2019版英语高三一轮复习系列外研学案导学版文档：第二部分语法奠基篇第二讲

第二讲　知晓句式结构——精通语法的关键一环一、简单句的五种基本句式句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子，其实英语中最基本的句式只有五种，其他句式都是由这五种基本句式演变而来的。五种基本句式如下：1.主语＋谓语(不及物动词)2.主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语3.主语＋系动词＋表语4.主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语5.主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语动词能表达完整的意思，这类动词叫作不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。And I can play outside too!我也可以在外面玩。(2016·四川卷·书面表达)Bathed in the sunshine, we jumped and cheered with joy.(江西卷·书面表达)沐浴在阳光中，我们高兴的欢呼雀跃。[对点练习1]　补全句子1.我们计划早上七点在学校门口乘车出发。As planned, we will be leaving/will leave by bus at 7 am at the school gate.(2017·浙江卷·书面表达)2.在这种环境下，师生们生活快乐，工作努力。In the environment, teachers and students are living happily and working hard.(2015·全国卷Ⅰ·书面表达)3.龙舟训练营将于7月20号开始。The Dragon Boat Training Camp will open on July 20th.(2015·北京卷·书面表达)4.因此，这种新鞋最近才问世。Therefore, this new kind of shoes has come into being recently.(湖南卷·书面表达)该句式特点为：谓语动词均为实义动词，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式等来充当)，即动作的承受者，才能表达完整的意思。I plan to find a part－time job in a foreign capital company.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ·书面表达)我计划在一家外资公司里找一份兼职。I appreciated my maths teacher’s praise and encouragement very much.(2015·湖南卷·书面表达)我非常感谢我的数学老师的称赞和鼓励。[注意]　该句式的谓语动词要用及物动词或及物动词短语。As an outgoing girl, I get along well with my classmates.(2015·陕西卷·书面表达)作为一名外向的女孩，我和同学们相处得很好。[对点练习2]　补全句子1. 迄今为止，3位男生和4名女生已经加入这支队伍。Up till now，3 boys and 4 girls have joined the team.(2017·浙江卷·书面表达)2.最后，我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。Finally, we should take part in sports and outdoor activities frequently.(江西卷·书面表达)3.十二岁时，我得到了一辆漂亮的自行车作为生日礼物。At the age of twelve, I got a nice bike as a birthday gift.(重庆卷·写作)4.它给像你我这样的青少年提供了一个享受运动和学习中国文化的机会。It offers teenagers like you and me a chance to enjoy sports and learn about Chinese culture.(2015·北京卷·书面表达)该句式就是常说的主—系—表结构。此句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词等。This is surely a good chance for more people to see them.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ·书面表达)对于更多的人来说，这确实是观看的一次好机会。The “Foreign Cultures” section in our newspaper is very popular among us students.(2015·全国卷Ⅰ·书面表达)我们报纸的“外国文化”栏目非常受我们学生们的欢迎。[对点练习3]　补全句子1.另外，沿江风景令人叹为观止，拥有很多著名的观光景点。Moreover，the scenery along the river is amazing, with many well－known sightseeing spots.(2017·北京卷·书面表达)2.在我看来，一个没有朋友的人永远不会幸福。In my opinion, a person without friends will never be happy.(山东卷·书面表达)3.现在，在中学里，课外活动正变得越来越受欢迎。Nowadays, after－class activities are becoming more and more popular in high schools.(2015·江苏卷)主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋间接宾语＋直接宾语该句式中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语；一个是表示物的直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。Now, on behalf of my schoolmates, I wish you a safe return.(2016·天津卷·书面表达)现在，我代表全校同学，祝愿你们一路平安。At the same time, parents are giving their children too much protection.(福建卷·满分作文)同时，父母给孩子的保护太多了。[对点练习4]　补全句子1.学生和老师们分享着这一辉煌时刻，它给我们一种巨大的成就感。The students and teachers shared a great time，which gave us a great sense of achievement.(2017·北京卷·书面表达)2.格林先生将就如何学好英语给我们作一场报告。 Mr.Green will give us a speech on how to learn English well.3.幸运的是，她答应给我一个重新面试的机会。Fortunately, she promised me another chance to interview.主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋宾语＋宾语补足语该句式中的谓语虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直接跟在宾语之后。In fact, he inspires me to major in English in college.(2016·北京卷·书面表达)事实上，他激励我在大学主修英语。Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.(辽宁卷·书面表达)你们的贡献将会使得这次活动获得巨大成功。[对点练习5]　补全句子1.作为一名中学生，我认为英语是一门非常重要的科目。As a high school student, I consider English a very important subject.2.从古代起，人们就把早起视为好习惯。People have regarded getting up early as a good habit since ancient times.3.洗手之后不要任水自流。Don’t leave the water running after you have washed your hands.二、并列句并列句是用连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来，在这一句型中需要注意连接并列主语时，有些句型采取“就近原则”。常见并列句的类型及并列连词：类型连词并列关系(递进关系)and, both...and..., not only...but also...，neither...nor...，when转折关系but, yet, whereas选择关系or, otherwise, or else, either...or...，not...but...因果关系for, so对比关系whileI know you take good pictures and you’ve always wanted to do something for environment protection.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ·书面表达)我知道你摄影好，并且总是想着为环境保护做些事情。It is beneficial to some people，while it puts others into a dilemma over whether to vote or not.(2016·江苏卷·书面表达)这有利于一些人，然而也使其他人陷入是否投票的困境。It is not only your enthusiasm but also your teamwork and good spirits that impress us.(2016·天津卷·书面表达)不仅是你们的热情，而且你们的团队合作和良好的精神状态给我们留下了深刻的印象。[注意]　并列连词构成的常用句式(1)在“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”结构中，当前后为顺承关系时，用and；当前后为转折关系时，用or，or else或otherwise。Learn to understand，and you will keep away from a world full of sadness and disappointment.(2015·重庆卷·满分作文)学会理解，你就会从满是悲伤和失望的世界中摆脱出来。Stop smoking now or your health will be ruined.现在别再抽烟了，否则你会毁了自己的健康。(2)在sb was doing sth when..., sb was about to do sth when...或sb had just done sth when...中，when为并列连词，相当于and, then意为“就在那时”。One day, I was walking to my school when I found an old lady lying on the street, looking very painful.(2015·湖南卷·满分作文)一天，我正步行去上学，这时我发现一位老太太躺在街上，看上去很痛苦。I had just finished sweeping the floor when the telephone rang.我刚刚扫完地，这时电话铃响了。[对点练习6]　用适当的并列连词填空1.First, my English is very good and I’m open－minded and warm－hearted, so I’m getting along well with everyone.2.About 9：00 last night, I was busy preparing for my tomorrow’s test when suddenly loud noises came into my room.3.You like tennis, while I’d rather read.4.I worked hard at English and devoted all my spare time to practicing it, but I failed to pass the mid－term examination.5.Not only can students improve their writing ability in this way but also they can strengthen their self－confidence.三、复合句复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，通常独立存在，从句则只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。复合句中的从句包括定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)。In addition, you should respect all the teachers who unselfishly help you to gain much knowledge (定语从句).(江西卷·满分作文)另外，你们应该尊重所有那些无私帮助你们获得很多知识的老师们。So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up(状语从句), we are bound to achieve success.(山东卷·标准范文)只要我们坚持梦想、永不放弃，我们一定会取得成功。I suggest we should communicate with our friends face to face instead of sending text messages (宾语从句) so that we can maintain our friendship(状语从句).(重庆卷·满分作文)我建议我们应该与朋友面对面交流而不是发送信息，以便我们能够保持我们的友谊。[对点练习7]　根据提示补全句子1.您若对此感兴趣，可以发邮件到12345@sina.com或亲自来报名。If you’re interested in it(状语从句), you may either send an email to 12345@sina.com or sign up in person.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ·满分作文)2.另外，最使你感兴趣的是，考试时我真的紧张烦躁。In addition, what may interest you most (主语从句) is that I am really nervous and upset (表语从句) when taking the exam.(四川卷·满分作文)3.众所周知，鞋子在我们的生活中起着非常重要的作用，因为它能保护我们的脚免受伤害。As is known to all (定语从句), shoes play an important role in our life, for they can protect our feet from being hurt (状语从句).(湖南卷·标准范文)