2020版一轮复习英语重大版学案：学通语法第四讲形容词和副词
展开第四讲形容词和副词
单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it’s always energetic (energy)．
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is actually (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most successful (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)However, be careful (care) not to go to extremes.
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Even worse (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
6．(2017·全国Ⅲ)It is certainly (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
7．(2017·6月浙江高考)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a shiny/shining (shine) object.
8．(2017·6月浙江高考)Sixteen years earlier (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.
一、形容词、副词的原级比较
1．“as＋形容词/副词原级＋as”与“not＋as/so＋形容词/副词原级＋as”表示同级比较，即两个或两部分人或物在性质上或程度上相同/不同。
①Actually, Jack is as old as Jim.
事实上，杰克和吉姆(年龄)一样大。
②He doesn’t run so/as fast as his younger brother.
他没有他弟弟跑得快。
2．当as ... as结构中有名词时，可用以下结构：
①Today is as busy a day as yesterday.
今天跟昨天一样忙。
②Henry does not have so/as many books as I have.
亨利的书没有我的书多。
3．“as＋形容词原级＋as＋具体数字”表示“高/深/多……达……”。
①The temperature here is as high as 39℃.
这里的气温高达39摄氏度。
②The building is as tall as 100 meters.
这座楼高达100米。
二、形容词、副词的比较级
1．形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则
(1)规则变化
构成 | 例词 | ||
单音节的词一般情况下直接加er 和 est | 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
small | smaller | smallest | |
great | greater | greatest | |
hard | harder | hardest | |
以e结尾的单音节词和少数以ble结尾的双音节词加r和 st | nice | nicer | nicest |
cute | cuter | cutest | |
able | abler | ablest | |
以一个辅音字母结尾，且前面只有一个元音的词，双写辅音字母后再加er和est | fat | fatter | fattest |
thin | thinner | thinnest | |
hot | hotter | hottest | |
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，先把y变为i再加er和 est | easy | easier | easiest |
happy | happier | happiest | |
early | earlier | earliest | |
少数以er, ow结尾的双音节词，加er和 est | clever | cleverer | cleverest |
narrow | narrower | narrowest | |
其他双音节和多音节的形容词或副词一般在前面加more和most | careful | more careful | most careful |
popular | more popular | most popular | |
efficiently | more efficiently | most efficiently | |
①有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加er和est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：common, handsome, quiet, wicked, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以ow, er结尾的词。
②有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right (正确的), wrong (错误的), excellent (优秀的), possible (可能的), empty (空的)等。
(2)不规则变化
原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
good, well | better | best |
bad, ill | worse | worst |
many, much | more | most |
little | less | least |
far | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
old | older/elder | oldest/eldest |
2.形容词、副词比较级的用法
(1)比较级＋than ...“比……更”；less ...than“不如……”。
Seeking information on the Internet is more convenient than searching in a library.
在网上搜索信息要比在图书馆里方便。
(2)比较级的修饰语常见的有：rather, much, still, even, far, any (用于否定句或疑问句), a lot, a little, a great deal, by far, a bit等。
—The film is, I have to say, not a bit interesting.
—Why? It’s far more interesting than the films I have ever seen.
——我不得不说这部电影真的没意思。
——为什么？它比我看过的所有电影都有意思。
(3)the＋比较级，the＋比较级 表示“越……，越……”。
The earlier the treatment is given, the better chance of recovery the patient has.
病人越早接受治疗，康复的可能性就越大。
(4)the＋比较级＋of (the)＋名词/代词 表示“(两者中)较……的”。
Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller one, which is very easy for me to carry.
这两个照相机，我喜欢较小的一个，它方便携带。
三、形容词、副词的最高级
1．三者或三者以上的比较用最高级。表示范围的标志词有in, of, among等。
Raymond’s parents wanted him to have the best possible education.
雷蒙德的父母想让他接受最好的教育。
2．最高级的修饰语常见的有：序数词， by far, nearly, almost等。
This is by far the most inspiring movie that I have ever seen.
这是我曾看过的最鼓舞人心的电影了。
3.最高级含义的其他表达法。
(1)“否定词语＋比较级”或“否定词语＋such/so ... as”结构表示最高级含义。
—Do you think that the 2016 Rio Olympic Games were a success?
—Yes, absolutely! It couldn’t be better.
——你认为2016年里约奥运会成功吗？
——是的，绝对成功！没有比它更好的了。
(2)比较级形式表示最高级含义。
Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.
→Julia is taller than all the other girls in her class.
→Julia is the tallest girl in her class.
朱莉娅是她班上最高的女生。
4．the last表示“最不可能的”“最不适合的”“最不希望的”等。
The last thing they want is to work in the red areas where life is hard.
他们最不乐意的是在生活艰难的红色区域里工作。
四、形容词(短语)作状语
形容词(短语)作状语表示伴随或结果，通常用来说明主语的情况，表示主语的状态、性质、特征等，但并不表示动作的方式。
①He stared at the footprint, full of fear.
他盯着脚印看，内心充满了恐惧。
②Helpless, we watched our home destroyed before our eyes.
我们束手无策，只能眼睁睁地看着自己的家园被毁掉。
五、副词作评论性状语
连接副词和修饰整个句子作评论性状语的副词，通常位于句首。有时也用于句中或句尾。
Thankfully, I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.
谢天谢地，我终于打完比赛了，所有的辛苦都是值得的。
[知识积累]
形容词和副词的词性转换
1．常见的形容词后缀
形容词 后缀 | 意义 | 例词 |
able/ ible | 可……的； 能……的； 应……的； 有……性质的 | acceptable 可接受的 available 可利用的 valuable 有价值的 reasonable 合理的 accessible 可接近的 |
al | 与……有关的 | typical 典型的 digital 数码的 cultural 文化的 environmental 环境的 |
ant/ ent | 是……的， 处于……状态 | frequent 频繁的 convenient 方便的 efficient 效率高的 significant 有重大意义的 |
ar | 带有……属性的 | regular 规则的；有规律的 circular 环形的；圆的；循环的 |
ary | 与……有关的 | ordinary 普通的；平常的 voluntary 自愿的；志愿的 |
d/ed | 有……的；有……特征的 | limited 有限的 colored 有色的 surrounded 被……围绕的 |
ful | 充满……的；有……性质(或倾向)的 | successful 成功的 meaningful 有意义的 powerful 强大的 thankful 感激的 |
less | 无……的；没有……的 | endless 无尽的 aimless 无目标的 powerless 无能为力的 |
tive | 有……倾向的 | attractive 迷人的 effective 有效的 instructive 有教育意义的 |
y | 多……的 | foggy 多雾的 greedy 贪婪的 wealthy 富有的 healthy 健康的 |
2．形容词转换为副词
情况 | 变化规则 | 例词 |
一般情况 | 在词尾加ly | immediate—immediately wonderful—wonderfully |
一些以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词 | 把 y改为 i，再加ly | easy—easily angry—angrily noisy—noisily |
以 ble或 le结尾的形容词 | 去e加y | possible—possibly simple—simply |
以ue结尾的形容词 | 去e加ly | true—truly |
以l结尾的形容词 | 在词尾加ly | usual—usually careful—carefully |
以ll结尾的形容词 | 在词尾加y | full—fully |
[典题精选] | [我来改正] | [常设误点] |
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. ②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road. | ①happily→happy ②suddenly→sudden | (1)形容词与副词的错用 ①系动词后作表语应用形容词而不用副词； ②修饰动词应用副词而不用形容词；修饰名词应用形容词而不用副词。 |
③I found the test difficult, but I tried hardly to do it. ④(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)A few minutes late, the instructor asked me to stop the car. | ③hardly→hard ④late→later | (2)形近引起的错用 有些词词形看似差不多但实际词意相差甚远，例如： ①hard用作副词时表示“努力地”，而hardly表示“几乎不”； ②sometimes表示“有时”，而sometime表示“某个时候”。 |
⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)The teenage years from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.They were also the best and worse years in my life. ⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together. ⑦(2019·万州二中一模)Moreover, it shows that people are becoming richer and the country is much more stronger. ⑧(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I enjoyed studying different kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the late music albums. | ⑤worse→worst ⑥earlier→early ⑦去掉more ⑧late→latest | (3)比较等级的错用 ①比较级与最高级的错用。表示二者比较用比较级；表示三者或三者以上比较用最高级； ②原级与比较级的错用。若句中有than或暗含比较意味用比较级，若没有比较意味或表示同等程度的比较则用原级； ③比较级的重复。若形容词或副词后面加了er，前面就不能再用more。 |
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．But that didn’t prevent the boy from becoming one of the greatest (great) composers of all time.
2．I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time — there are more_meaningful (meaningful) things to do.
3．—Are you satisfied with the result of the exam?
—Not at all. I can’t have a worse (bad) one.
4．The other day my friends and I were eating in the cafeteria and I saw her walking around. When she came closer (close) to us I could see that she was crying.
5．Luckily (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.
6．But he said they also had more sugar and salt, so they tasted much better (good)．
7．(2018·河北保定二模)As we know, the greater difficulty we meet on our way to success, the more_likely (likely) we will be able to achieve our goals.
8．(2019·福建单科质检)I suppose my family really (real) influenced me while I was growing up.
9．(2019·广州一模)When the injured (injure) animals came to see Doctor Bear, he told them, “Your clothes are killing you.You don’t need them.”
10．The shopping centre where he worked was the second biggest (big) one in Scotland.
11．(2019·烟台模拟)You are driving too fast. Can you drive a bit more_slowly (slowly)?
12．The new group of students is betterbehaved than the other group who stayed here earlier (early)．
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．He used to be extreme shy but now he can talk freely to anyone he meets.extreme→extremely
2．When he looked up, he suddenly found himself surrounded by a group of teenagers, who looked at him anxious.anxious→anxiously
3．Your story is wonderful; I’ve never heard a good one before.good→better
4．In some places you may borrow as more books as you need, but in others you are limited to a certain number of books.more→many
5．(2019·银川质检)As we all know, a good learning environment is of significantly importance if we want to study well.significantly→significant
6．Hopeful, we’ll be in London by early evening if the plane takes off on time.Hopeful→Hopefully
7．(2018·成都二诊)How exciting and grateful his parents were to meet him！exciting→excited
8．I used to be poorly in my spoken English but now I have improved a lot.poorly→poor
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2018·渝中区高三二模)An abandoned puppy (小狗) has a new home and a new job.The 7weekold puppy __1__ (leave) at a baseball stadium in Georgia last week.Someone found it __2__ (cry) in the parking lot.The team’s president, Jared Orton, adopted the puppy and named __3__ (he) new companion Daisy.The lucky puppy also has a new job.She is the team’s __4__ (office) “bat dog”．A bat dog takes baseball bats to __5__ (player), collects balls on the baseball field and pleases __6__ crowd.
Mr Orton said Daisy might be a little too small __7__ (hold) a bat in her mouth.“We aren’t sure how big she’ll get, so it’s hard to say __8__ she’ll be able to pick up a bat.She will be a regular at the ballpark and will be __9__ (huge) popular with fans.” Mr Orton added finding Daisy was fate and it was just meant to be that they’d have a dog __10__ part of their team.
语篇解读：本文主要讲的是一只被遗弃的小狗不仅有了一个新家，还有了一份新工作。
1．was left 根据句中的“last week”可知，此处应用一般过去时；句子的主语“The 7weekold puppy”是动词leave的承受者，应用被动语态。故填was left。
2．crying 动词cry与it之间有逻辑上的主动关系，所以用现在分词作宾语补足语。find sb.doing意为“发现某人正在做某事”。
3．his Jared Orton收养了这只小狗，并给他的新伙伴取名为Daisy。空处指“他的”，故用形容词性物主代词his。
4．official 空处作定语修饰名词短语“bat dog”，故用形容词official“正式的，官方的”。
5．players 根据语境可知，此处指把棒球棒带给(棒球)球员。空前无限定词修饰，且player是可数名词，故填players。
6．the 此处特指观看棒球赛的人群，所以用定冠词the。
7．to hold Daisy可能有点太小而不能把棒球棒咬在嘴里。too ...to do sth.为固定用法，表示“太……而不能做某事”。
8．if/whether 分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，故填if/whether。
9．hugely 空处修饰形容词popular，故应填副词hugely。
10．as 他们会有一只狗来作为他们团队的一员。根据句意以及句子结构可知，空处用介词as，意为“作为”。
Ⅱ.短文改错
Nowadays, more and more people know the importance of keep healthy.Without a health body, they can do nothing.For me, there were three main ways to keep healthy.Firstly, it is necessary to keep balanced diet, what is the basis of good health.That is better for us to have more fruit and vegetables every day.Secondly, it is important to take regular exercises, such as swimming, jogging and so on.Thirdly, it is essential to stay on a good mood.If people follow these three ways to keep fit, and they’ll great improve their health.
答案：第一句：keep→keeping
第二句：health→healthy
第三句：were→are
第四句：balanced前加a; what→which
第五句：That→It
第六句：exercises→exercise
第七句：on→in
第八句：去掉and; great→greatly
