2021版高三英语人教版一轮复习讲义：必修三Unit4Astronomythescienceofthestars

Unit 4 Astronomy:the science of the stars阅读词汇1.astronomy n. 　 　 　 　天文学2.astronomer n. 天文学家3.solar adj.   太阳的;日光的4.billion pron.& n.& adj.  <英>万亿;<美>十亿5.carbon n. 碳6.dissolve vt.& vi. 溶解;解散7.acid n.  酸8.mammal n. 哺乳动物9.dioxide n.   二氧化物10.extinct adj. 灭绝的;绝种的11.lessen vi.& vt. 减少;减轻12.weightlessly adv.   失重地13.solar system 太阳系14.carbon dioxide 二氧化碳识记词汇1.system n.　 　　　系统;体系;制度2.religion n. 宗教;宗教信仰3.theory n. 学说;理论4.violent adj. 猛烈的;激烈的;强暴的5.atmosphere n. 大气层;气氛6.unlike prep. 与……不同;不像7.fundamental adj. 基本的;基础的8.presence n. 出席;到场;存在9.harmful adj. 有害的10.chain n. 链子;连锁;锁链11.reaction n. 反应;回应12.multiply vi.& vt. 乘;增加13.oxygen n. 氧14.exist vi. 存在;生存15.thus adv. 因此;于是16.puzzle n. 谜;难题vt.& vi. (使) 迷惑;(使)为难17.biology n. 生物学18.biologist n. 生物学家19.gravity n. 万有引力;重力20.satellite n. 卫星;人造卫星21.gentle adj. 温和的;文雅的22.physicist n. 物理学家23.climate n. 气候24.crash vi.& vt. 碰撞;坠落25.spaceship n. 宇宙飞船26.pull n.& vt. 拉(力);拖;牵引力27.float vi.& vt. (使)浮动;(使)漂浮n. 漂浮物28.globe n. 球体;地球仪;地球29.exhaust vt. 用尽;耗尽;使精疲力尽拓展词汇1.religion n. 宗教;宗教信仰→religious adj.宗教的2.theory n.学说;理论→theoretical adj.理论的;理论上的3.violent adj. 猛烈的;激烈的;强暴的→violence n. 暴力→violently adv. 猛烈地4.harmful adj.有害的→harm n.& v. 伤害→harmless adj.无害的5.exist vi. 存在;生存→existence n. 存在;生存6.puzzle vt.& vi. (使)迷惑;(使)为难 n. 谜;难题→puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的→puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的7.globe n.球体;地球仪;地球→global adj. 全球性的;全世界的短语记忆1.in time　　　　　　及时;终于2.prevent...from 阻止;制止3.block out 挡住(光线)4.now that 既然5.break out 突发;爆发6.cheer up 感到高兴;感到振奋7.in one’s turn 轮到某人8.give birth to 产生;分娩9.watch out for 密切注意;当心;提防10.get the hang of 熟悉;掌握;了解11.depend on 依赖;依靠句型整理1.They were in time to produce carbon dioxide,nitrogen,water vapour and other gases,which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.最终产生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体,从而形成了地球的大气层。2.This produced a chain reaction,which made it possible for life to develop.这就产生了一系列的反应,使得生命发展成为可能。3.But when I tried to step forward,I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.而当我试图向前迈步的时候,我发觉我被送出去很远,步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍,因而我摔倒了。重点语法Noun clauses as the subject(主语从句)1.exist vi.存在;生存归纳拓展①There exist...有……;存在……②come into existence产生;成立;开始存在③in existence存在④existing adj.现存的;现行的单句填空①As a result,humans developed a range of character types that still exists(exist) today.②So scientists are trying their best to save the species from going out of existence(exist).(2019江苏,完形填空) exist是不及物动词,没有被动语态,也不用于进行时态。2.lay v. 放置;搁;下(蛋);产(卵)归纳拓展①lay...aside搁置;储蓄②lay...off停止使用;解雇某人③lay out安排;布置;设计完成句子①判断人们的能力时,应该把自己的感情放在一边。You should lay aside your feelings when judging people’s abilities. ②那家工厂解雇了1 000名工人。That factory laid off 1,000 workers.  (注意以下词形变化)原形词义词性过去式过去分词现在分词lie说谎不及物liedliedlyinglie躺,位于不及物laylainlyinglay放置;下蛋及物laidlaidlaying用lay,lie的适当形式填空①The boy lied that the white hen had laid a black egg and that he had laid it in the box which was lying under this bed.②Mothers routinely lay babies on their backs to sleep.1.in time及时;终于;总有一天归纳拓展①on time准时;按时②in no time立即;马上③at a time一次;每次④at one time曾经;一度⑤at times有时⑥from time to time有时;偶尔用time相关短语填空①At one time,daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.②We’ll have that leak fixed in no time.③We must be in time for the early bus.2.prevent...from...阻止……;制止……归纳拓展①stop sb.(from) doing sth.阻止某人做某事②keep sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做某事③protect sb.from...保护某人不受……侵袭④keep sb.doing sth.让某人一直做某事单句填空①In that case,eat before the flight,or an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping.②We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools,apps and approaches intended to prevent (prevent) scammers from getting through.(2019北京,阅读理解C)  prevent∕stop sb.(from) doing sth.中的from可以省略,而keep sb.from doing sth.中的from不能省略。3.now (that) 既然归纳拓展其他引导原因状语从句的连词:because 因为;since 既然,因为;as由于完成句子①但是,由于信息正以不同方式进行传播和受到监控,研究人员正在寻找新的规则。But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控)in different ways,researchers are discovering new rules.②Yet,now that I’m growing (既然我正在成长)and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex,I find myself needing a way to escape.(2019天津,阅读理解B)词语辨析:now that是固定短语,意为“既然;由于”,引导原因状语从句,that可省略。because“因为”,表示直接的或为人所不知的原因。since“既然,因为”(可与now that互换),侧重主句。as“由于”,表示显而易见或已为人所知的原因。for“因为”,并列连词。用以上词(组)填空①As you weren’t there,I left a message.因为你不在那里,我给你留言了。②I went back not because of the rain,but because I was tired.我并不是因为下雨才回来,而是因为我累了。③Since∕Now that it is late,I shall go home now.由于时间晚了,我现在要回家了。④He shook his head,for he thought differently.他摇了摇头,因为有不同的看法。4.break out(战争、火灾等)突发;爆发归纳拓展①break away (from sb.∕sth.)脱离(政党等);打破(陈套等)②break down出故障,抛锚;(计划等)失败;(身体、精神等)垮掉;打倒,砸破;(化合物等)分解③break up 打碎;解散;结束④break into 强行闯入;突然开始(笑、唱等)用break相关短语填空①当战争爆发的时候,她的朋友们提供了帮助。Her friends came to help her when the war broke out.(2017年6月浙江,完形填空)②和谈失败了,没有达成任何协议。The peace talks broke down without any agreement being reached.③当我把这件事告诉他时,他突然大笑起来。When I told him the story,he broke into laughter.一句多译:上面③其他表达方式④When I told him the story,he burst into laughter.⑤When I told him the story,he burst out laughing.5.cheer up感到高兴;感到振奋归纳拓展①cheer sb.up使某人高兴∕振奋②cheer...on 为……加油③cheer for...为……欢呼④Cheers! 干杯!用cheer相关短语填空①我真心希望她能振作起来,勇敢地接受生活的挑战!I do hope she can cheer up and accept the challenge of life bravely!②Cathy并没有期望得奖,但依然在那儿为朋友加油鼓劲,赞扬他们的成就。Cathy didn’t expect any award but was still there to cheer on her friends and praise their accomplishments.1.They were in time to produce carbon dioxide,nitrogen,water vapour and other gases,which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.最终产生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体,从而形成了地球的大气层。归纳拓展be to do有五层意义:①表示预定,“预定”,相当于be going to do。②表示义务,“应该”,相当于should。③表示可能,“会做”,相当于can∕could。④表示命运,“注定”(通常用于过去时,描述过去的事实)。⑤用于if...were to do,引导对将来的虚拟语气。完成句子①你什么时候回家?When are you to leave for home?②她将于下个月结婚。She is to get married next month.2.This produced a chain reaction,which made it possible for life to develop.这就产生了一系列的反应,使得生命发展成为可能。归纳拓展①句中使用了“make+宾语+宾语补足语”结构。即:　make+宾语+宾语补足语②当该结构中的宾语是不定式短语或从句时,多用it作形式宾语,而把不定式短语或从句后置,即make+it+宾语补足语+不定式短语或从句。完成句子①我们的老师使我们感到更自信。Our teacher makes us feel more confident.②精通这项技术可能会让我们更加有效地利用网络。Mastering the technology makes it possible for us to use the Internet more effectively.3.But when I tried to step forward,I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.而当我试图向前迈步的时候,我发觉我被送出去很远,步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍,因而我摔倒了。归纳拓展倍数的表达方式:①“A+倍数+形容词或副词的比较级+than+B”,表示“A比B大(长、高、宽等)多少倍”。②“A+倍数+as+形容词或副词的原级+as+B”,表示“A是B的多少倍”。③“A+倍数+the size∕height∕length∕width,etc.+of+B”,表示“A是B大(高、长、宽等)的多少倍”。完成句子①她看这张卡片的时间是以前那张的两倍。She looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.②他们军队的规模只有我们军队的一半左右。Their army is about half the size of ours.