2019届上海市嘉定区高三下学期质量调研（二模）英语试卷（解析版）

2019届上海市嘉定区高三下学期质量调研（二模）
英语试卷
(满分140分 考试时间120分钟)
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A (10分)
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1.

A. At a hotel.B. At a travel agency.
C. At an airport.D. At a police station.
【答案】A
【解析】
【分析】
W: Good morning sir. Can I help you?
M: I’m due to check out today, but I’d like to extend my stay another two days.
Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?
【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

2.

A. Customer and travel agent.B. Guide and tourist.
C. Customer and shop assistant.D. Trainer and trainee.
【答案】C
【解析】
【分析】
W: I really like the baseball bat and the price is also attractive. I’m wondering whether you can ship it overseas to Shanghai.
M: Sorry, we don’t provide this service.
Q: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?
【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

3.

A. Travel agency.B. Tour news.
C. A job opportunity.D. Sales strategies.
【答案】C
【解析】
【分析】
W: Hi, Danny. The advertisement says they need a salesperson. That’ll be perfect for you because you like travelling very much.
M: That sounds nice. Did they mention anything about experience?
Q: What are the two speakers talking about?
【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

4.

A. Join the club himself.B. Persuade the member not to quit.
C. Attend the next club meeting.D. Look for someone to fill the position.
【答案】D
【解析】
【分析】
W: One of our club members is quitting. Do you know if anyone is interested in taking her place?
M: I’m not sure, but I’ll certainly keep an eye out for you.
Q: What will the man most probably do?
【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

5.

A. Sending an e-mail.B. Talking on the phone.
C. Working in an office.D. Doing spelling practice.
【答案】B
【解析】
【分析】
W: Can you give us your e-mail address, so we can get back to you as soon as possible?
M: I’ll send you an e-mail so we don’t have to do the spelling on the phone. Okay?
Q: What are the speakers doing?
【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

6.

A. He is sorry for the woman’s absence.
B. He is worried about their trip expense.
C. He suggests the woman bring her daughter.
D. He suggests the woman visit the university.
【答案】C
【解析】
【分析】
W: I’d love to join you in the West Lake trip, but my daughter will come back home from the university. What a pity.
M: It’s not a big problem. The more, the merrier.
Q: What does the man mean?
【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

7.

A. The man can change his room later.B. She has no spare room for a change.
C. The hotel’s business is now very good.D. She’s busy with her business right now.
【答案】B
【解析】
【分析】
M: Could you possibly change my room, madam. It’s right under the night club and it’s much too noisy.
W: Well, we are rather full, sir. Sorry.
Q: What does the woman mean?
【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

8.

A. She’s flying to Hong Kong.B. She’s going to say goodbye to Bill.
C. She’s going to buy an airplane ticket.D. She’s leaving for Hong Kong with Bill.
【答案】A
【解析】
【分析】
M: Are you really leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow morning?
W: Yeah, I guess so. I’ve got my airplane ticket, and just can’t wait to see Bill there.
Q: What is the woman going to do?
【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

9.

A. Youngsters don’t really know what fashion is.
B. People should care more about their appearance.
C. It’s not sensible to go after brand-name clothing.
D. Styles change more quickly than necessary nowadays.
【答案】C
【解析】
【分析】
M: I can’t figure out why those youngsters are so crazy about brand-name clothing.
W: I feel the same way. It really doesn’t make sense when they know how quickly styles change nowadays.
Q: What does the woman mean?
【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

10.

A. The woman dreams of becoming a critic someday.
B. The woman is confident in the sales of her paintings.
C. The man doubts that the woman’s paintings will sell well.
D. The man is concerned about critics’ comments on the show.
【答案】D
【解析】
【分析】
W: I can’t believe this is really happening! The dream I’ve pursued so many years has finally come true.
M: Well, remember, we don’t know what the critics are going to write about your show yet. Their reviews are important for the sales of your paintings.
Q: What can we learn from the conversation?
【详解】此题为听力题，解析略。

Section B (15分)
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions are based on the following passage.

11.
A. They use types of fuel that are not allowed on land.
B. It takes more energy to move through water than over land.
C. Their engines are not as powerful as those of other vehicles.
D. They carry large numbers of passengers and vehicles as well.
12.
A. They are sometimes rude to other tourists
B. They don’t have meals in local restaurants.
C. They fill up the restaurants and make noise.
D. They complain when the city is too crowded.
13.
A. A new way of travelling.B. Reasons to ban cruise ships.
C. Measures against pollution.D. Problems caused by cruise ships.
【答案】11. A 12. B 13. D
【解析】
Cruises are becoming increasingly popular, with 20 million passengers a year enjoying holidays on board luxury ships. More people regard a cruise as a perfect way to sit back, doing nothing, and enjoy time off work. But what is the effect on the environment of this trend?
It usually takes less energy for a vehicle to move through water than over land, but cruise ships are often massive, with the biggest ones carrying 6,000 passengers, so moving cruise ships requires huge engines, burning 300,000 litres of fuel a day. Because they are out at sea, they burn dirtier fuel that isn’t allowed on land.
Cruises also produce huge amounts of rubbish. Cruise ships aren’t usually good at recycling. Waste water from showers and toilets is usually poured directly into the sea—as much per day as from a small town.
Cruise ships also cause difficulties in the cities where they stop. Popular destinations can get five or six ships a day, with thousands of tourists at a time. Restaurant owners complain the visitors look around for a few hours and then return to their ship to eat. Besides, the crowds can put off other tourists, who complain the streets are too busy. Some towns have banned cruise ships or put a limit on the number that can stop at the same time.
Questions:
Why do cruise ships cause a lot of air pollution?
Which of the following is true of the cruise ship passengers?
What is the passage mainly about?
【11题详解】
此题为听力题，解析略。
【12题详解】
此题为听力题，解析略。
【13题详解】
此题为听力题，解析略。

Questions are based on the following passage.

14.
A. To use an app to order meals.B. To know how to use a GPS signal.
C. To communicate with the robot properly.D. To pay extra money for the delivery.
15.
A. It can move on its two feet at a very fast speed.
B. It can identify the customers through its cameras.
C. 3G technology enables it to find the customers’ houses.
D. It was built by a European online take-away food company.
16.
A. The relationship between human and robot.B. The creative ways to use a robot.
C. The world’s newest invention and technology.D. A self-driving food-delivery robot.
【答案】14. A 15. C 16. D
【解析】
Europe’s biggest online take-away food company called Just Eat has made the first delivery of takeaways using a robot. Its advertisement shows a woman in London opens the door to find a six-wheeled robot delivering her online food order.
The company said it was the world’s first online food delivery using a robot, with a customer making an order through its app.
Instead of a person arriving at your door, you will receive a message on your cellphone, saying a robot is on its way and that a password will unlock the robot. When the robot arrives, put your password in. Then the robot opens up, and you will get your meal.
The robot was built by Starship Technologies. It’s equipped with nine cameras and movement sensors, which can send warnings. The robot can travel six kilometers per hour. It uses a GPS signal and nine cameras to stay away from obstacles. It is constantly connected to the Internet, using 3G technology to find its way to the customers’ addresses.
If someone tries to destroy the robot, or steal it, a human operator can immediately receive a message, talking directly to the wrongdoer and sending the police to the scene. Cameras on the robot can capture the wrongdoer’s face.
The robot delivery, costing $1 to transport within three miles, is cheaper than human delivery. London will have more robot deliveries in the coming months.
Questions:
What does a customer need to do to enjoy a robot’s delivery service?
Which of the following statements describes the robot correctly?
What is the passage mainly about?
【14题详解】
此题为听力题，解析略。
【15题详解】
此题为听力题，解析略。
【16题详解】
此题为听力题，解析略。

Questions are based on the following passage.

17.
A. The approach to getting good scores.B. The effectiveness of cramming.
C. The impact of a good night’s sleep on a test.D. The better way to prepare for a test.
18.
A. Join the woman in her study.B. Memorize everything on his notes.
C. Entertain himself and have fun.D. Skip lunch and hurry to the cinema.
19.
A. Organize a study group and quiz herself.
B. Get involved in the revision without rest
C. Review the materials earnestly as scheduled.
D. Focus on the chapters assigned by the teacher.
20.
A. Hardworking and focused.B. Energetic but easily distracted.
C. Score-oriented and efficient.D. Ambitious but readily discouraged.
【答案】17. D 18. C 19. C 20. A
【解析】
M: There you are. I’ve been looking everywhere for you.
W: Well, you found me.
M: What are you doing in the library?
W: I’m studying for our science test
M: But it’s not for another two weeks.
W: Exactly. I’m already behind in my review.
M: There’s still loads of time to prepare.
W: So you’re going to wait until the night before to study?
M: I am, because that’s when I learn what I need to know.
W: Memorizing everything the night before isn’t learning. That’s cramming, and you won’t keep the knowledge.
M: So? I only need to be able to recall the information for the test.
W: If you really want to learn, you have to review the material over a longer period of time.
M: Cramming works for me. All I care about is getting a good grade.
W: But you’re putting stress on yourself.
M: I don’t feel stressed. Anyway, I need pressure to study!
W: Really? You’re probably up most of the night cramming. A good night’s sleep before a test is important.
M: I may be sleepy, but I get a good test score. Anyway, who wants to study on a Saturday?
W: I do. That’s where we differ. I want to take every opportunity to prepare.
M: We still have two weeks You need to take a break. Let’s grab lunch and catch a movie.
W: Thanks, but I want to stay focused. It’s important that I study the entire day.
M: Wow, you are driven. But you need to eat.
W: I’ll grab something quick. I have my study time planned out with a few breaks.
M: How can you concentrate for such a long time?
W: Easy. I go over my class notes and vocabulary lists chapter by chapter and quiz myself.
M: That takes too much time. I can memorize everything in one night.
W: Good for you! You know? It’s very effective to study with friends. Why don’t you study with me for a while?
M: For me, studying isn’t urgent. I want to have fun. Thanks anyway. Enjoy the library.
W: Have a good day.
Questions:
What are the two speakers talking about?
What will the man do after the conversation?
What does the woman usually do before a test?
What can we learn about the woman from the conversation?
【17题详解】
此题为听力题，解析略。
【18题详解】
此题为听力题，解析略。
【19题详解】
此题为听力题，解析略。
【20题详解】
此题为听力题，解析略。

II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A (10分)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Eat healthier without quitting sugar
Not long ago, fat was regarded as the evil for a healthy diet. Before that it was salt. Now the sugar-free diet ____21____ (explode) onto the health scene —and seems to have topped many people’s list of New Year’s resolutions.
Sugar-free diets encourage people to avoid sweeteners such as honey, soft drinks and some fruits. Some also recommend ____22____ (restrict) dairy products. The diet’s advocates note that excessive sugar consumption may increase the risk of heart disease and some cancers. So many sugar-free followers avoid milk, yoghurt and cheese ______23______ the assumption that these products contain sugars.
It’s true we are swallowing too much of the sweet stuff, with the average American consuming around 20 teaspoons of ____24____ (add) sugar a day. But you don’t need ____25____ (quit) sugar for healthy eating. Quitting sugar is unlikely to improve your health any more than cutting down on over-processed foods and eating more vegetables.
Research shows dieting is not effective over the long term and can lead to greater weight gain over time. The brain interprets dieting and restriction as hunger, ____26____ causes the storage of fat. Besides, the sugar-free diet is confusing and imposes a set of rules that ____27____ (make) up without scientific evidence. Such a restrictive diet can create food fear or an unhealthy relationship with food. People who worry about food are more likely to diet. This may be ____28____they are worried about their weight, or about the impact certain nutrients have on their health.
Through series of experiments, ____29____ the researchers are certain about is that you can eat plenty of plants, enjoy whole grains and beans. Fruit is your friend, not your enemy. Most people could probably eat a little less sugar, a little ____30____ (often), but you don’t have to quit it for good to be healthy.
【答案】21. has exploded
22. restricting
23. due to/ owing to/ because of 24. added 25. to quit 26. which
27. are made/have been made 28. because 29. what
30. less often
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇议论文。无糖饮食已经爆炸式地进入健康领域，节食的倡导者认为过量的糖摄入可能会增加患心脏病和一些癌症的风险，所以一些人们避免吃甜食，一些人还建议不要吃乳制品。然而，研究表明，长期而言，节食是无效的，而且随着时间的推移，会导致体重增加。此外，无糖饮食令人困惑，并强加了一套没有科学证据的规则。这种限制性的饮食会造成对食物的恐惧或产生对食物不健康的看法。所以可以偶尔少吃一点糖，但不必为了健康而放弃糖。
【21题详解】
考查现在完成时。句意：现在，无糖饮食已经在健康领域炸开了锅，而且似乎已经成为许多人新年计划的首选。分析句意可知，本句为现在完成时，主语为sugar-free diet ，所以谓语为has exploded。故填has exploded。
【22题详解】
考查动名词。句意：一些人还建议限制奶制品的摄入。recommend doing sth“建议做某事”为固定短语。故填restricting.
【23题详解】
考查介词短语。句意：很多无糖的追随者不吃牛奶、酸奶和奶酪，由于他们认为这些产品含有糖分。分析句意可知，由于很多无糖的追随者认为这些产品含有糖分，所以他们不吃牛奶、酸奶和奶酪。所以空处填due to/ owing to/ because of“由于” ，其中to/of为介词后接名词assumption作宾语。故填due to/ owing to/ because of。
【24题详解】
考查形容词。句意：的确，我们正在吞下太多的甜食，平均每个美国人每天大约消耗20茶匙的添加糖。这里指的是被添加的糖，所以用ed结尾的形容词修饰名词。added“添加的”为形容词修饰名词sugar。故填 added。
【25题详解】
考查动词不定式。句意：但是你不需要为了健康的饮食而停止吃糖。need to do sth“需要做某事”为固定短语。故填 to quit .
【26题详解】
考查关系代词。句意：大脑将节食和对事物的限制解读为饥饿，这会导致脂肪的储存。分析句子可知，本句为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which代替前面的整个句子，作后面定语从句的主语。故填which .
【27题详解】
考查一般现在时的被动语态/现在完成时的被动语态。句意：此外，无糖饮食令人困惑，并强加了一套没有科学依据的规则。分析句子可知， a set of rules 为先行词，在后面的定语从句中作主语。且与谓语make为被动。分析句意可知，本句为一般现在时/现在完成时。故填are made/have been made。
【28题详解】
考查从属连词。句意：这可能是因为他们担心自己的体重，或者担心某些营养物质会对健康产生影响。分析句子可知，本句为表语从句。分析句意可知，空处缺少表示原因的连接词，所以空处填because。故填 because。
【29题详解】
考查连接代词。句意：通过一系列的实验，研究人员确定的是，你可以吃大量的绿色食品，享受全谷物和豆类食物。分析句子可知，本句为主语从句，about为介词，缺少宾语，所以用what作about的宾语。故填what 。
【30题详解】
考查副词比较级。句意：大多数人可以偶尔吃一点糖，但你不必为了健康而戒掉它。由“a little less sugar”可知，大多数人可以少吃一点糖，但不要经常吃糖。所以用often比较级的否定形式，less often。故填less often。
【点睛】定语从句的关系词的选择可考虑以下三点：
(1) 一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等)。
(2) 二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why)；
(3) 三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。
分析小题6的句子可知，本句为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which代替前面的整个句子，作后面定语从句的主语。故填which .

Section B (10分)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.

The United Nations’ series of “language days” are designed to promote the use of the six official languages of the UN as well as to celebrate cultural and linguistic diversity (语言多样性). Chinese Language Day is the 20th April. It’s a time chosen to fit in with the Chinese____31____ of Guyu (古语), which honours Cangjie—the four-eyed ____32____ figure who is traditionally understood to have created Chinese characters in the time of the Yellow Emperor, 5000 years ago.
Mandarin (普通话) is the most-spoken language in the world, with over 1.5 billion speakers. When most people think of “Chinese”, it is Mandarin that they are ____33____. But Mandarin Chinese is far from the only variant of the Chinese language—or the only language spoken in China. In fact, there are a great number of Chinese languages. Remember—this is a country which is both very large and very, very old. Different regions are within the ____34____ expanse of territory, that is, China can be ____35____ not only by great distances but also by broadly geographical features such as mountain ranges.
It is hard to guess how many dialects actually exist. In general, dialects can be ____36____ classified into one of the seven large groups: Putonghua (Mandarin), Gan, Kejia (Hakka), Min, Wu, Xiang, and Yue (Cantonese). Each language group contains a large number of dialects.
Understanding the situation is ____37____ by the fact that, while many Chinese people in different geographical areas of the country may not understand each other when they speak their regional dialect, they may share the same written language even if their pronunciation of different characters within that language may____38____.
A ____39____ feature across all Chinese languages is tone. For instance, Mandarin has four tones and Cantonese has six tones. Tone, in terms of language, is the pitch (音高) in which syllables (音节) in words are spoken. In Chinese, different words ____40____ different keys. Some words even have pitch variations in one single syllable.
【答案】31. D 32. H 33. A 34. F 35. B 36. G 37. E 38. C 39. K 40. J
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了中国“汉语日”的由来，并介绍了普通话远非汉语的唯一变体。除了普通话还有多种方言。但声调是所有汉语语言的一个显著特征。
【31题详解】
考查名词。句意：这是一个适合庆祝中国古语的时候，古语是为了纪念仓颉，仓颉是一个长有四只眼睛的神话人物，人们通常认为他在5000年前的黄帝时代创造了汉字。由“Chinese Language Day is the 20th April”可知，汉语日在4月20日。这是一个与中国古语庆典相适应的时期。Chinese为形容词，修饰名词celebration“庆祝活动”。故填D.
【32题详解】
考查形容词。句意：这是一个适合庆祝中国古语的时候，古语是为了纪念仓颉，仓颉是一个长有四只眼睛的神话人物，人们通常认为他在5000年前的黄帝时代创造了汉字。由“four-eyed ”可知，仓颉是长着四肢眼的神话人物。mythical“神话的”为形容词修饰名词figure。故填H.
【33题详解】
考查动词。句意：当大多数人想到汉语时，他们想到的是普通话。分析句子可知，Mandarin为先行词，作后面定语从句的宾语。定语从句为现在进行时。所以填picturing“想象”。故填A.
【34题详解】
考查形容词。句意：中国幅员辽阔，地域不同，不但被遥远的地域跨度分隔，而且还被广阔的地理特征所分隔，如山脉。本空应填形容词来修饰名词expanse,分析句意可知，空处应填形容词vast“广阔的”来修饰名词expanse。故填F.
【35题详解】
考查一般现在时的被动语态。句意：中国幅员辽阔，地域不同，不但被遥远的地域跨度分隔，而且被广泛的地理特征所分隔，如山脉。be separated by “被分隔”符合句意。故填B.
【36题详解】
考查副词。句意：一般来说，方言可以大致分为七大类：普通话、赣语、客家语、闽语、吴语、湘语和粤语。roughly“大致”为副词修饰形容词classified。故填G.
【37题详解】
考查形容词。句意：理解这种情况是复杂的，由于许多生活在中国不同地理区域的中国人在说他们的方言时可能彼此听不懂，即使他们在该语言中不同汉字的发音可能不同，但他们可能使用相同的书面语言。分析句子可知，本句为主系表结构。分析句意可知，空处填complicated“复杂的”。故填E.
【38题详解】
考查动词。句意：理解这种情况是复杂的，由于许多生活在中国不同地理区域的中国人在说他们的方言时可能彼此听不懂，即使他们在该语言中不同汉字的发音可能不同，但他们可能使用相同的书面语言。may为情态动词后接动词原形。分析句意空处填vary“变化”。故填C.
【39题详解】
考查形容词。句意：声调是所有汉语的一个显著特征。distinguishing“有区别的”为形容词修饰名词feature。且符合句意。故填K.
【40题详解】
考查动词。句意：在汉语中，不同汉字强调不同的声调。空处缺少谓语。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时。主语为different words,所以谓语为stress“强调”，且符合句意。故填J.

III. Reading Comprehension
Section A (15分)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
When Elinor Ostrom won the Nobel Prize for her research on economic governance in 2009, it was the first (and so far, the only) time a woman won a Nobel for Economics. That prize has ___41___ for nearly 50 years. We don’t do a great job of recognizing women’s contributions to science and innovation. My colleagues and I wondered: Is one of the reasons why women are more likely to ___42___ science than men because they don’t receive the same recognition?
To understand how ___43___ shapes women’s motivation to remain in science, we first had to get a good measure of the motivations. We sought to first study a highly visible ___44___, prizes, because large prizes tend to be understood and appreciated by the broader public, and they also influence those who make decisions about scientific ___45___ and other financial support.
Our study focused on prizes in the biomedical sciences. If we’re going to find ___46___ anywhere in science, it would be in this field. Women have entered biomedicine in equal numbers to men since the early 2000s. ___47___ this, of all Nobels awarded to women, a full two-thirds have been for biomedical research. Our ___48___ was simple: we documented all biomedical research prizes we could find over the past five decades. We also considered the financial awards and importance associated with the prizes, as indicators of their ___49___. Then we measured the percentage of prizes won by women and the association between gender and prize quality.
Our initial results highlighted overall___50___ news: the proportion of biomedical prizes awarded to women has risen steadily. But when we looked at the association between gender and quality of prizes awarded, we observed a major difference: on average, women scientists win prizes associated with less money and importance than men do. Importantly, our further research suggests that there’s no ___51___ that the quality or value of women-led research is any lower than that of men, as measured by citations (引用) per article, productivity, or width of research topics studied. ___52___, women are catching up in terms of number of prizes won, but still fall significantly behind in regard to the importance and monetary awards associated with the prizes.
The bottom line: while on the surface it may appear that the gender gap has somewhat___53___ when it comes to science prizes, great injustice is hidden just below. The problem likely ___54___ beyond the borders of science. In business, for example, prizes and funding for new technology and innovation may follow a similar pattern, helping to explain the phenomenon observed for female entrepreneurs, again ___55___ by research. This is something worth examining in greater depth.
41. A. remainedB. awardedC. existedD. established
42. A. leaveB. doubtC. questionD. suspect
43. A. contributionB. recognitionC. resolutionD. promotion
44. A. indicatorB. substanceC. confirmationD. compliment
45. A. experimentsB. innovationC. studyD. grants
46.
A. gender equalityB. research prospects
C. innovation patternsD. government control
47. A. In line withB. Contrary toC. Compared withD. In case of
48. A. conceptB. outcomeC. requirementD. approach
49. A. improvementB. qualityC. accomplishmentD. reputation
50. A. vagueB. suddenC. goodD. fundamental
51. A. descriptionB. evidenceC. documentD. comparison
52. A. ThereforeB. HoweverC. InsteadD. Nevertheless
53. A. highlightedB. eliminatedC. strengthenedD. narrowed
54. A. dominatesB. extendsC. overtakesD. justifies
55. A. turned outB. taken onC. backed upD. held up
【答案】41. C 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. D 46. A 47. A 48. D 49. B 50. C 51. B 52. A 53. D 54. B 55. C
【解析】
这是一篇议论文。诺贝尔经济学奖已经存在近50年，2009年，埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆因其经济治理研究获得诺贝尔奖，这是第一次诺贝尔经济学奖由女性获得。作者很想知道女性比男性更有可能离开科学界的原因之一，是不是因为她们没有得到同样的认可?对此作者进行了研究调查，研究表明，女性主导的研究的质量或价值不低于男性，在获奖数量方面，女性正在迎头赶上，但在重要性和与奖项相关的奖金方面，妇女仍然大大落后。表面上看，性别差距在科学奖上有所缩小，但下面隐藏着巨大的不公正。
【41题详解】
考查动词辨析。A. remained留下；B. awarded授予；C. existed存在；D. established建立。句意：这个奖项已经存在了将近50年。由前文可知，2009年，埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆因其经济治理研究获得诺贝尔奖，这是已经存在近50年诺贝尔经济学奖，第一次诺贝尔经济学奖由女性获得。所以exist“存在”符合句意。故C选项切题。
【42题详解】
考查动词辨析。A. leave离开；B. doubt怀疑；C. question 询问；D. suspect怀疑。句意：我和我的同事们想知道:女性比男性更有可能远离科学界的原因之一，是不是因为她们没有得到同样的认可?。由“because they don’t receive the same recognition”她们没有得到同样的认可,所以导致她们远离科学领域。故A选项切题。
【43题详解】
考查名词辨析。A. contribution贡献；B. recognition 认识；C. resolution决议；D. promotion提升。句意：为了理解认知如何塑造女性留在科学领域的动机，我们首先必须对动机有一个很好的衡量。由前文“the same recognition”可知，作者和作者的同事们想知道:女性比男性更有可能远离科学界的原因之一，是不是因为她们没有得到同样的认可?，所以作者要研究认知如何塑造女性留在科学领域的动机。故B选项切题。
【44题详解】
考查名词辨析。A. indicator指标；B. substance物质；C. confirmation确定；D. compliment赞美。句意：我们试图首先研究一个高度可见的指标——奖励，因为大的奖励往往会被更广泛的公众所理解和欣赏，而且它们也会影响那些决定科学资助和其他财政支持的人。奖励是研究的一个指标，以及下文“indicators of their quality”质量指标，可以判断出indicator符合句意。故A选项切题。
【45题详解】
考查名词辨析。A. experiments实验；B. innovation 革新；C. study研究；D. grants拨款。句意：我们试图首先研究一个高度可见的指标——奖励，因为大的奖励往往会被更广泛的公众所理解和欣赏，而且它们也会影响那些决定科学资助和其他财政支持的人。由“ other financial support.”可知，and并列连接的是决定科学资助和其他财政支持的人。故D选项切题。
【46题详解】
考查名词短语辨析。A. gender equality性别平等；B. research prospects 研究前景；C. innovation patterns 创新模式；D. government control 政府控制。句意：如果我们要在科学领域找到性别平等，那一定是在这个领域。由下文“Women have entered biomedicine in equal numbers to men since the early 2000s.”可知21世纪初以来，女性进入生物医学领域的人数与男性持平。所以如果我们要在科学领域找到性别平等，那一定是在这个领域。故A选项切题。
【47题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。A. In line with跟…一致；B. Contrary to 与相反；C. Compared with与比较；D. In case of 假如。句意：与此一致的是，在所有授予女性的诺贝尔奖中，有三分之二是在生物医学研究领域。由前文可知，女性进入生物医学领域的人数与男性持平。所以与此一致的是在所有授予女性的诺贝尔奖中，有三分之二是在生物医学研究领域。故In line with“跟…一致”符合句意。故A选项切题。
【48题详解】
考查名词辨析。A. concept概念；B. outcome结果；C. requirement；要求D. approach方法。句意：我们的方法很简单:我们记录下了过去50年里我们能找到的所有生物医学研究奖项。由“we documented all biomedical research prizes we could find over the past five decades”可知，我们记录下了过去50年里我们能找到的所有生物医学研究奖项。所以这是研究所采取的方法。故D选项切题。
【49题详解】
考查名词辨析。A. improvement提高；B. quality质量；C. accomplishment完成；D. reputation名誉。句意：我们还考虑了与奖金相关的财务奖励和重要性，作为其质量的指标。由“ prize quality.”可知，作者还考虑了与奖金相关的财务奖励和重要性，作为其质量的指标。故B选项切题。
【50题详解】
考查形容词辨析。A. vague 含 糊 的；B. sudden突然的；C. good好的；D. fundamental基本的。句意：我们的初步结果突出了整体的好消息:女性获得生物医学奖项的比例稳步上升。由“he proportion of biomedical prizes awarded to women has risen steadily.”可知，女性获得生物医学奖项的比例稳步上升。所以这是好的消息。故C选项切题。
【51题详解】
考查名词辨析。A. description描写；B. evidence证据；C. document文件；D. comparison比较。句意：更重要的是，我们的进一步研究表明，没有证据表明女性主导的研究的质量或价值低于男性，这是以每篇文章的引用、生产率或研究课题的广度来衡量的。研究是要靠证据得出结论。所以there is no evidence that意为“没有证据证明……”符合句意。B选项切题。
【52题详解】
考查副词辨析。A. Therefore因此；B. However然而；C. Instead而不是；D. Nevertheless尽管如此。句意：因此，在获奖数量方面，女性正在迎头赶上，但在重要性和与奖项相关的奖金方面，妇女仍然大大落后。分析句意可知，前后句子为承接关系，所以Therefore符合句意。故A选项切题。
【53题详解】
考查动词辨析。A. highlighted强调；B. eliminated消除；C. strengthened加强；D. narrowed变窄。句意：从表面上看，性别差距似乎有所缩小，但在科学奖方面，巨大的不公正却隐藏在下面。narrow the gap“缩小差距”符合句意。故D选项切题。
【54题详解】
考查动词辨析。A. dominates支配；B. extends延伸；C. overtakes追上；D. justifies 证明…正确。句意：这个问题可能超出了科学的范围。由“ beyond the borders of science.”可知，超出了科学的范围。所以动词extend符合句意。故B选项切题。
【55题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。 A. turned out结果；B. taken on呈现；C. backed up后退，支持；D. held up阻挡。句意：例如，在商业领域，对新技术和创新的奖励和资助可能遵循类似的模式，这有助于解释女性企业家的现象，这一现象再次得到了研究的支持。由“ In business, for example, prizes and funding for new technology and innovation may follow a similar pattern,”可知，在商业领域，对新技术和创新的奖励和资助可能遵循类似的模式。所以商业领域同科学领域都遵循类似的模式，这一现象再次得到了研究的支持。故C选项切题。

Section B (22分)
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
“The history of the world is but the biography (传记) of great men,” argued Thomas Carlyle, the advocate of what has come to be known as the “Great Man Theory of History.” This theory suggests that the broader movements and outline of history all go back to the leadership of great individuals who had unique influence on their times. Whether or not Carlyle’s theory proves true is debatable, but that certain individuals cast long shadows is not.
As one who is entrusted with a leadership position, I find it profitable to read of others who have led. Wherever you find me, you’ll likely find a good biography nearby. Why is this the case? First, I find good biographies fascinating. I’ll occasionally read a novel, but I’ve never been overly drawn to fiction. I have found myself unable to sleep while in the struggle of the Battle of Britain in William Manchester’s The Last Lion. For me, not to read biographies would rob me of pleasure in my life.
Second, I find good biographies informative. A good biographer tells not only the story of a person, but also of their times. Reading a good biography is like wandering through an intellectual shopping mall. The first store is what drew you there, but you will be pleasantly surprised along the way at what other items grab your attention. You’ll find no better account of the British Empire at its peak than the opening chapters of Manchester’s Visions of Glory, volume one of his The Last Lion. Strictly speaking, a biography is but a slice of history.
Third, I find good biographies relaxing. Winston Churchill once noted a man who works with his hands should have a hobby that engages his mind, and a man who works with his mind should have a hobby that engages his hands. Another way to apply Churchill’s saying is to combine technical, pen-in-hand vocational reading with leisurely biographical reading. Indeed, few things are more relaxing to me than winding down the evening and entering into another world.
This is why I love reading good biographies, and why I pity the person who neglects them. Don’t be counted among their number.
56. What is implied in the first paragraph?
A. The author finds Carlyle’s theory undebatable.
B. Carlyle believes great men alone cannot create history.
C. It is debatable whether one should read great men’s biographies.
D. The author agrees that history is greatly influenced by certain men.
57. What does the underlined phrase “other items” in the third paragraph refer to?
A. good biographiesB. stories of certain times
C. the volumes of The Last LionD. the chapters of the British Empire
58. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The author considers biographical reading enjoyable.
B. The author can travel to another world in the evening.
C. The author has fought many battles during his lifetime.
D. The author profits commercially by reading biographies.
59. What is the author’s main purpose in writing the article?
A. To analyze the benefits of vocational reading.
B. To introduce to readers his unique reading strategies.
C. To present great men’s history through biography reading.
D. To recommend biography reading through his own experiences.
【答案】56. D 57. B 58. A 59. D
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇议论文，作者阐述了喜欢读好的传记的原因。
【56题详解】
推理判断题。由第一段“This theory suggests that the broader movements and outline of history all go back to the leadership of great individuals who had unique influence on their times”可知，这一理论表明，更广泛的历史运动和轮廓都可以追溯到对其时代有独特影响的伟大人物的领导。所以通过第一段的关键词“go back to，had unique influence on their times”，判断出第一段暗示了作者同意历史受某些人的影响很大。故D选项正确。
【57题详解】
词义猜测题。由第三段“A good biographer tells not only the story of a person, but also of their times. Reading a good biography is like wandering through an intellectual shopping mall. The first store is what drew you there, but you will be pleasantly surprised along the way at what other items grab your attention. ”可知，一个好的传记作家不仅讲述一个人的故事，而且还在讲述他们所处的时代。读一本好的传记就像漫步在一个充满智慧的购物中心。第一家商店吸引了你，但你会惊喜地发现，还有其它的商品吸引了你的注意力。所以作者把读好的传记比喻成购物，将历史人物和某个时期的历史故事比喻成商店的商品。故判断出第三段划线的“other items”指的是某个时期的故事。故B选项正确。
【58题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段“For me, not to read biographies would rob me of pleasure in my life”以及第三段“ Indeed, few things are more relaxing to me than winding down the evening and entering into another world.”可知，对我来说，不读传记会剥夺我生活的乐趣。的确，没有什么事情比悠闲地度过夜晚，进入另一个世界更令我放松。所以作者认为传记阅读令人愉快。故A选项“作者认为传记阅读令人愉快”是正确的。故A选项正确。
【59题详解】
推理判断题。由第二段“First, I find good biographies fascinating.”第三段“Second, I find good biographies informative.”第四段“Third, I find good biographies relaxing.” 以及最后段“This is why I love reading good biographies, and why I pity the person who neglects them. Don’t be counted among their number.”可知，首先，我觉得好的传记很吸引人。我发现好的传记信息丰富。我发现好的传记让人放松。这就是为什么我喜欢读好的传记，以及为什么我同情忽视它们的人。不要成为那些不读传记的人群的一员。可知，作者通过自己的经历阐述了自己喜欢读好的传记的原因目的是推荐人们读传记。故D选项正确。
【点睛】抓住特定信息进行逆向或者正向推理。做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
由第一段“This theory suggests that the broader movements and outline of history all go back to the leadership of great individuals who had unique influence on their times”可知，这一理论表明，更广泛的历史运动和历史大纲都可以追溯到伟大人物的领导，他们对自己的时代有着独特的影响。所以通过第一段的关键词“go back to，had unique influence on their times”，判断出第一段暗示了作者同意历史受某些人的影响很大。故小题2的正确选项为B选项。

(B)

Use your domestic plan when you travel in over 100 countries for $10 a day. Add International Day Pass to your existing plan before you go, then follow these tips to help manage costs and make the most of your travels:
How it works

While abroad, if you make or accept a call, listen to a voicemail, send a text, or use data, you will be automatically charged $10 for 24-hour access to your domestic plan. During that period you can:
• Use your domestic plan data to email, post on social media, translate languages and more.
• Make unlimited calls to countries included in International Day Pass.
• Send unlimited texts to the world.
How to help manage costs
• If you are outside of a 24-hour access period and you don’t want to use your phone, turn off data roaming (漫游) to avoid being charged $10 accidentally.
• Save data by connecting Wi-Fi, especially if you download, or send and receive large files.


Note: INTERNATIONAL DAY PASS: Coverage not available in all areas. Int’l Day Pass may be removed if international talk, text, or data use exceeds (超过) 50% of your total talk, text, or data use for two months.
60. With the AT&T International Day Pass, ___________.
A. one can make unlimited calls to any country for $10 a day
B. the phone will automatically turn on Cellular Data Roaming
C. the phone calling can enjoy a favorable price, saving your cost
D. one can save money by using WiFi to download or send large files
61. According to the travel tips, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Without International Day Pass, one cannot make phone calls back to the US.
B. $10 will be automatically charged if roaming remains turned on after 24 hours.
C. Pay-per-use will apply when one forgets to remove the International Day Pass.
D. The Pass will be removed if the use of data exceeds the average monthly amount.
62. Which of the following groups of people might be in the greatest need of the AT&T International Day Pass?
A. People who have settled abroad.
B. People who work in AT&T overseas offices.
C. People who have relatives in foreign countries.
D. People who make frequent business trips abroad.
【答案】60. C 61. B 62. D
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了“国际日卡”的使用规则以及怎么帮助你在国外打电话时享受优惠，节省您的成本以及使用时的注意事项。
【60题详解】
细节理解题。由第一段“ Add International Day Pass to your existing plan before you go, then follow these tips to help manage costs and make the most of your travels”可知，在出发之前，在你现有的计划中加入“国际日卡”，然后遵循以下建议来帮助你管理成本，充分利用你的旅行。以及下文对于管理成本的具体说明。都在说明有了“国际日卡”，打电话可以享受优惠的价格，节省您的成本。故C选项正确。
【61题详解】
细节理解题。由How to help manage costs中的“If you are outside of a 24-hour access period and you don’t want to use your phone, turn off data roaming (漫游) to avoid being charged $10 accidentally.”可知，如果您在24小时访问期之外，不想使用手机，请关闭数据漫游，以避免意外收取10美元的费用。所以如果24小时后仍使用漫游，将自动收取10美元。故B选项“如果24小时后仍使用漫游，将自动收取10美元”正确。故B选项正确。
【62题详解】
推理判断题。由第一段“Use your domestic plan when you travel in over 100 countries for $10 a day. Add International Day Pass to your existing plan before you go, then follow these tips to help manage costs and make the most of your travels”可知，当你在100多个国家旅行时一天花费10美元，请使用你的国内计划。在出发之前，在你现有的计划中加入“国际日卡”，然后遵循以下建议来帮助你管理成本，充分利用你的旅行。所以“国际日卡”适合经常出国旅游的人。故判断出D选项“经常到国外出差的人”最可能需要International Day Pass。故D选项正确。
【点睛】根据事物的定义或者对事物总体的概括，从而判断出哪些具体事物或者具体的实践应该属于定义的范围或者是概括的范围是我们经常见到的推理判断题的题型。要解决这样的判断题，首先要讲对事物的定义或者对事物的总体概括要读清楚，然后根据对比4个选项，哪个选项在定义或者概括范围内的。哪个就是正确的答案。
由第一段“Use your domestic plan when you travel in over 100 countries for $10 a day. Add International Day Pass to your existing plan before you go, then follow these tips to help manage costs and make the most of your travels”可知，当你每天花费10美元在100多个国家旅行时，使用你的国内计划。在出发之前，在你现有的计划中加入“国际日卡”，然后遵循以下建议来帮助你管理成本，充分利用你的旅行。所以“国际日卡”适合经常出国旅游的人。故判断出D选项“经常到国外出差的人”最可能需要“国际日卡”。故第3小题的选项为D选项。

(C)
Escaping predators (食肉动物), digestion and other animal activities—including those of humans—require oxygen. But that essential ingredient is no longer so easy for marine life to obtain, several new studies reveal.
In the past decade ocean oxygen levels have taken a dive—an alarming trend that is linked to climate change, says Andreas Oschlies, an oceanographer at the Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research in Germany, whose team tracks ocean oxygen levels worldwide. “We were surprised by the intensity of the changes we saw, how rapidly oxygen is going down in the ocean and how large the effects on marine ecosystems are,” he says. It is no surprise to scientists that warming oceans are losing oxygen, but the scale of the drop calls for urgent attention. Oxygen levels in some tropical (热带的) regions have dropped by an astonishing 40 percent in the last 50 years, some recent studies reveal. Levels have dropped less significantly elsewhere, with an average loss of 2 percent globally.
A warming ocean loses oxygen for two reasons: First, the warmer a liquid becomes, the less gas it can hold. That is why carbonated drinks go flat faster when left in the sun. Second, as polar sea ice melts, it forms a layer of water above colder, more salty sea waters. This process creates a sort of lid that can keep currents from mixing surface water down to deeper depths. And because all oxygen enters the surface, less mixing means less of it at depth.
Ocean animals large and small, however, respond to even slight changes in oxygen by seeking refuge in higher oxygen zones or by adjusting behavior, Oschlies and others in his field have found. These adjustments can expose animals to new predators or force them into food-scarce regions. Climate change already poses serious problems for marine life, such as ocean acidification, but deoxygenation is the most pressing issue facing sea animals today, Oschlies says. After all, he says, “they all have to breathe.”
Aside from food web problems, animals face various other physiological challenges as their bodies adjust to lower oxygen levels. Chinese shrimp (虾) move their tails less vigorously to preserve energy in lower oxygen environments. Some creatures, such as jellyfishes, are more tolerant of low oxygen than others are. But all animals will feel the impact of deoxygenation because they all have evolved their oxygen capacity for a reason, says Oschlies. “Any drop in oxygen is going to damage survivability and performance,” he says.
63. According to the first two paragraphs, what worries scientists the most?
A. The worsening deoxygenation in the warming ocean.
B. The survival of predators and various marine animals.
C. The alarmingly changeable oxygen levels in the ocean.
D. The lack of attention to the warming of tropical oceans.
64. Which of the following is a reason for the oxygen loss in the ocean?
A. Polar ice melting consumes much oxygen in the ocean.
B. Global warming reduces the amount of oxygen in the air.
C. The surface polar ice water prevents oxygen going down.
D. Salty water holds less gas in the increasingly warmer ocean.
65. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Ocean deoxygenation changes some animals’ natural territories.
B. Ocean acidification is more serious a problem than deoxygenation.
C. Not all ocean animals are bothered by the decreasing oxygen levels.
D. Some animals reduce their movements in order to absorb more oxygen.
66. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A. The Oxygen Levels of Marine LifeB. Ocean Warming Affects Food Web
C. The Survivability of Ocean AnimalsD. The Ocean Is Running Out of Breath
【答案】63. A 64. C 65. A 66. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。短文说明了海洋氧含量下降是一个与气候变化有关的令人担忧的趋势。文章还介绍了海洋氧含量下降的原因以及对海洋生物的影响和对其生存的威胁。
【63题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段“It is no surprise to scientists that warming oceans are losing oxygen, but the scale of the drop calls for urgent attention. Oxygen levels in some tropical (热带的) regions have dropped by an astonishing 40 percent in the last 50 years, some recent studies reveal. Levels have dropped less significantly elsewhere, with an average loss of 2 percent globally.”可知，对于科学家来说，变暖的海洋正在失去氧气并不奇怪，但这种下降的规模需要紧急关注。一些最近的研究表明，在过去的50年里，一些热带地区的氧气含量下降了惊人的40%。其他地区的降幅较小，全球平均降幅为2%。所以根据前两段，科学家最担心的是变暖的海洋中日益恶化的脱氧现象。故A选项正确。
【64题详解】
细节理解题。由第三段“ as polar sea ice melts, it forms a layer of water above colder, more salty sea waters. This process creates a sort of lid that can keep currents from mixing surface water down to deeper depths. And because all oxygen enters the surface, less mixing means less of it at depth.”可知，当极地海冰融化时，它会在更冷、更咸的海水上形成一层水。这个过程会形成一种冰盖，它可以防止水流将地表水混合到海洋更深的深度。因为所有的氧气都进入了表面，所以较少的与海洋水的混合意味着更深的海洋含氧量更少。所以表面的极地冰水阻止氧气下沉是海洋缺氧的原因之一。故C选项正确。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。由倒数第二段“Ocean animals large and small, however, respond to even slight changes in oxygen by seeking refuge in higher oxygen zones or by adjusting behavior, Oschlies and others in his field have found. These adjustments can expose animals to new predators or force them into food-scarce regions. ”可知，然而，Oschlies和他所在领域的其他人发现，无论大小，海洋动物对氧气的微小变化都有反应，它们在较高的含氧区寻求庇护，或是调整行为。这些调整可能使动物暴露在新的掠食者面前，或迫使它们进入食物匮乏的地区。所以海洋中氧含量减少迫使动物离开自己的栖息地，去氧气含量较高的地区寻求庇护。故判断出海洋脱氧改变了一些动物的自然领地。故A选项正确。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，短文说明了海洋氧含量下降是一个与气候变化有关的令人担忧的趋势，海洋氧含量下降的原因以及对海洋生物的影响和对其生存的威胁。所以短文主要是围绕着海洋氧含量下降而展开的。故短文的最佳标题为“海洋快喘不过气来了”符合题意。故D选项正确。

Section C (8分)
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Decades of research has demonstrated how junior employees benefit from being mentored (指导). Guidance from senior colleagues has also been shown to enhance mentees’ job performance and satisfaction. _______67_______
We were especially interested in understanding how mentoring might help mentors who work in stressful occupations. Mental health is a growing concern within occupations that play important social roles, such as medical professionals, firefighters, and police officers. And because policing is one of the most stressful occupations, with high levels of mental health and well-being difficulties, we conducted a study of a formal mentoring program in an English police force.
_______68_______ It was designed to support the development of junior officers by giving them a way to discuss concerns and receive guidance. Our study involved two parts. First, we conducted a field experiment: we compared the mental health of 17 mentor-mentee pairs to a control group of 18 pairs of senior and junior officers that did not participate in the program. Second, we interviewed both the mentees and their mentors separately.
Our experiment results showed that people who served as mentors experienced lower levels of anxiety, and described their job as more meaningful, than those who did not mentor. We learned from our interviews that mentoring afforded senior officers, as well as junior officers, a chance to discuss and reflect on concerns. _______69_______By acknowledging that these anxieties were common, both mentees and mentors grew more comfortable in discussing them and in sharing different coping mechanisms.
Why does mentoring have this impact on mentors? _______70_______ Despite the pressures that comes with their roles — including abuse, difficult decision making, and the risk of death — police officers tend not to seek support from other officers, including more senior colleagues. This is to avoid negative stigma, a shameful reputation, associated with mental health disorders. Mentoring thereby offered a way to build trust within a relationship that laid a foundation for open and honest communication of sensitive topics.
A. We believe it offers a way to receive support that is often lacking.
B. The mentoring program was launched in 2013 in one of the police forces in England and Wales.
C. Formal mentoring programs provide an opportunity to encourage the discussion of difficult and sensitive topics.
D. However, what we are wondering is why mentoring has such great impact on mentors as well as mentees.
E. Mentors heard their mentees’ accounts of anxiety and realized these feelings — which they also shared — were common.
F. We know far less, however, about how mentoring might benefit mentors themselves.
【答案】67. F 68. B 69. E 70. A
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。短文通过实验说明了，在对别人的指导过程中，不但使被指导人受益，而且使指导人也很受益。
【67题详解】
由第一段“Decades of research has demonstrated how junior employees benefit from being mentored (指导). Guidance from senior colleagues has also been shown to enhance mentees’ job performance and satisfaction. ”可知，几十年的研究已经证明了初级员工如何从被指导中获益。来自资深同事的指导也被证明可以提高学员的工作表现和满意度。所以小题1要与前面的句子形成转折关系，以此来表明自己的观点。故F选项“然而，我们对指导如何使指导者受益知之甚少”符合句意。故F选项切题。
【68题详解】
由第二段“And because policing is one of the most stressful occupations, with high levels of mental health and well-being difficulties, we conducted a study of a formal mentoring program in an English police force.”可知，由于警察巡务是压力最大的职业之一，心理健康和幸福方面的困难程度很高，我们对英国警方的一个正式辅导项目进行了研究。所以小题2要承接上文来说明辅导计划开始的时间和地点。故B选项“辅导计划于2013年在英格兰和威尔士的一支警察部队中启动”符合句意。故B选项切题。
【69题详解】
由第四段“By acknowledging that these anxieties were common, both mentees and mentors grew more comfortable in discussing them and in sharing different coping mechanisms.”通过承认这些焦虑是普遍存在的，学员和导师在讨论这些问题和分享不同的应对机制时都变得更加自在。所以小题3要与下一句一同在说明担任导师的人比没有导师的人焦虑程度更低的原因。故E选项“导师们听到了学员们对焦虑的描述，并意识到他们也有相同的感受，这种焦虑感是普遍存在的”符合句意。故E选项切题。
【70题详解】
由第五段“Why does mentoring have this impact on mentors?”可知，为什么辅导对导师有这样的影响？所以小题4是对上一句的回答。故A选项“我们认为，它提供了一种获得经常缺乏的支持的方式”符合句意。故A选型正确。

IV. Summary writing (10分)
71.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
An international team of researchers found employees who endure what is known as “abusive supervision” are more likely to behave poorly on purpose by messing up tasks, arriving late, taking long breaks and putting in minimal effort.
The authors of the study, published in the Journal of Management, sought to answer why horrible bosses make employees less willing to show what is known as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), or commitment to the company outside of their contractual obligations. That could include helping colleagues or volunteering for unusual work hours. They also assessed its effect on a worker’s tendency to harm the organization, by displaying counterproductive (反作用的) work behavior (CWB).
To find out more, and uncover which negative outcome bullying (欺凌) behavior is more likely to cause, researchers from Southwestern University of Finance and Economics in China, Renmin University of China and Swinburne University of Technology in Australia cooperated and analyzed 427 existing studies. They found workers acted out either because they felt they were being treated unfairly in the workplace, or felt stressed and this affected their ability to perform as expected. An employee who felt they were a victim of injustice tended more towards reluctance to show OCB. Stressed workers, meanwhile, were more associated with CWB.
Employers who worried supervisors are affecting productivity can take steps to ease issues by regularly training managers, introducing policies which cope with workplace injustices and helping workers to deal with stress.
This is not the first study to suggest unkind practices can affect the well-being of workers. The paper follows a study published in the European Heart Journal last year, which showed employees who suffer bullying are more likely to develop heart diseases than those who aren’t. Bullying and violence are common at workplaces and those exposed to these stressors are at higher risk.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Researchers find that bosses’ bullying behavior contributes to employees’ deliberate bad job performance. They confirm its impact on their well-being revealed by a previous study. Further studies found that employees treated unfairly are reluctant to display organizational citizenship behavior, while stressed employees show counterproductive work behavior. By training managers and adjusting policies, employers can handle/address those issues.
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，老板的恃强凌弱行为导致员工故意表现不佳。他们证实了之前的一项研究，该研究揭示了对他们健康的影响。进一步的研究发现，受到不公平待遇的员工不愿意表现出有组织性的公民行为，而压力大的员工表现出适得其反的工作行为。通过培训经理和调整政策，雇主可以处理/解决这些问题。
【详解】第一步：阅读
1．认真阅读给定的原文材料，如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍；阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
2．划出那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子；决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了；对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
3．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括概要写作重要的东西。
第二步：写作步骤
1.浏览课文，找出主题：研究人员发现，老板的恃强凌弱行为导致员工故意表现不佳。他们证实了之前的一项研究所揭示的对他们健康的影响。进一步的研究发现，受到不公平待遇的员工不愿意表现出有组织性的公民行为，而压力大的员工表现出适得其反的工作行为。通过培训经理和调整政策，雇主可以处理/解决这些问题
2.分析文章的结构，把它分成几个部分，找出每个部分的主要思想，用你自己的文字简短地写出来。本文主要分为两部分。第一部分：Researchers find that bosses’ bullying behavior contributes to employees’ deliberate bad job performance. They confirm its impact on their well-being revealed by a previous study. Further studies found that employees treated unfairly are reluctant to display organizational citizenship behavior, while stressed employees show counterproductive work behavior。第二部分：By training managers and adjusting policies, employers can handle/address those issues.
4.按照逻辑顺序组织主要和相关的支持点， 使用最短的连接词进行连接。如：while，and.
第三步：修改成文
草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。
首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，概要写作中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。
其次，如果出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们，保持语言简单明了。
最后，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错。

V. Translation (15分)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72. 多亏了我们共同努力，最近项目有了进展。(progress)
_________________________________
73. 只有那些学业表现优秀且个人素质高的学生，才会被授予奖学金。(with)
_________________________________
74. 你眼下所面临的问题是，如何尽快克服每天服用安眠药才能入睡的习惯。(overcome)
_________________________________
75. 令人欣慰的是，尽管他年轻时遭受巨大不幸，他对生活仍然乐观，心存善意，追求美好。(optimistic)
_________________________________
【答案】72. Thanks to our combined efforts/ joint efforts, progress has been made in our project recently.
73. Only those students with excellent academic performances and personal qualities will be awarded a scholarship.
74. The problem you face now/ you are faced with now is how to overcome as soon as possible the habit of going to sleep/ falling asleep by taking sleeping pills every day.
75. To our relief, he is still optimistic about life, kind in heart and (is) in pursuit of happiness/a happy life/beauty / the beautiful though he suffered great misfortune when he was young.//
To our relief, he is still optimistic about life, kind in heart and pursues happiness/a happy life/ beauty/ the beautiful despite his great misfortune when he was young./ /
We are relieved that…
【解析】
【72题详解】
考查progress相关的用法以及现在完成时的被动语态。分析句子可知，本句为现在完成时的被动语态，make progress“取得进步为固定短语”。本句的主语为progress，谓语为has been made 。combined efforts/ joint efforts“共同努力”。再结合其它所给汉意。故翻译为：Thanks to our combined efforts/ joint efforts, progress has been made in our project recently.
【73题详解】
考查with相关的用法以及一般将来时的被动语态。分析句子可知，本句为一般将来时的被动语态，主语为those students ，谓语为 will be awarded。with excellent academic performances and personal qualities作those students的后置定语。再结合其它所给汉意。故翻译为： Only those students with excellent academic performances and personal qualities will be awarded a scholarship.
【74题详解】
考查overcome相关的用法以及定语从句和表语从句。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时，The problem为先行词，在后面的定语从句中作 face/be faced with 的宾语。how to overcome as soon as possible the habit of going to sleep/ falling asleep by taking sleeping pills every day作 is的表语。再结合其它所给汉意。故翻译为：The problem you face now/ you are faced with now is how to overcome as soon as possible the habit of going to sleep/ falling asleep by taking sleeping pills every day.
【75题详解】
考查optimistic相关用法以及when引导的时间状语从句和though引导的让步状语从句。分析句子可知，让步状语从句的主句为一般现在时，主语为he,谓语为be optimistic about“对乐观”。从句为一般过去时，谓语动词为suffered，宾语为misfortune. when引导的时间状语从句为一般过去时，其句子结构为 主系表结构既he was young。再结合其它所给汉意。故翻译为 To our relief, he is still optimistic about life, kind in heart and (is) in pursuit of happiness/a happy life/beauty / the beautiful though he suffered great misfortune when he was young.//
To our relief, he is still optimistic about life, kind in heart and pursues happiness/a happy life/ beauty/ the beautiful despite his great misfortune when he was young./ /
We are relieved that…

VI. Guided writing (25分)
76.Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学学生王华，你校学生会将组织暑期志愿者活动，有三个项目供选择:1、到历史博物馆担任讲解员；2、到科创中心担任辅导员；3、到医院担任导医。学生可根据自己的志愿和特长优势，网上申请其中一项。你有意向提出申请。你递交的申请信需说明:
1. 所选择的具体工作；
2. 为什么选择这项工作；
3. 如何出色完成该工作。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Dear Sir or Madam,
I am the student who is senior two in San Yang High School. I am writing to apply for the opportunity of being a volunteer who will help the students with science, technology and innovation as a counsellor in Science Technology Innovation Center this summer holiday.
Firstly, I am in favor of the idea that students take a very important role in science and technology, and they deserve more and better teaching. Then, as for me, I’m outgoing and willing to get along well with students. What’s more, I am always helpful and warmhearted in my classmates’ eyes. And in my parents’ opinion, I am independent, that is, I have the ability to deal with some certain problems. Finally, if I am lucky to get the chance, I will prepare my course before my every class and teach some important knowledge about science, technology and innovation to inspire and motivate them.
I would be very grateful if you give the opportunity. I look forward to your replying.
Yours truthfully
WangHua
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇应用文，要求写一封信。
【详解】第一步：审题。审题的目的是获取重要信息。通过审题我们可以确定几个方面的信息。第一，1. 所选择的具体工作；2. 为什么选择这项工作；3. 如何出色完成该工作。第二，人称为第一人称。第三，时态为一般现在时。
第二步：布局段落，确定主要段落，次要段落，段落数量。这篇写作段落数量为三段。第一段. 所选择的具体工作，第二段，为什么选择这项工作； 如何出色完成该工作。第三段，期待回复。
第三步：确定关键词汇和短语: grateful ,prepare, helpful ,warmhearted, deserve , knowledge ,independent , counsellor , inspire, motivate ,apply for ，volunteer, science, technology and innovation , Science Technology Innovation Center this summer holiday, in favor of, take a very important role in, outgoing ,willing, get along well with, have the ability to do sth.
第四步：确定较为高级的句子: who引导的定语从句I am writing to apply for the opportunity of being a volunteer who will help the students with science, technology and innovation as a counsellor in Science Technology Innovation Center this summer holiday. that引导的同位语从句I am in favor of the idea that students take a very important role in science and technology, and they deserve more and better teaching. 条件状语从句If引导的if I am lucky to get the chance, I will prepare my course before my every class and teach some important knowledge about science, technology and innovation to inspire and motivate them.
第五步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连接词进行过渡衔接: Firstly，What’s more，Finally.
第六步：注意书写，保持卷面整洁，避免划线，乱擦。
【点睛】文章思路清晰，语言规范，段落整齐，语篇连贯，层次清晰。使用了较为高级的句式:如who引导的定语从句I am writing to apply for the opportunity of being a volunteer who will help the students with science, technology and innovation as a counsellor in Science Technology Innovation Center this summer holiday. that引导的同位语从句I am in favor of the idea that students take a very important role in science and technology, and they deserve more and better teaching. 条件状语从句If引导的if I am lucky to get the chance, I will prepare my course before my every class and teach some important knowledge about science, technology and innovation to inspire and motivate them.
高级句式的应用提升了写作的档次，整个短文显示出了作者高水平的英语表达能力。