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2020高考英语新创新大一轮复习人教全国版讲义：选修8Unit5Meetingyourancestors
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Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors
一、课前基础自查
(一)分类记单词——省时高效
Ⅰ.阅读单词(知其意)
1．mat n． 席子；垫子
2．beast n. 野兽
3．quilt n. 被子；棉被
4．onion n. 洋葱
5．skateboard n. 滑板
6．yogurt n. 酸奶；酸乳酪
7．melon n. (各种)瓜
8．wrinkle n. 皱纹
9．spear n. 矛；枪
10．eyebrow n. 眉毛
11．arrowhead n. 箭头
12．excavate vt. 挖掘；发掘
13．craftsmanship n. 技艺；手艺；精工细作
14．hammer n. 铁锤；锤子
15．punctuation n. 标点符号
16．centimetre n. 厘米
Ⅱ.重点单词(写其形)
1．tentative adj. 试探性的；不确定的
2．acute adj. 有观察力的；敏锐的；严重的；深刻的
3．alternative n. 可能的选择
adj. 供选择的；其他的
4.somehow adv. 以……方式；不知怎么地
5．regardless adv. 不管；不顾
6．album n. 相册；集邮册；唱片
7．ample adj. 足够的；充足的；富裕的
8．scratch n. (刮、抓、划的)痕迹；搔；挠
vt. 搔；抓；擦伤；刮坏
9．dizzy adj.头晕目眩的；眩晕的；使人发晕或困惑的
10．primitive adj. 原始的；远古的；简陋的
11．howl vt.&vi. 嗥叫；叫喊；吼叫
n. 长嚎；嗥叫
12．spit vt. 吐出 (唾液、食物等)
vi. 吐痰
13．delete vt. 删；删除
14．seashell n. 海贝壳
15．pulse vi. 强烈而有规律地跳动；搏动
n. 脉搏；节拍
16．category n. 种类；类别；范畴
17．arrest vt. 逮捕；吸引
n. 逮捕；拘留
18．kindergarten n. 幼儿园
19．worship vt.&vi. 崇拜；敬奉
n. 崇拜；敬神
Ⅲ.拓展单词(通其变)
1．identify vt.确认；识别；鉴别→identification n．辨认；鉴定→identity n．身份；一致；同一性
2．archaeology n．考古学→archaeological adj.考古学的；与考古学有关的→archaeologist n．考古学家
3．starvation n．挨饿；饿死→starve vi.挨饿；饿死
4．accuracy n．精确；准确→accurate adj.准确的；精确的→accurately adv.准确地；精确地
5．interrupt vt.&vi.打断……讲话；打岔；暂时中断或中止→interruption n．打断；打岔；插嘴
6．assume vt.假定；设想→assuming conj.假设→assumption n．设想；假定；担任
7．sharpen vi.&vt.(使)锋利；尖锐；清晰；削尖→sharp adj.锋利的→sharpener n．磨具；削具
8．messy adj.凌乱的；脏的→mess n．凌乱；脏
9．botanical adj.植物学的；与植物学有关的→botany n．植物学
10．analysis n．分析→analyses (pl.)→analyse vt.分析
11．ripen vt.&vi.使……成熟；成熟→ripe adj.成熟的
12．significance n．意义；意思；重要性；重要意义→significant adj.重要的
13．systematic adj.有系统的；有计划的；有条理的→system n．系统；制度
14．academy n．学院；学会；学术团体；院校→academic adj.学术的
15．receptionist n．接待员；招待员→receive v．接收；招待→reception n．接待；接收
16．radioactivity n．放射性→radioactive adj.放射性的；有辐射能的
17．division n．划分；分割；分配；分界线→divide v．分开；分割；划分
18．applaud vi.&vt.鼓掌欢迎；赞赏→applause n．鼓掌
19．accelerate vi.&vt.加速；促进→acceleration n．加速
20．skillful adj.有技巧的；熟练的→skill n．技能；技巧→skilled adj.熟练的；有技能的
[语境活用]
1．If you interrupt others' conversation abruptly, you will be to blame for your interruption.(interrupt)
2．Assuming that you are the guide of the foreigners who are to visit our school, how would you prepare for your assumption as the guide? (assume)
3．After the identification of victim's appearance and age, the police identified the identity of the killer. (identify)
4．While calculating the maths problem, you should pay more attention to the accuracy of the numbers, or you can't figure it out accurately.(accurate)
5．The boy needs a pencil sharpener to sharpen his pencil, because the sharpener he has isn't sharp.(sharpen)
6．The kid made a mess in the living room, so his mother asked him to clean the messy living room quickly. (mess)
7．With the teacher's help, I analysed the data of this experiment. The teacher considered my analysis is reasonable. (analyse)
8．The scientists think his invention is of great significance,_because it is significant to cure the patients of deadly disease.(significant)
9．The famous professor made an inspiring academic speech in the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. (academy)
10．The candies were divided out among all the kids, but they could not agree upon the division of them.(divide)
11．He was received by the host and was given a warm reception.(receive)
12．The audience warmly applauded when the performance came to an end, and the applause lasted for several minutes.(applaud)
(二)练中记短语——记牢用活
写准记牢
语境活用(选用左栏短语填空)
1.at_most 至多；最多
2．cut_up 切碎
3．care_about 在乎；关心
4．be_aware_of 意识到
5．regardless_of 不管；不顾
6．keep_out 关在门外；不准入内
7．fed_up_with 受够了；饱受；厌烦
8．look_ahead 向前看；为将来打算
9．date_from/back_(to_...) 追溯到；始于
10．with/in_relief 轻松地；欣慰地；如释重负地
1.When I was fed__up__with listening, I usually entertained myself by reading.
2．Vegetables and meats are cut_up and mixed in various ways into some dishes to serve the guests.
3．The club welcomes all new members regardless__of age and sex.
4．We are fully aware_of the necessity of carrying out a lowcarbon economy in our country.
5．It is reported that to build a road, a wellknown historical and cultural city has recently been torn down, one of its ancient city walls dating__back_to the Tang Dynasty.
(三)仿写明句式——以用为本
教材原句
句式解读
句式仿写
1.Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.
很对。正如植物学的分析结果已经告诉我们的，这儿四周曾是一个很大浅水湖的一部分。
as引导的非限制性定语从句。
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)众所周知，中国人非常重视良好的餐桌礼仪。
As_is_known_to_all,_Chinese people attach great significance to good table manners.
2.If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!
她今年要是早有预见，计划得更好些就好了！
if only ... “要是……就好了”。
要是今年春节全家能团圆就好了！
If_only_the_whole_family_could_be_united during the Spring Festival this year！
3.Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna.
她突然坐了下来，结果被爱吵闹的妹妹露娜一把抱了起来。
only to do sth.作结果状语，表示意料不到的情况。
(2018·浙江高考写作)我的父亲给警察局打电话，却发现电话打不通。
My father telephoned the police station, only_to_find_it_couldn't_get_through.
二、课堂重点深化
1．alternative adj.供选择的；其他的n.可能的选择；选择对象
[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①The Internet also provides us with a cheap alternative to communicating (communicate) with others.
②The App asks its users to report accidents and other road conditions in real time, so other users can avoid the traffic jam by using an alternative route.
[系统归纳]
an alternative to ……的替代物(to是介词)
have the alternative of A or B 要么做A，要么做B；
在A或B二者中选一个
have no alternative/choice/option but to do sth.
别无选择只好做某事
[重点强化]
易错处处防
③Thank you for allowing me to describe the situation, where I had no alternative but give up the plan.but后加to
佳句时时写
④失败乃成功之母。有时候，为了成功，我们不得不勇敢地直面失败并从中吸取教训。
Failure is the mother of success. Sometimes, in order to succeed, we have_no_alternative_but_to_face_failure_bravely_and_learn_from_it.
[联想发散] “别无选择只好做某事”的其他表达形式：
①can't do sth. but do sth. ②can do nothing but do sth.
2．interrupt vt.& vi.打断……讲话；打岔；暂时中断或中止
[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①He was writing a poem when he was_interrupted (interrupt) by a knock at the door.
②(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Interruptions (interrupt) are one of the worst things to deal with while you're trying to get work done.
[系统归纳]
(1)be interrupted by 被……打断/阻断
interrupt sb./sth. with sth. 用某事打断某人/某事
(2)interruption n. 打扰；插嘴；打岔；阻断物
without interruption 连续地；不断地
[重点强化]
易错处处防
③It is not polite to interrupt a speaker about frequent questions.about→with
佳句时时写
④(2018·北京高考书面表达)为了帮助他们更好地了解我们的喝茶文化，我们带他们去了我们学校的茶室，在那里，我连续几小时不间断地向他们介绍了泡茶的历史和不同种类的茶。
To help them better understand our teadrinking culture, we took them to the tea room in our school, where_I_introduced_the_history_of_teamaking_and_different_kinds_of_tea_to_them_for_several_hours_without_interruption.
3．assume vt.假定；设想
[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①If you make an assumption (assume) that something is true or will happen, you accept that it is true or will happen.
②It is assumed that global warming and climate change could cause even more disasters in the future.
[系统归纳]
(1)assume ... to be ... 假定/假设……是……
It is assumed that ... 一般认为……
(2)assumption n. 假定；假设；设想
make an assumption 认为；假定
(3)assuming (that) ... 假设/假定……
[重点强化]
佳句时时写
③假设你行走的道路是平坦的，你可以按下红色按钮，这可以帮助你的鞋子变成一个有两个滚轮的溜冰鞋，你可以快速到达目的地。
Assuming_the_road_you_are_walking_on_is_flat,_you can press the red button, which helps your shoes change into a roller skate with two rollers and you can reach your destination quickly.
僻义牢牢记
④I will assume responsibility for any mistakes.承担
4．significance n．意义；意思；重要性；重要意义
[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①In my view, practicing handwriting is of great significance (significant) to the students' growth.
②She showed special concern for the college students and attached much significance to educating (educate) them.
③It is significant (significance) that nowadays fiber is still considered to be an important part of a healthy diet.
[系统归纳]
(1)be of significance to ... 对……有重要意义
attach significance to ... 认为……重要(to为介词)
(2)significant adj. 重要的；明显的
It is significant that ... 很明显……
(3)significantly adv. 显著地；有重大意义地
[重点强化]
易错处处防
④Significant, he has mistaken you.Significant→Significantly
佳句时时写
⑤我坚信我们越多地了解这个名言的意义，我们在日常学习和工作中就会获益越多。
I_firmly_believe_that_the_more_we_are_aware_of_the_significance_of_this_famous_saying,_the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.
1．regardless of不管；不顾
[系统归纳]
despite/in spite of 尽管……(后常接名词，不接从句)
with regard to 关于；至于
[重点强化]
单句语法填空
①She is determined to do it regardless of all consequences.
②Dr.Bethune continued working in spite of cutting his hand during an operation.
③With regard to my favorite Chinese poet, I'd like to introduce Du Fu to you.
佳句时时写
④不管昨天发生了什么，也不管明天可能发生或者不会发生什么，现在才是我们关注的所在。
Regardless_of_what_happened_yesterday and what may or may not happen tomorrow, the present moment is where we are.
2．date back (to ...)追溯到；始于
[系统归纳]
date from 追溯到；始于；起源于
out of date 过时的
up to date (with ...) 赶上(……的)潮流
[重点强化]
单句语法填空
①My interest in stamp collecting dates (date) back to my schooldays.
②Dating (date) from 1933, the South Lake Park in Changchun is located in the southwestern part of the Changchun city.
③Everyone should keep on getting himself educated so as to be up to date with modern technology.
佳句时时写
④(2018·北京高考书面表达)中国饮茶文化源远流长，可以追溯到1 000多年前。
Chinese teadrinking culture has a long history dating_back_to_more_than_1,000_years_ago.
[名师指津] date back to和date from一般不用于进行时态；作后置定语时，常用现在分词。
3．if only ...“要是……就好了”
[教材原句] If_only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!
[自主体验]
①If only he had_lain (lie) quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.
②Constant quarrels between my parents are driving me crazy. If only I had (have) a warm and harmonious family.
[归纳点拨]
用法规则
if only ...用来表达愿望，句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
(1)if only ... had done ... 表示对与过去事实相反的愿望
(2)if only ... did ...表示对与现在事实相反的愿望
(3)if only ... could/would/might do ...表示与将来事实相反的愿望(不用should)
注意事项
only if 意为“只有……”，引导条件状语从句。当从句位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。如：
Only if you are aware of the importance of English can you learn it well.
[佳句背诵]
①(增分要点句)(2015·重庆高考写作)If only I could go back and reset my goals!
②(增分要点句)(2016·北京高考书面表达)In fact, he inspired me to major in English in college.If only I had lived in his times and listened to his guidance.
本单元语篇话题与新课程主题语境“人与社会”中的“文化渊源”子话题相对应
一、话题语素积累多一点
话题词汇记一记
子话题(一) 文化渊源
温故浅易词汇
①traditional ②custom ③mainly
④behavior ⑤colorful ⑥pride
⑦successful ⑧represent
识记生疏词汇
①unique adj.独特的 ②symbol n．象征
③gesture n．姿态 ④occasion n．场合
⑤feast n．盛宴；宴会 ⑥rank n．职衔；军衔
⑦status n．地位；身份 ⑧preference n．偏爱
⑨appearance n．外表 ⑩title n．头衔
⑪emphasize v．强调 ⑫similar adj.相似的
⑬regard v．看作 ⑭diversity n．多元化
子话题(二) 考古
温故浅易词汇
①resource ②ancient ③wisdom
④historical ⑤natural ⑥protect
⑦repair ⑧damage
识记生疏词汇
①heritage n．遗产 ②civilization n．文明
③indicator n．标志 ④destruction n．毁坏
⑤wisdom n．智慧 ⑥insight v．见识
⑦awareness n．意识 ⑧regional adj.地区的
⑨remains n．遗迹 ⑩distinction n．区别
⑪forefather n．祖先 ⑫relics n．遗址
⑬original adj.基本的 ⑭preserve v．保护
常用词块忆一忆
①a cultural phenomenon 文化现象
②have a good command of 精通
③be proud of 以……为荣
④contribute to 有助于
⑤carry forward 弘扬
⑥follow a custom 遵循习俗
⑦eye contact 眼神交流
⑧a facial expression 面部表情
⑨historical development 历史发展
⑩behave well/badly 举止良好/不好
⑪multicultural society 多元文化社会
⑫cultural background 文化背景
⑬remove prejudice and misunderstanding
消除偏见和误解
⑭the significance of cultural heritage protection
文化遗产保护的重要性
写作佳句背一背
①It was our ancestors who invented the papermaking, the compass and so on.
②Cultural relics represent the wisdom of our ancestors, so we must unite together to protect them.
③The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled against nature with the basic tools they had.
二、话题书面表达亮一点
[题目要求]
请根据以下提示，写一篇介绍“大克鼎”的英语短文。
1．大克鼎1890年出土于陕西省扶风县，可追溯到西周后期，现收藏于上海博物馆。
2．大克鼎由青铜铸造，高93.1厘米，重201.5千克。
3．在原始社会，鼎是社会地位和权力的象征，也用于烹饪和祭祀。大克鼎一直被认为是研究西周经济和文化的重要物品。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：大克鼎Da Keding 青铜bronze 西周Western Zhou Dynasty 出土于unearth 用于祭献的sacrificial
[写作4步走]
第一步：句写对——给词写句
(用方框内的词汇翻译句子)
date back to, preserve, represent, weigh, status, ceremony, significant, regard, precious, treasure, cooking, be made of
1．大克鼎1890年出土于陕西省扶风县。
Da_Keding_was_unearthed_in_Fufeng_County,_Shaanxi_Province_in_1890.
2．它追溯到西周后期。
It_dates_back_to_the_late_Western_Zhou_Dynasty.
3．它现在保存在上海博物馆。
It_is_now_preserved_in_Shanghai_Museum.
4．大克鼎由青铜铸造。它高93.1厘米，重201.5千克。
Da_Keding_is_made_of_bronze.It_is_93.1_centimetres_high_and_weighs_201.5_kilograms.
5．鼎是社会地位和权力的象征，也用于烹饪和祭祀仪式。
Ding_was_used_to_represent_the_social_status_and_power_of_its_owner_and_was_also_used_for_cooking_and_sacrificial_ceremonies.
6．大克鼎在西周有重大意义。
Da Keding is very significant during the Western Zhou Dynasty.
7．人们一直认为它是珍宝之一。
People_have_been_regarding_it_as_one_of_the_precious_treasures.
第二步：量写够——语句扩充
8．在句5中加入定语从句“正如我们所知道的”和状语“在原始社会”。
As_we_all_know,_in_primitive_society,_Ding_was____used_to_represent_the_social_status_and_power_of_its_owner_and_was_also_used_for_cooking_and_sacrificial_ceremonies.
9．在句6中加入“对经济和文化的研究”。
Da_Keding_is_very_significant_to_the_study_of_the_economy_and_culture_during_the_Western_Zhou_Dynasty.
10．在句7中加入定语“对于中国历史的研究”。
People_have_been_regarding_it_as_one_of_the_precious_treasures_to_the_study_of_Chinese_history.
第三步：语写美——词句升格
1．用定语从句合并句1和句2。
Da_Keding,_which_dates_back_to_the_late_Western_Zhou_Dynasty，was_unearthed_in_Fufeng_County，Shaanxi_Province_in_1890.
2．用非谓语动词改写句4。
Made_of_bronze，Da_Keding_is_93.1_centimetres_high_and_weighs_201.5_kilograms.
3．用not only ...but also ...改写句8。
As_we_all_know,_in_primitive_society,_Ding_was_not_only_used_to_represent_the_social_status_and_power_of_its_owner_but_also_used_for_cooking_and_sacrificial_ceremonies.
4．用be of significance代替be significant升级句9。
Da_Keding_is_of_great_significance_to_the_study_of_the_economy_and_culture_during_the_Western_Zhou_Dynasty.
第四步：篇连顺——衔接成文
用therefore， and等词汇连句成文。
Da_Keding,_which_dates_back_to_the_late_Western_Zhou_Dynasty,_was_unearthed_in_Fufeng_County,_Shaanxi_Province_in_1890.It_is_now_preserved_in_Shanghai_Museum.
Made_of_bronze,_Da_Keding_is_93.1_centimetres_high_and_weighs_201.5_kilograms.As_we_all_know,_in_primitive_society，Ding_was_not_only_used_to_represent_the_social_status_and_power_of_its_owner_but_also_used_for_cooking_and_sacrificial_ceremonies.Therefore,_Da_Keding_is_of_great_significance_to_the_study_of_the_economy_and_culture_during_the_Western_Zhou_Dynasty.And_people_have_been_regarding_it_as_one_of_the_precious_treasures_to_the_study_of_Chinese_history.
一、复现单元考点——增强备考信心
Ⅰ.高考中的语法填空
1．(2018·江苏高考)Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic (system) project which calls for a clear road map and timetable.
2．(2017·江苏高考)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation (starve)．
3．(2017·江苏高考)The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But alternative explanations (explain) are hard to find.
4．(2016·江苏高考)More efforts, as reported, will be made in the years ahead to_accelerate (accelerate) the supplyside structural reform.
5．(2015·湖南高考)You need to learn how to sort through and find the relevant information for your particular project. Also, you need to check the accuracy (accurate) of it.
Ⅱ.高考中的完形填空
(选用date, significance, messy, regardless of填空)
1．(2016·浙江高考完形填空)I was just astonished at the question in my own mind. I was dumbfounded (惊呆) at the __54__ of it. Yes, you can fool everyone else, but you cannot “fool the chickens”， because in the end, you will find out, as the saying goes, “What goes around comes around.”significance
2．(2014·广东高考完形填空)According to a recent research, the most common argument between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over __3__ rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their children's refusal to help with the housework.messy
3．(2014·陕西高考完形填空)The man bent down and gave his wife the flower, telling her who it was from. __43__ being badly hurt, the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and gave him a little smile.regardless_of
4．(2012·北京高考完形填空)In the summer of 2005 when I was 18, I received the phone call which made that dream a reality: I became a member of the company __41__ back to 1925.dating
二、复现话题词汇——提高阅读准度
新高考下的命题新视角：十八大以来，习近平总书记在多个场合谈到中国传统文化，表达了自己对传统文化、传统思想价值体系的认同与尊崇，展现了中国政府与人民的精神志气，提振了中华民族的文化自信。高考围绕此话题进行命题，旨在让考生通过学习和了解国内外文化的背景知识，全面了解文化的发展和迁移，进而提高民族使命感和自豪感。
[话题感悟]
学习目标 ——语篇复现词汇，活学活用记忆更深
(加蓝词汇为本单元话题词汇，读文时请揣摩其用法)
(2018·浙江高考)[1]As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young.The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line(装配线)on September 27,1908.Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.
[2]Modern America was born on the road，behind a wheel.The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger.For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American — going forward at high speed to find new worlds.The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a neverending interstate highway system, the largest public works project in history.
[3]In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America from a farmbased society into an industrial power.
[4]The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.
[5]The problems of excessive (过度的) energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L．Friedman.He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.
[6]Friedman points out that the green economy (经济) is a chance to keep American strength.“The ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国经典的“汽车文化”，它对美国各方面的影响是巨大而深远的。汽车给美国人民带来了便利，把美国从一个以农业为主的国家变成一个工业大国，汽车成为美国社会的一个文化符号。但与此同时，汽车也带来了很多问题，例如能源的过度消耗、气候变化以及污染等。
1.Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?
A．To explain Americans' love for travelling by car.
B．To show the influence of cars on American culture.
C．To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D．To praise the effectiveness of America's road system.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture ...even the hamburger.”可知，汽车塑造了某些最持久的美国文化，其中就包括汉堡。故选B项。
2．What has the use of cars in America led to?
A．Decline of economy.
B．Environmental problems.
C．A shortage of oil supply.
D．A farmbased society.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.”可知，驱动美国梦的汽车导致了全球性的生态灾难，即汽车的使用引起了环境问题。故选B项。
3．What is Friedman's attitude towards America's future?
A．Ambiguous. B．Doubtful.
C．Hopeful. D．Tolerant.
解析：选C 观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句“Friedman points out that the green economy (经济) is a chance to keep American strength.”可知，Friedman 认为绿色经济是使美国保持实力的一个机遇。由此可知，他对美国的未来充满了希望。故选C项。
学习目标 ——题后把脉规律，练后得法理解更透
推理判断技法(11)——根据干扰项的4大特征解题
(1)与常识相吻合，但并不是从文章内容推知的，不是基于文章，如上文1题中的C项；
(2)看似从文章推断出来的结论，然而实际上与文章不符，如上文第1题中的A项；
(3)推理过头，引申过度，偏离文章主题，属主观臆断的结论，如上文第1题中的D项；
(4)是文章内容的简单重述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当作间接推理。
一、课前基础自查
(一)分类记单词——省时高效
Ⅰ.阅读单词(知其意)
1．mat n． 席子；垫子
2．beast n. 野兽
3．quilt n. 被子；棉被
4．onion n. 洋葱
5．skateboard n. 滑板
6．yogurt n. 酸奶；酸乳酪
7．melon n. (各种)瓜
8．wrinkle n. 皱纹
9．spear n. 矛；枪
10．eyebrow n. 眉毛
11．arrowhead n. 箭头
12．excavate vt. 挖掘；发掘
13．craftsmanship n. 技艺；手艺；精工细作
14．hammer n. 铁锤；锤子
15．punctuation n. 标点符号
16．centimetre n. 厘米
Ⅱ.重点单词(写其形)
1．tentative adj. 试探性的；不确定的
2．acute adj. 有观察力的；敏锐的；严重的；深刻的
3．alternative n. 可能的选择
adj. 供选择的；其他的
4.somehow adv. 以……方式；不知怎么地
5．regardless adv. 不管；不顾
6．album n. 相册；集邮册；唱片
7．ample adj. 足够的；充足的；富裕的
8．scratch n. (刮、抓、划的)痕迹；搔；挠
vt. 搔；抓；擦伤；刮坏
9．dizzy adj.头晕目眩的；眩晕的；使人发晕或困惑的
10．primitive adj. 原始的；远古的；简陋的
11．howl vt.&vi. 嗥叫；叫喊；吼叫
n. 长嚎；嗥叫
12．spit vt. 吐出 (唾液、食物等)
vi. 吐痰
13．delete vt. 删；删除
14．seashell n. 海贝壳
15．pulse vi. 强烈而有规律地跳动；搏动
n. 脉搏；节拍
16．category n. 种类；类别；范畴
17．arrest vt. 逮捕；吸引
n. 逮捕；拘留
18．kindergarten n. 幼儿园
19．worship vt.&vi. 崇拜；敬奉
n. 崇拜；敬神
Ⅲ.拓展单词(通其变)
1．identify vt.确认；识别；鉴别→identification n．辨认；鉴定→identity n．身份；一致；同一性
2．archaeology n．考古学→archaeological adj.考古学的；与考古学有关的→archaeologist n．考古学家
3．starvation n．挨饿；饿死→starve vi.挨饿；饿死
4．accuracy n．精确；准确→accurate adj.准确的；精确的→accurately adv.准确地；精确地
5．interrupt vt.&vi.打断……讲话；打岔；暂时中断或中止→interruption n．打断；打岔；插嘴
6．assume vt.假定；设想→assuming conj.假设→assumption n．设想；假定；担任
7．sharpen vi.&vt.(使)锋利；尖锐；清晰；削尖→sharp adj.锋利的→sharpener n．磨具；削具
8．messy adj.凌乱的；脏的→mess n．凌乱；脏
9．botanical adj.植物学的；与植物学有关的→botany n．植物学
10．analysis n．分析→analyses (pl.)→analyse vt.分析
11．ripen vt.&vi.使……成熟；成熟→ripe adj.成熟的
12．significance n．意义；意思；重要性；重要意义→significant adj.重要的
13．systematic adj.有系统的；有计划的；有条理的→system n．系统；制度
14．academy n．学院；学会；学术团体；院校→academic adj.学术的
15．receptionist n．接待员；招待员→receive v．接收；招待→reception n．接待；接收
16．radioactivity n．放射性→radioactive adj.放射性的；有辐射能的
17．division n．划分；分割；分配；分界线→divide v．分开；分割；划分
18．applaud vi.&vt.鼓掌欢迎；赞赏→applause n．鼓掌
19．accelerate vi.&vt.加速；促进→acceleration n．加速
20．skillful adj.有技巧的；熟练的→skill n．技能；技巧→skilled adj.熟练的；有技能的
[语境活用]
1．If you interrupt others' conversation abruptly, you will be to blame for your interruption.(interrupt)
2．Assuming that you are the guide of the foreigners who are to visit our school, how would you prepare for your assumption as the guide? (assume)
3．After the identification of victim's appearance and age, the police identified the identity of the killer. (identify)
4．While calculating the maths problem, you should pay more attention to the accuracy of the numbers, or you can't figure it out accurately.(accurate)
5．The boy needs a pencil sharpener to sharpen his pencil, because the sharpener he has isn't sharp.(sharpen)
6．The kid made a mess in the living room, so his mother asked him to clean the messy living room quickly. (mess)
7．With the teacher's help, I analysed the data of this experiment. The teacher considered my analysis is reasonable. (analyse)
8．The scientists think his invention is of great significance,_because it is significant to cure the patients of deadly disease.(significant)
9．The famous professor made an inspiring academic speech in the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. (academy)
10．The candies were divided out among all the kids, but they could not agree upon the division of them.(divide)
11．He was received by the host and was given a warm reception.(receive)
12．The audience warmly applauded when the performance came to an end, and the applause lasted for several minutes.(applaud)
(二)练中记短语——记牢用活
写准记牢
语境活用(选用左栏短语填空)
1.at_most 至多；最多
2．cut_up 切碎
3．care_about 在乎；关心
4．be_aware_of 意识到
5．regardless_of 不管；不顾
6．keep_out 关在门外；不准入内
7．fed_up_with 受够了；饱受；厌烦
8．look_ahead 向前看；为将来打算
9．date_from/back_(to_...) 追溯到；始于
10．with/in_relief 轻松地；欣慰地；如释重负地
1.When I was fed__up__with listening, I usually entertained myself by reading.
2．Vegetables and meats are cut_up and mixed in various ways into some dishes to serve the guests.
3．The club welcomes all new members regardless__of age and sex.
4．We are fully aware_of the necessity of carrying out a lowcarbon economy in our country.
5．It is reported that to build a road, a wellknown historical and cultural city has recently been torn down, one of its ancient city walls dating__back_to the Tang Dynasty.
(三)仿写明句式——以用为本
教材原句
句式解读
句式仿写
1.Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.
很对。正如植物学的分析结果已经告诉我们的，这儿四周曾是一个很大浅水湖的一部分。
as引导的非限制性定语从句。
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)众所周知，中国人非常重视良好的餐桌礼仪。
As_is_known_to_all,_Chinese people attach great significance to good table manners.
2.If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!
她今年要是早有预见，计划得更好些就好了！
if only ... “要是……就好了”。
要是今年春节全家能团圆就好了！
If_only_the_whole_family_could_be_united during the Spring Festival this year！
3.Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna.
她突然坐了下来，结果被爱吵闹的妹妹露娜一把抱了起来。
only to do sth.作结果状语，表示意料不到的情况。
(2018·浙江高考写作)我的父亲给警察局打电话，却发现电话打不通。
My father telephoned the police station, only_to_find_it_couldn't_get_through.
二、课堂重点深化
1．alternative adj.供选择的；其他的n.可能的选择；选择对象
[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①The Internet also provides us with a cheap alternative to communicating (communicate) with others.
②The App asks its users to report accidents and other road conditions in real time, so other users can avoid the traffic jam by using an alternative route.
[系统归纳]
an alternative to ……的替代物(to是介词)
have the alternative of A or B 要么做A，要么做B；
在A或B二者中选一个
have no alternative/choice/option but to do sth.
别无选择只好做某事
[重点强化]
易错处处防
③Thank you for allowing me to describe the situation, where I had no alternative but give up the plan.but后加to
佳句时时写
④失败乃成功之母。有时候，为了成功，我们不得不勇敢地直面失败并从中吸取教训。
Failure is the mother of success. Sometimes, in order to succeed, we have_no_alternative_but_to_face_failure_bravely_and_learn_from_it.
[联想发散] “别无选择只好做某事”的其他表达形式：
①can't do sth. but do sth. ②can do nothing but do sth.
2．interrupt vt.& vi.打断……讲话；打岔；暂时中断或中止
[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①He was writing a poem when he was_interrupted (interrupt) by a knock at the door.
②(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Interruptions (interrupt) are one of the worst things to deal with while you're trying to get work done.
[系统归纳]
(1)be interrupted by 被……打断/阻断
interrupt sb./sth. with sth. 用某事打断某人/某事
(2)interruption n. 打扰；插嘴；打岔；阻断物
without interruption 连续地；不断地
[重点强化]
易错处处防
③It is not polite to interrupt a speaker about frequent questions.about→with
佳句时时写
④(2018·北京高考书面表达)为了帮助他们更好地了解我们的喝茶文化，我们带他们去了我们学校的茶室，在那里，我连续几小时不间断地向他们介绍了泡茶的历史和不同种类的茶。
To help them better understand our teadrinking culture, we took them to the tea room in our school, where_I_introduced_the_history_of_teamaking_and_different_kinds_of_tea_to_them_for_several_hours_without_interruption.
3．assume vt.假定；设想
[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①If you make an assumption (assume) that something is true or will happen, you accept that it is true or will happen.
②It is assumed that global warming and climate change could cause even more disasters in the future.
[系统归纳]
(1)assume ... to be ... 假定/假设……是……
It is assumed that ... 一般认为……
(2)assumption n. 假定；假设；设想
make an assumption 认为；假定
(3)assuming (that) ... 假设/假定……
[重点强化]
佳句时时写
③假设你行走的道路是平坦的，你可以按下红色按钮，这可以帮助你的鞋子变成一个有两个滚轮的溜冰鞋，你可以快速到达目的地。
Assuming_the_road_you_are_walking_on_is_flat,_you can press the red button, which helps your shoes change into a roller skate with two rollers and you can reach your destination quickly.
僻义牢牢记
④I will assume responsibility for any mistakes.承担
4．significance n．意义；意思；重要性；重要意义
[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①In my view, practicing handwriting is of great significance (significant) to the students' growth.
②She showed special concern for the college students and attached much significance to educating (educate) them.
③It is significant (significance) that nowadays fiber is still considered to be an important part of a healthy diet.
[系统归纳]
(1)be of significance to ... 对……有重要意义
attach significance to ... 认为……重要(to为介词)
(2)significant adj. 重要的；明显的
It is significant that ... 很明显……
(3)significantly adv. 显著地；有重大意义地
[重点强化]
易错处处防
④Significant, he has mistaken you.Significant→Significantly
佳句时时写
⑤我坚信我们越多地了解这个名言的意义，我们在日常学习和工作中就会获益越多。
I_firmly_believe_that_the_more_we_are_aware_of_the_significance_of_this_famous_saying,_the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.
1．regardless of不管；不顾
[系统归纳]
despite/in spite of 尽管……(后常接名词，不接从句)
with regard to 关于；至于
[重点强化]
单句语法填空
①She is determined to do it regardless of all consequences.
②Dr.Bethune continued working in spite of cutting his hand during an operation.
③With regard to my favorite Chinese poet, I'd like to introduce Du Fu to you.
佳句时时写
④不管昨天发生了什么，也不管明天可能发生或者不会发生什么，现在才是我们关注的所在。
Regardless_of_what_happened_yesterday and what may or may not happen tomorrow, the present moment is where we are.
2．date back (to ...)追溯到；始于
[系统归纳]
date from 追溯到；始于；起源于
out of date 过时的
up to date (with ...) 赶上(……的)潮流
[重点强化]
单句语法填空
①My interest in stamp collecting dates (date) back to my schooldays.
②Dating (date) from 1933, the South Lake Park in Changchun is located in the southwestern part of the Changchun city.
③Everyone should keep on getting himself educated so as to be up to date with modern technology.
佳句时时写
④(2018·北京高考书面表达)中国饮茶文化源远流长，可以追溯到1 000多年前。
Chinese teadrinking culture has a long history dating_back_to_more_than_1,000_years_ago.
[名师指津] date back to和date from一般不用于进行时态；作后置定语时，常用现在分词。
3．if only ...“要是……就好了”
[教材原句] If_only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!
[自主体验]
①If only he had_lain (lie) quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.
②Constant quarrels between my parents are driving me crazy. If only I had (have) a warm and harmonious family.
[归纳点拨]
用法规则
if only ...用来表达愿望，句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
(1)if only ... had done ... 表示对与过去事实相反的愿望
(2)if only ... did ...表示对与现在事实相反的愿望
(3)if only ... could/would/might do ...表示与将来事实相反的愿望(不用should)
注意事项
only if 意为“只有……”，引导条件状语从句。当从句位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。如：
Only if you are aware of the importance of English can you learn it well.
[佳句背诵]
①(增分要点句)(2015·重庆高考写作)If only I could go back and reset my goals!
②(增分要点句)(2016·北京高考书面表达)In fact, he inspired me to major in English in college.If only I had lived in his times and listened to his guidance.
本单元语篇话题与新课程主题语境“人与社会”中的“文化渊源”子话题相对应
一、话题语素积累多一点
话题词汇记一记
子话题(一) 文化渊源
温故浅易词汇
①traditional ②custom ③mainly
④behavior ⑤colorful ⑥pride
⑦successful ⑧represent
识记生疏词汇
①unique adj.独特的 ②symbol n．象征
③gesture n．姿态 ④occasion n．场合
⑤feast n．盛宴；宴会 ⑥rank n．职衔；军衔
⑦status n．地位；身份 ⑧preference n．偏爱
⑨appearance n．外表 ⑩title n．头衔
⑪emphasize v．强调 ⑫similar adj.相似的
⑬regard v．看作 ⑭diversity n．多元化
子话题(二) 考古
温故浅易词汇
①resource ②ancient ③wisdom
④historical ⑤natural ⑥protect
⑦repair ⑧damage
识记生疏词汇
①heritage n．遗产 ②civilization n．文明
③indicator n．标志 ④destruction n．毁坏
⑤wisdom n．智慧 ⑥insight v．见识
⑦awareness n．意识 ⑧regional adj.地区的
⑨remains n．遗迹 ⑩distinction n．区别
⑪forefather n．祖先 ⑫relics n．遗址
⑬original adj.基本的 ⑭preserve v．保护
常用词块忆一忆
①a cultural phenomenon 文化现象
②have a good command of 精通
③be proud of 以……为荣
④contribute to 有助于
⑤carry forward 弘扬
⑥follow a custom 遵循习俗
⑦eye contact 眼神交流
⑧a facial expression 面部表情
⑨historical development 历史发展
⑩behave well/badly 举止良好/不好
⑪multicultural society 多元文化社会
⑫cultural background 文化背景
⑬remove prejudice and misunderstanding
消除偏见和误解
⑭the significance of cultural heritage protection
文化遗产保护的重要性
写作佳句背一背
①It was our ancestors who invented the papermaking, the compass and so on.
②Cultural relics represent the wisdom of our ancestors, so we must unite together to protect them.
③The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled against nature with the basic tools they had.
二、话题书面表达亮一点
[题目要求]
请根据以下提示，写一篇介绍“大克鼎”的英语短文。
1．大克鼎1890年出土于陕西省扶风县，可追溯到西周后期，现收藏于上海博物馆。
2．大克鼎由青铜铸造，高93.1厘米，重201.5千克。
3．在原始社会，鼎是社会地位和权力的象征，也用于烹饪和祭祀。大克鼎一直被认为是研究西周经济和文化的重要物品。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：大克鼎Da Keding 青铜bronze 西周Western Zhou Dynasty 出土于unearth 用于祭献的sacrificial
[写作4步走]
第一步：句写对——给词写句
(用方框内的词汇翻译句子)
date back to, preserve, represent, weigh, status, ceremony, significant, regard, precious, treasure, cooking, be made of
1．大克鼎1890年出土于陕西省扶风县。
Da_Keding_was_unearthed_in_Fufeng_County,_Shaanxi_Province_in_1890.
2．它追溯到西周后期。
It_dates_back_to_the_late_Western_Zhou_Dynasty.
3．它现在保存在上海博物馆。
It_is_now_preserved_in_Shanghai_Museum.
4．大克鼎由青铜铸造。它高93.1厘米，重201.5千克。
Da_Keding_is_made_of_bronze.It_is_93.1_centimetres_high_and_weighs_201.5_kilograms.
5．鼎是社会地位和权力的象征，也用于烹饪和祭祀仪式。
Ding_was_used_to_represent_the_social_status_and_power_of_its_owner_and_was_also_used_for_cooking_and_sacrificial_ceremonies.
6．大克鼎在西周有重大意义。
Da Keding is very significant during the Western Zhou Dynasty.
7．人们一直认为它是珍宝之一。
People_have_been_regarding_it_as_one_of_the_precious_treasures.
第二步：量写够——语句扩充
8．在句5中加入定语从句“正如我们所知道的”和状语“在原始社会”。
As_we_all_know,_in_primitive_society,_Ding_was____used_to_represent_the_social_status_and_power_of_its_owner_and_was_also_used_for_cooking_and_sacrificial_ceremonies.
9．在句6中加入“对经济和文化的研究”。
Da_Keding_is_very_significant_to_the_study_of_the_economy_and_culture_during_the_Western_Zhou_Dynasty.
10．在句7中加入定语“对于中国历史的研究”。
People_have_been_regarding_it_as_one_of_the_precious_treasures_to_the_study_of_Chinese_history.
第三步：语写美——词句升格
1．用定语从句合并句1和句2。
Da_Keding,_which_dates_back_to_the_late_Western_Zhou_Dynasty，was_unearthed_in_Fufeng_County，Shaanxi_Province_in_1890.
2．用非谓语动词改写句4。
Made_of_bronze，Da_Keding_is_93.1_centimetres_high_and_weighs_201.5_kilograms.
3．用not only ...but also ...改写句8。
As_we_all_know,_in_primitive_society,_Ding_was_not_only_used_to_represent_the_social_status_and_power_of_its_owner_but_also_used_for_cooking_and_sacrificial_ceremonies.
4．用be of significance代替be significant升级句9。
Da_Keding_is_of_great_significance_to_the_study_of_the_economy_and_culture_during_the_Western_Zhou_Dynasty.
第四步：篇连顺——衔接成文
用therefore， and等词汇连句成文。
Da_Keding,_which_dates_back_to_the_late_Western_Zhou_Dynasty,_was_unearthed_in_Fufeng_County,_Shaanxi_Province_in_1890.It_is_now_preserved_in_Shanghai_Museum.
Made_of_bronze,_Da_Keding_is_93.1_centimetres_high_and_weighs_201.5_kilograms.As_we_all_know,_in_primitive_society，Ding_was_not_only_used_to_represent_the_social_status_and_power_of_its_owner_but_also_used_for_cooking_and_sacrificial_ceremonies.Therefore,_Da_Keding_is_of_great_significance_to_the_study_of_the_economy_and_culture_during_the_Western_Zhou_Dynasty.And_people_have_been_regarding_it_as_one_of_the_precious_treasures_to_the_study_of_Chinese_history.
一、复现单元考点——增强备考信心
Ⅰ.高考中的语法填空
1．(2018·江苏高考)Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic (system) project which calls for a clear road map and timetable.
2．(2017·江苏高考)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation (starve)．
3．(2017·江苏高考)The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But alternative explanations (explain) are hard to find.
4．(2016·江苏高考)More efforts, as reported, will be made in the years ahead to_accelerate (accelerate) the supplyside structural reform.
5．(2015·湖南高考)You need to learn how to sort through and find the relevant information for your particular project. Also, you need to check the accuracy (accurate) of it.
Ⅱ.高考中的完形填空
(选用date, significance, messy, regardless of填空)
1．(2016·浙江高考完形填空)I was just astonished at the question in my own mind. I was dumbfounded (惊呆) at the __54__ of it. Yes, you can fool everyone else, but you cannot “fool the chickens”， because in the end, you will find out, as the saying goes, “What goes around comes around.”significance
2．(2014·广东高考完形填空)According to a recent research, the most common argument between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over __3__ rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their children's refusal to help with the housework.messy
3．(2014·陕西高考完形填空)The man bent down and gave his wife the flower, telling her who it was from. __43__ being badly hurt, the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and gave him a little smile.regardless_of
4．(2012·北京高考完形填空)In the summer of 2005 when I was 18, I received the phone call which made that dream a reality: I became a member of the company __41__ back to 1925.dating
二、复现话题词汇——提高阅读准度
新高考下的命题新视角：十八大以来，习近平总书记在多个场合谈到中国传统文化，表达了自己对传统文化、传统思想价值体系的认同与尊崇，展现了中国政府与人民的精神志气，提振了中华民族的文化自信。高考围绕此话题进行命题，旨在让考生通过学习和了解国内外文化的背景知识，全面了解文化的发展和迁移，进而提高民族使命感和自豪感。
[话题感悟]
学习目标 ——语篇复现词汇，活学活用记忆更深
(加蓝词汇为本单元话题词汇，读文时请揣摩其用法)
(2018·浙江高考)[1]As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young.The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line(装配线)on September 27,1908.Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.
[2]Modern America was born on the road，behind a wheel.The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger.For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American — going forward at high speed to find new worlds.The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a neverending interstate highway system, the largest public works project in history.
[3]In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America from a farmbased society into an industrial power.
[4]The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.
[5]The problems of excessive (过度的) energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L．Friedman.He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.
[6]Friedman points out that the green economy (经济) is a chance to keep American strength.“The ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国经典的“汽车文化”，它对美国各方面的影响是巨大而深远的。汽车给美国人民带来了便利，把美国从一个以农业为主的国家变成一个工业大国，汽车成为美国社会的一个文化符号。但与此同时，汽车也带来了很多问题，例如能源的过度消耗、气候变化以及污染等。
1.Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?
A．To explain Americans' love for travelling by car.
B．To show the influence of cars on American culture.
C．To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D．To praise the effectiveness of America's road system.
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture ...even the hamburger.”可知，汽车塑造了某些最持久的美国文化，其中就包括汉堡。故选B项。
2．What has the use of cars in America led to?
A．Decline of economy.
B．Environmental problems.
C．A shortage of oil supply.
D．A farmbased society.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.”可知，驱动美国梦的汽车导致了全球性的生态灾难，即汽车的使用引起了环境问题。故选B项。
3．What is Friedman's attitude towards America's future?
A．Ambiguous. B．Doubtful.
C．Hopeful. D．Tolerant.
解析：选C 观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句“Friedman points out that the green economy (经济) is a chance to keep American strength.”可知，Friedman 认为绿色经济是使美国保持实力的一个机遇。由此可知，他对美国的未来充满了希望。故选C项。
学习目标 ——题后把脉规律，练后得法理解更透
推理判断技法(11)——根据干扰项的4大特征解题
(1)与常识相吻合，但并不是从文章内容推知的，不是基于文章，如上文1题中的C项；
(2)看似从文章推断出来的结论，然而实际上与文章不符，如上文第1题中的A项；
(3)推理过头，引申过度，偏离文章主题，属主观臆断的结论，如上文第1题中的D项；
(4)是文章内容的简单重述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当作间接推理。
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