2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义：14讲系统突破语法专题语法奠基课二　依据句子成分学会分析长难句

语法奠基课二　依据句子成分，学会分析长难句

一些复杂的长难句一方面是制约考生快速理解文意、准确解题的“拦路虎”，另一方面又是彰显考生写作功底的“走秀台”，在某种程度上来说，对长难句的分析与掌握已成为区分考生成绩优劣的“分水岭”。其实，长难句并不可怕，在正确划分句子成分的基础上，运用一定的“拆分”技巧，化繁为简、化长为短，其意立马显现。所以，无论是从学语法的角度，还是从英语综合素养的角度，都有必要给考生补上这欠缺的一课。

一、长难句的常见形式

1．复合句

这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。

一般来说，复合句中的从句都是很常见的，考生比较熟悉的，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。

[例1]　What Winter knows of the 19­year­old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植)．

[分析]　此句的主语为“What Winter knows of the 19­year­old who saved his life”，是一个主语从句，其中主语从句里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句；is为主干句的系动词，后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。

[名师指津]　分析长难句时找出主干句的谓语是至关重要的一步。

[例2]　Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented (发酵) would kill off the yeast (酵母菌) that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.

[分析]　此句的主语为Pasteur，谓语是discovered，第一个that引导的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中after引导状语从句，第二个that引导定语从句。第三个that引导同位语从句。

[名师指津]　that在长难句里面用得非常多，所以正确理解that引导的不同从句非常重要。

2．分隔结构

为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语意严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。高考试题中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。

[例3]　The idea of returning to the basics in the classroom — a notion (概念，观点) which, incidentally (顺便说一下), has been quietly supported for years by many respected teachers — is finally gaining some currency (流行) with school administrators (管理者)．

[分析]　两个破折号中间的内容是对前面的补充说明。

[名师指津]　分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分，它们打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些额外的信息。

3．成分省略

在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。例如在以than, as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，而这会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。

[例4]　I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants.

[分析]　and后省略了重复成分look forward，读题时应将被省去的部分补全理解。

[名师指津]　补充完整省略成分，才能正确理解语境。

4．改变语序

改变语序主要针对倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。

[例5]　The professor marched into the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar (罐子) filled with dried beans (豆), and invited the students to guess how many beans the jar contained.

[分析]　此句正常语序为： ...placed a large jar filled with dried beans upon his desk ...

[名师指津]　还原为正常语序是理解语境的关键所在。

二、长难句的突破策略

1．结构分析法

所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。

方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法

——找主谓语，即找主干成分

较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起同学们的足够重视。

①However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.

[分析]　此句的主语为“many scientists”，主语后跟一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are doubtful和say, say后面又接了一个宾语从句。

②Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.

[分析]　此句的主语为“Some companies”，句中有两个谓语，即have made和emphasize。

③At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute (道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.

[分析]　此句的主语为“a microcomputer”，也有两个谓语，即locks 和sets。

方法二：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词

①The hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.

②Miss Germaine's mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.

[分析]　第①句中的and和第②句中的and都是并列连词，各自连接两个并列单句。

方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词

Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.

[分析]　Whereas引导了一个从句，即“a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage”， 而“it wasn't unusual to hear a man say”为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。 “he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa”为省略从属连词that 的宾语从句，从句中又含有not ... until引导的时间状语从句，时间状语从句所在的主、从句中又各含有一个宾语从句：“his friend's marriage was in serious trouble” (省略连接词that)；与“if he could sleep on the sofa” (从属连词if)。

方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法

——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句

If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare” “Samuel Johnson”， and “Webster”， but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English — William, the Conqueror.

[分析]　首先找到并列连词but，推知：If you ask ... “Webster”为but连接的第一分句，“none of these men ... the Conqueror”为第二分句；第一分句中含if引导的条件状语从句，从句中又含有who引导的定语从句；第二分句中含who引导的定语从句。

2．意群阅读法

一个句子可根据意思和语法结构分成若干小段，每一小段称之为一个意群。意群可以是一个词，一个词组或短语，也可以是一个并列句的分句或复合句的主句、从句等。此方法有助于提高阅读速度和理解的准确性。例如：

①When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other，②an unbelted driver would meet the windshield (挡风玻璃) ③with a force equal to diving headfirst (头向前地) into the ground from a height of 10 meters.

[分析]　①是状语从句，②是主句，③是with引导的介词短语作状语。这样，把整个句子划为3个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。

[专题过关训练]                                                             

运用长难句分析技巧分析下列长难句，并翻译成汉语

1. (2018·浙江11月高考阅读理解A)The most welcome sight on a cold, wet winter night in London is the familiar shape of a London taxi cab approaching with its yellow “for hire” sign shining brightly.

[分析]　 on a cold, wet winter night作时间状语；in London作地点状语；of a London taxi ... shining brightly作shape的定语；approaching with its yellow “for hire” sign shining brightly是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰taxi cab。

[翻译]　_在伦敦寒冷的雨夜，最令人欣喜的景象莫过于出租车那熟悉的车影，它向你驶来，顶灯闪耀着黄色的“空车”字样。

2．(2018·浙江11月高考阅读理解B)In the 1840s, however, educational reformers like Horace Mann moved to combine the two calendars out of concern that rural schooling was not enough and that overusing of young minds could lead to nervous disorders.

[分析]　out of concern作原因状语，that rural schooling was not enough和that overusing of young minds could lead to nervous disorders作concern的同位语。

[翻译]　然而，在19世纪40年代，像霍勒斯·曼恩这样的教育改革家提议将两种历法结合起来，因为他们担心农村教育不够，又担心青少年过度用脑可能会导致精神紊乱。

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读理解D)The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.

[分析]　but连接两个并列分句。第二分句中，“relatively speaking”是插入语，“because they heard the alarm and knew what to do”是原因状语从句。

[翻译]　通常对第一株植物的伤害更严重，但是相对来说，邻居们会更安全，因为它们听到了警报并知道做什么。

4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读七选五)If someone knocks and it's not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you're busy so they can get the hint (暗示) that when the door is closed, you're not to be disturbed.

[分析]　“If someone knocks and it's not an important matter”是if引导的条件状语从句。so后面表示结果，在此部分中“that when the door is closed, you're not to be disturbed”是“the hint”的同位语从句，该从句中又含有when引导的时间状语从句。

[翻译]　如果有人敲门且不是什么重要的事情，就给自己找个借口，并让那个人知道你很忙，这样他们就能得到暗示，那就是当门关着时，你不想被打扰。

5．(2017·浙江6月高考阅读理解C)The Moldovan has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian kids and the elderly, but in order to stay she's had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.

[分析]　根据but可知，本句是表示转折关系的并列句，但but前后又都包含较复杂的成分。前一部分的主要成分是The Moldovan has lived here seven years；后一部分主要成分是she's had to prove her language skills。同时第二部分中又包含定语从句which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad，修饰先行词 a_test。

[翻译]　这个摩尔多瓦妇女已经在意大利7年了，她的工作是照顾意大利的小孩和老人，但为了能够继续留在意大利，她将不得不参加一个语言测试，以此来证明自己的语言能力，这个测试要求她给一个虚构的朋友写一张明信片，同时回复一则虚构的招聘广告。