表示有形距离的“较远”、“更远”:
There is a cottage on the further side of the hill. 在小山的那一边有一个茅舍。
It turned out a further distance than he had imagined. 原来距离比他想象的要远。
It's not safe to go any further. 再往远走,就不安全了。
(B)further也还可表示“更多的”;“另一些”;“进一步的”;“而且”;“此外”等等:
. Have you any further questions to ask? 你们还有问题要问吗?
We intend to stay for a further two months. 我们打算再停留两个月。
If you need further information, I suggest you go to the library.
如果你需要进一步的资料,我建议你去图书馆查查。
9. older、elder elderly
elder、older这两个词均是old的比较级,在用法上有所区别。elder本身也是形容词。
1).elder表示“前辈的”、“年纪较长的”,仅用于同一家庭成员的比较;older则不限于此。
My younger son is five and my elder son is nine。我的小儿子5岁,大儿子9岁。
Tom is two years older than I.汤姆比我年长两岁。
2).elder在句中只用作定语,不作表语;older两者皆可。
My elder sister does her homework all by herself. 我的姐姐独自做作业。
His elder son got married last week. 他的长子是上星期结婚的。
I think his mother is older. 我认为他的母亲年龄大引起。
3.)elder只能用来指人;older既可修饰人,也可修饰物。例如:
My elder brother joined the army when he was only fifteen.我哥哥年仅15岁就参了军。
This dog is older than any other dogs here.这条狗在这里是最老的一条。
I have a sister older than myself.我有位比我大的姐姐。
It is said Mr Chen is over ten years older than Mrs Li.据说陈先生比李女士大10多岁。
4.)elderly是形容词,“较老的”。elderly是委婉用语意为上了年纪的,一般不说old man而用elderly man代替,the elderly泛指老人。
His mother's elder sister is an elderly woman now.
10. -ed形容词与-ing 形容词的用法区别
1. 以后缀-ed结尾的形容词(如ashamed, delighted, excited, frightened, interested, moved, pleased, surprised, worried等)通常用于说明人,不用于说明事物,即使它们所修饰的名词是事物,那它们指的也是与该事物相关的人。如:
He had a pleased smile on his face. 他脸上露出了满意的微笑。
He told me the news in a very excited voice. 他告诉了我这个消息,声音很激动。
第一句中的a pleased smile 意为“满意的微笑”,它指的是某人因感到满意发出的微笑;第二句中的 excited voice 指的是“激动的声音”,即指的是带有这种声音的某人感到激动。
原则上,-ed 形容词通常直接用于说明人,若修饰事物,则多为 air(神态), appearance(外貌), cry(哭声), face(表情), voice(声音), mood(情绪)等与显示某人的情感状况的名词。
2. 以后缀-ing结尾的形容词(如delighting, exciting, frightening, interesting, moving, surprising, worrying 等)主要用于说明事物,表示事物的性质或特征,若用它们说明人,则表示此人具有此性质或特征。如(from www.yygrammar.com):
The story is very interesting. 这个故事很有趣。
The man is very interesting. 这个人很有趣。
11. One Ones That Those在比较结构中的用法区别
在比较结构中,为了避免重复,常用替代词替代名词词组或它的中心词。可以这样用的替代词常用的且较难掌握的有one,ones,that和those。
I.替代词one和ones的用法:
1.one只能替代单数名词,one的复数形式ones只能替代复数名词。例如:
My child doesn't like this book.Show her a more interesting one.
2.替代词one或ones必须带有一个限定或修饰词,它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象,这是替代词one或ones在用法上的一个重要特征。例如:
I don't like this book.I'd like a more interesting one.
3.当替代词one或ones带有后置修饰语时,它们前面总有定冠词。例如:
Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before.
4.当替代词one或ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this,that,which和序数词等之后,可以省略。例如: This book is much better than that(one).
5.替代词one或ones通常不用在物主代词和名词所有格之后。如不可说my one(s),your one(s),Peter's one(s)等等。one或ones也不能用在own之后。
但是,如果有了形容词,one(s)可以和物主代词及名词所有格连用。如:
My cheap camera seems to be just as good as John's expensive one.
6.one作替代词时,在of前面不能用the one来表示所属关系和类似概念。如不可说:
*He put down his gun and picked up the one of Henry. 该用一个所有格来表示He picked up Henry's.
7.当两个形容词表示对照的意思时,不能使用替代词one。仅在其中一个形容词后加上名词即可。例如:
Don't praise the younger child in the presence of the elder.
8.替代词one如果不带任何前置修饰语,即它的前面既没有限定词,又没有形容词时,便不是替代名词词组的中心词,而是替代整个名词词组。这时,one=a+单数名词。例如:
A cake made of wheat costs less than one made of rice.(one=a cake)
one的这种用法是泛指同类事物中的任何一个,相当一个不定冠词,因此它没有复数形式。要泛指复数事物,只能用some。例如:
Here are a few apples.Would you like some(=some of them)?
II.替代词that和those的用法:
1. that和those通常用作指使代词,也可用作替代词。它们总是伴随着限定性的后置修饰语,分别等于the one和the ones。
The houses of the rich are generally larger than those of the poor.
2.that也可替代不可数名词,但是the one则不能。例如:
The resistance of a thicker wire is less than that of a thin one. 以上两例中的that都不能换成the one。
3.that作替代词,只能指物,不能指人。those作替代词,既可指物,也可指人。例如:
The blonde girl I saw was older than the one you were dancing with. 该句中的the one不能换成that。
4.that用作替代词和它所替代的名词词组的中心词的“数”可以不一致。替代单数名词时,只替代“the+单数名词”,不可替代“a+单数名词”。例如:
The song by Schubert is more tuneful than that by Britain.(that=the song。song为可数名词。)
请注意,这里说的that只替代“the+单数名词”,不可替代“a+单数名词,系指that在句子中实际的作用,并非要求它在句子中所代表的前面出现的词组必须是“the+单数名词。例如: In those days they lived a life worse than that of a beast of burden. 在该句中,前面出现的词组为a life,但that替代的却是the life。 that作为替代词,它不能用于零关系分句(即没有关系代词的定语从句)之前。例如:
The problem confronting us today is not dissimilar from that which the nation confronted in the 1930s
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