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中考英语语法一轮复习——动词讲解（无答案） 教案
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动词
一.动词和动词短语
二 动词时态
三 动词语态
四 非谓语动词
一． 动词和动词短语
（一）动词分类
动词是表示动作或状态的词，按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词，连系动词，助动词和情态动词。
1．行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词，可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi)，及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，后跟宾语；不及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，但后面不能直接跟宾语，如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。 如：
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
**常见的可带双宾的动词：“七给”（give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand）“一带”（bring），当直接宾语前置时，必须在后面加to。如：
My father gives me a book. = My father gives a book to me.
**buy, draw, make 三个动词接双宾时，如前所说，后面加for。如：
My parents bought me a nice backpack. =My parents bought a nice backpack for me.
**不及物动词指不能直接接宾语的动词。自身意思完整，无需接宾语。大多数即可为及物也可不及物。
Boys fly kites. Birds can fly.
**除此之外，实义动词还有延续性和非延续性之分。1）延续性动词是表示动作可以延续，可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：live，stay, study, work, keep, teach, sleep, stand, walk, wait, read, watch等。
You can keep this book for two weeks.
2) 非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，表示一经发生立即结束的动作。如：open, close, buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, go, come, catch等。如：I was a bit nervous before I arrived here.
2．连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语, 说明主语的状态、性质、特征和身份。1）表状态的系动词：be, stay, keep, remain, stand（处于某种状态），如：
He always keeps silent at meeting.
2) 表感官、表象：look, feel,, seem, sound, taste, smell,appear(显得，看来)， 如：It feels soft.
3) 表转变和结果的系动词： get, turn, become, grow，fall, go. 如：
4) Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
3．助动词
助动词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定，疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征，助动词有 be, do/does/did, have/has/had, shall, will等。
如：
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4．情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。初中常见情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等；另外，shall(愿意)，will（愿意） should（应该） would（请求，愿意） 在一定场合也可用作情态动词。 如：
**各情态动词讲解
1） can(could)
a. 表示能力，could表示过去的能力; I can speak English, but I can’t speak Chinese.
b. 表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）；He isn’t at home. He can go to the library.
c. 表示允许；Can I have a look at your new computer?
d. 表惊讶、怀疑。不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句活感叹句; How can you be so careless?
2） May(might)
a.表示允许。Might可用于过去的时间，也可指现在，但语气较may更加委婉
b.表示可能（事实上）。Might可用于过去的时间，也可指现在，但语气较may更加不确定。
3） Must
A.表示义务，“必须”（主观意志）b.表揣测，“一定”、“准时，必定”，只用于肯定句。Mustn’t 意为“禁止”，回答need 或者may 提问的句子，表达否定意义。
4） Will
a. 表意愿，用于各种人称； I will do anything for you.
b. 表请求，用于疑问句; Will you close window? It’s a bit cold.
c. 表示某种倾向和习惯性动作; Fish will die out of water.
5） Would
a. 表意愿；I said I would do anything for you.
b. 表委婉的提出请求建议或看法；would you like some drinks?
c. 表过去反复发生的动作或者一种倾向; Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.
6） Should
A.表义务，“应该”，用于各种人称；b.表推测，“想必一定，照说应该，估计”
7） Ought to
A.表义务，“应该(因责任、义务等)”，口气比should 稍重；b.表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱
**词义用法辨析
1） can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时，指本身有能力的“能”；be able to用于各种时态均可，指须经过努力而“能”。如：
Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5.
2） must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为“必须”，表主观意志，只用于一般现在时和一般将来时；have/has to表示客观需要，意为“不得不”，它可用于各种时态。Must没有过去式，除了在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间，在直接引语中应用had to 代替。如：
I told her that she must give up smoking.
We had to get everything ready that night.
I have to/must finish homework.
***4）need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定和疑问句。用作实义动词时，用于各种句式。用作情态动词：
Need I come? Yes, you must come.
You needn’t telephone him now. She dare not go out alone at night.
None of them dared mention this.
用作实义动词：
You don’t need to do it yourself. We need to tell them the news.
The table needs painting/to be painted. We should dare to give our own opinions.
5） shall 与should的用法，shall 常用于主语是第一人称的疑问句中，表示请求。对shall I...做肯定回：Yes, please. 否定：No, thank you.
Shall I turn on the light? Yes, please./No, thank you.
对shall we ..做答时，如果不包括对方，肯定用Yes, please. 包括对方，肯定：Yes, let’s...
It’s getting late. Shall we go? Yes, please. /Yes, let’s go.
***注意：a. May I ...表示请求，否定要用mustn’t/can’t, 不能用may not.
b. 对must的一般疑问句，肯定用must/have to, 否定用needn’t或者do/does have to, 不能用mustn’t.
c.在need的一般疑问句，肯定回答must，否定回答needn’t.
（二）动词短语
1.动词+介词
break into 破门而入 call for 呼吁 care for 喜欢、关心 care about 在乎 get over 度过、客服
2. 动词+副词
clean up打扫赶紧 write down 写下 run out 用完
3. 动词+副词+介词
get along with 进展 look down upon蔑视 look forward to 期盼
4. 动词+名词+介词
make friends with交朋友 take pride in 以..感到自豪 pay attention to 注意
5. 动词+名词
lose heart 灰心 take place 发生 make a face 做鬼脸
6. be+adj +介词
be afraid of 害怕 be good at 擅长 be proud of以..为傲
**注意：在动词+副词短语中，如果后面接名词作宾语，可放在短语后面，也可放在中间，若代词作宾语，只能放在中间。如：write the new words down=write down the new words =write them down
二．动词时态
在英语中，同样一个动作，由于发生的时间不一样，所表示的形式就不一样，这就叫时态。
（一） 时态构成
时态
构成
一般现在时
主语+v+其他
主语(三单)+vs+其他
一般过去时
主语+v过去式+其他
一般将来时
主语+will/shall+v+其他
主语+be going to +v+其他
现在进行时态
Be(am／is／are) ＋v—ing 构成
过去进行时态
was/were+v-ing
现在完成时态
主语+have /has+v-过去分词+其他
过去完成时态
主语+had＋v-过去分词
过去将来时态
主语+would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to+v
（二） 时态的应用及动词变化形式
1、一般现在时
l 定义
表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，还表示主语具备的性格和能力及客观真理。
例：I get up at 6:30 in the morning . She is at home .
l 构成
主要用动词原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加s/es。
l 句型
1、肯定句：主语+谓语+其他。
She reads English everyday.
2、否定句：主语+don’t/doesn’t+谓语+其他。
He doesn’t get up at 6:30 in the morning.
3、一般疑问句：Do/Does+主语+V原+其他？
Do you like English? Yes, I do. /No, I don’t.
4、疑问句：特殊疑问词+do/does+主语+V原+其他？
What time do you get up every morning?
Where does your father work?
l 用法
1、表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，带与表示频率的时间状语如：often , sometimes , usually，always , everyday year，month．．．） , once/twice a week (month, year, etc.), seldom, on Sundays等连用。
I leave home for school at seven every morning.
2、表示客观真理，科学事实、格言警句。
The sun rises in the east .日出东方。
The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。
Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。
Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。
The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。
3、根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。
I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting.
4、仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如：
He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。
That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。
She majors in music .她主修音乐。
All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。
My sister is always ready to help others. 我妹妹总是乐于助人。
l 动词第三人称单数形式变化规则
1、一般情况下，动词后直接加-s;
如：help-helps, clean-cleans, give-gives等。
2、以s，x，ch，sh或o结尾的动词，在词尾加-es;
如：dress-dresses, fix-fixes, watch-watches, finish-finishes等。
3、以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，把y变为i，再加-es;
如：study--studies, fly-flies, carry--carries等。
4、动词have遇在主语是第三人称单数时，have改为has，
如：He has an interesting book .
5、动词be遇有主语是第一人称单数时，be改为am，遇有主语是第二人称时，be改为are，遇有主语是第三人称单数时，be改为is
2.一般过去时（动词加ed）
l 结构
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。
基本结构
否定句
一般疑问句
Be动词
was/ were+not
was或were提前，放于句首
行为动词
didn’t+do（动词原形）
Did+主语+do（动词原形）
注：在一般过去时的句子中，谓语动词可分为两类一类是be动词，其形式为was与第一、三人称单数连用，were与第二人称和复数人称的主语连用。凡是由be动词做谓语的句子，变否定句时，直接在其后加not,即wasn’t 或weren’t，变一般疑问句将was/ were放在句首，句末用问号。另一类谓语动词是由行为动词来充当，如stayed\went\visited等,这一类动词做谓语时，可与任何人称连用，句子变否定时，要在主语后面，动词的前面加didn’t，动词用原形；一般疑问句是把did提到句首，动词用原形。
I was in Shanghai last year .
I wasn’t in Shanghai last year .
Was you in Shanghai last year ?
He went to the park yesterday .
He didn’t go to the park yesterday ?
Did he go to the park yesterday ?
l 句式
1、肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其他。
I was in Beijing yesterday .
I went to the beach yesterday .
2、否定句：主语+wasn’t 或weren’t+其他。
主语+didn’t + V原+其他。
I wasn’t in Beijing yesterday .
I didn’t go to the beach yesterday .
3、一般疑问句：was/ were+主语+V原+其他？
Did +主语+V原+其他？
Were you in Beijing yesterday ?
Did you go to the beach yesterday ?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ was/ were+主语+其他？
特殊疑问词+did+主语+V原+其他？
Where were you yesterday ?
Where did you go yesterday ?
l 用法
1、表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的动作或情况，常与明确的时间状语连用，如：yesterday,last week(month , year…),…ago, the other day ,just now ,at the age of…,in 1980等连用。如：
At the age of ten, she began to learn to play the piano .
2、表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
When I was a child, I often play the football in the street.
3、在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时。
He said he wouldn’t go if it rained.
4. 用于虚拟条件句中，表示与现在与现在事实相反的情况。
If I were you, I would take a small gift. (此处were 不能用was代替)
l 动词过去式的规则变化
1) 一般情况下, 在动词原形末尾加-ed ; 如look-looked
2) 结尾是字母e 的动词加-d, 如 practice-practiced；
3) 结尾是“辅音字母+y” 的动词, 变“y”为“i” 再加ed, 如study studied;
4) 重读闭音节结尾, 双写动词尾的辅音字母，再加ed, 如stop stopped。
不规则动词表
catch caught come came
do did draw drew
drink drank drive drove
eat ate fall fell
am is was are were
begin begun break broke
bring brought build built
buy bought can could
l 规则动词过去式与过去分词的构成：
（1）一般情况在动词后加ed：worked, helped, called, wanted, needed
（2）以e结尾的动词加d：hoped, liked, agreed, changed
（3）以辅音字母加y结尾的动词先将y变为i，再加ed：carried, studied
（4）以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音的动词，双写该辅音字母后再加ed：stopped，preferred
（5）还有不规则动词，要记熟（一般附在教科书后面）
3．现在进行时（be(is/ am /are)+现在分词构成）
l 结构
由 Be(am／is／are) ＋动词—ing 构成。
l 用法
1、表示说话时刻正在进行的动作及行为，或者包括说话时刻在内的一段时间正在进行的动作。常用时间状语及标志词：now( at the moment ) , listen , look , this week , this evening , these days 等。
Listen , Someone is playing the piano in the next room .
2、表示一种渐进的过程。
My younger brother is becoming more and more interested in English .
3、与always , all the time , forever等连用，表示说话人某种强烈的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。例如：
He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。
She is often doing well at school. （表示满意）她在学校学习挺不错的。
Are you feeling better today? （表示亲切）你今天觉得好一些吗？
One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.（表示不满）我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。
Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .（表示不喜欢） 有些推销员老是敲我家的门, 向我们推销他们的产品。
4、表示移位的动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等，其现在进行时可表将来。
She is leaving for Beijing next weak.
My friend is coming for dinner.
l 句型
1、肯定句：主语+ be(am／is／are) ＋动词—ing +其他。
I am studying now.
2、否定句：主语+ be +not+动词—ing +其他。
I am not studying now .
3、一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词—ing +其他？
Is she studying now? Yes, she is ./No, she isn’t .
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ Be+主语+动词—ing +其他？
What are you doing now?
动词的现在分词构成：
（1）一般情况，加ing：going, asking
（2）以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再加ing：come—coming, write-writing
（3）以y结尾的动词都直接加ing：studying, carrying, playing
（4）以辅音字母结尾的闭音节动词，双写其辅音字母后，再加ing：put—putting, cut—cutting, spit—spitting
（5）特例：die—dying，tie—tying，lie—lying
4．一般将来时（will+动词原形，(be going to)+动词原形）
l 概念
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
There will be an English party next Saturday.
We will come to see you tomorrow.
l 结构
1、由will +动词原形构成，其will适用于各种人称，与主语连在一起时，常常缩写为’ll。变否定句时，只需在will后加not，可缩写为won’t 。在疑问句中，will需提前，构成will+主语+动词原形的结构。
He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。
2、shall+动词原形（常用于主语为第一人称）
I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。
3、be going to+动词原形（打算、准备做某事）
He is going to spend his holidays in London. 他打算在伦敦度假。
l 用法
1、表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语，如：tomorrow, next day（week，month，year．．．．）， this evening (weekend …), in the future , in a few minutes，the day after tomorrow ,by．．．， soon 等连用。
I will pay a visit to Shanghai next week.
I hope you won’t be late next time.
2、当主句为一般现在时，在以after, when, while, as soon as ,if ,unless等引导的时间或条件句中，要用一般现在时表将来。
I’ll do it better if the teacher gives me another chance.
5.过去将来时（would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to+v）
l 概念
表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个"将来"时间绝不会延伸到“现在”；而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。由此可以看出，含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：
A）宾语从句或间接引语中；B）表示过去习惯性的动作；C）表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。例如：
A) When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction would be . 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。
She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。
He didn't expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿。
B) During that period, he would do morning-exercises every day. 在那段时间，他每天早锻炼。
Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。
C) No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。
They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。
Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave . 甚至在讲座结束之后，听众仍不肯离去。
I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。
I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。
6.过去进行时（was/were+v-ing）
l 用法
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。动作发生的特指时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明，如：at this time yesterday，at 7:00 yesterday ，last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引导的时间状语从句等。
My family were watching TV at this time yesterday .
**注意：（1）以when引导的时间状语从句中，从句动作，主句用过去进行时，表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。
When he called me , I was having dinner .
（2）以while引导的时间状语从句中，从句与主句的动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，while常译为“当……的时候，同时”。
Tom was doing his hmework while hie sister was watching TV .
7.现在完成时*(have /has+v过去分词)
l 含义
现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。
e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是：已可以吃饭了。)
Michael has been ill.(含义是：现在仍然很虚弱。)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是：现在已在此地)
l 句型
1、肯定句：主语+have /has+动词过去分词+其他。
I have studied English for 5 years.
2、否定句：主语+have /has+not +动词过去分词+其他。
We haven’t been there.
3、一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词过去分词+其他？
Has he eaten that apple?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ have /has +主语+动词过去分词+其他？
l 用法
1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for, since连用。
e.g. Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等：
e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等：
e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing?
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等。
e.g. Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain this year.
The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。
e.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.)
6、现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。
e.g. We have had four texts this semester.
现在完成时中的时间状语：
★already通常用于肯定句中，意为“已经”，位于行为动词之前, be动词、助动词之后。有时可放在疑问句句尾，表示惊讶。例如：
We have already cleaned the classroom.
Have you finished it already？
★yet用于疑问句中表示“已经”；用于否定句中，表示“还(没)”。例如：
—Has he found his watch yet？他还没找到他的表吗？
—No, not yet. 是, 还没有。
★ever意为“曾经”，常用于疑问句或否定句中，位于助动词和过去分词之间，表示从过去到目前为止的时间。例如：
Have you ever been there？你曾经去过那里吗？
Nothing has ever happened here. 这里未曾发生过什么事。
★never意为“（曾经）从未、没有”, 是否定副词，在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。ever与否定词not连用相当于never。例如：
I haven’t ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我从未跟她讲过话。
★just意为“刚刚”, 用于现在完成时, 表示行为刚刚过去, 位于助动词与过去分词之间。
e.g. He has just come back from school.他刚从学校回来。
★ just now意为“刚才”, 表示过去某时, 用于一般过去时, 位于句首或句尾均可。e.g. He came from school just now.他刚才从学校回来。
★for 和since的用法及区别。for 与一段时间连用，since 与时间点连用。
**注意：since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。
e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970.
I haven’t seen her since she left Shanghai.
I saw Ping Ping six years ago. Since I have never seen her.
★have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has
been in的区别。
have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过, 人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在, 常与一段时间连用
e.g. She has been to Shanghai before. 她以前曾去过上海。
She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。
Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛了吗？但不能说 Have you gone to Qingdao?
8.过去完成时
l 过去完成时的概念
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一事件之前已经发生的动作或状态，即过去的过去。图示如下：
----|-------------------------- |---------------------------|----------------------->
过去完成 过去 现在 将来
l 构成
1、肯定句：主语+had＋v分词
When we got there, the football match had already started.
2、否定句：主语+had not+v分词
He hadn’t worked for two years by then.
3、疑问句：had+主语+v分词…？
Had he finished the work by last month?
l 用法
1、过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态; 句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。
e.g. By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.
2、过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。例如：
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
3、在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
4、在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
5、by the time “直到……时候”。指从过去某一点到从句所示的时间为止的一段时间。如：
By the time we got to his house, he had finished supper.
6、表示意向的动词, 如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等, 用过去完成时表示 “原本…，未能…”。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
（三）练习题
A.用所给词的适当形式填空
1 They ________ (visit) the museum last week.
2. She ________ (go)to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.
3. John is always busy. He ________ (sleep) only six hours very night.
4. Stay here; boy; don't go out. It ________ (rain) now.
5. She often ________ (do) her lessons after supper.
6. Hurry up! The train ________ (leave) in five minutes.
7. They ________ (arrive) in London on the night of April 30, 1989.
8. All the students ________ (plant) trees tomorrow.
9. The earth ________ (move) around the sun.
10. My brother likes English very much, and he ________ (practice) reading every morning.
11. I usually ________ (do) my homework in the evening.
12. If it _____ (not rain) tomorrow, the League members of class ______ (plant) trees around the lake?
13. I ________ (finish) my homework by half past eight last night.
14. I don't know if he ________ (come). If he ________ (come), please let me know.
15. He ________ (join) the army a few years ago.
16. I'll tell him the news as soon as he ________ (come) back.
17. He said that they ________ (clean) the classroom the next day.
18. We often ________ (have) an English party on Saturday evenings.
19. Look! The Yong Pioneers ________ (pant) trees on the hill.
20. He said that light ________ (ravel) much faster than sound.
B.单项选择
( ) 21. I’ll go with you as soon as I my homework.
A. will finish B. finish C. am finishing D. finishes
( ) 22. If it tomorrow, I won’t go to the cinema.
A. will rain B. rains C. is raining D. rain
( ) 23. She is going to be a nurse when she up.
A. is going to grow B. grows C. growing D. grow
( ) 24. My father usually breakfast.
A. cook B. cooks C. is cooking D. is cooked
( )25. The twins Chinese in an evening school now.
A. is studying B. are studying C. studies D. have studied
( ) 26. We to learn English three years ago.
A. begin B. began C. begun D. have begun
( ) 27. Look! There _________ some apples in that tree.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
( ) 28．We'll have to clean the plates before Mother _________ home.
A. will come B. is coming C. come D. comes
( ) 29. There will not be any paper money ________ 100 years.
A. for B. in C. ago D. at
( ) 30. There ________ a ball game next Sunday.
A. have B. is going to be C. has D. is going to have
C.句型转换
31.Li Lei reads English every day.（改为否定句）
32.He is a farmer .（改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答）
33.We clean our classroom every morning .（改为一般疑问句并作否定回答)
34.They often play soccer.（对划线部分提问）
35. l’m living in Guangzhou now.（用in three years改写句子）
I ____________ ___________ in Guangzhou __________ three years.
36. I think you should clean your bedroom first. （改为否定句）
I __________ think you __________ clean your bedroom first.
37.He has some money, too.（改为否定句）
He ___________ ________ _________ money, .
38.He didn’t finish his work .（改为肯定句）
39.The boy is reading .（改为否定句）
40.He will be back in a month .（改为否定句）
1．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been B. where I had gone
C. where had I been D. where had I gone
2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?
A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done
3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt
4. She ______lived here for ______ years.
A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of
5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.
A．had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked
6. She said she __________ the principle already
A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen
7.Li Ming said he _____happy if Brian_____to China next month.
A. as; come B. was; would come C. would be; came D. will be; come
8. Jenny said she _____her holiday in China.
A. spent B. would spent C. was going to spent D. would spend
9. —What did your son say in the letter?
—He told me that he ______ the Disney World the next day.
A. will visit B. has visited C. is going to visit D. would visit
10. I hoped Tina ______ to my birthday party on time the next Wednesday.
A. to come B. is coming C. will come D. was coming
11. Father said that he ______ me to Beijing the next year.
A. took B. would take C. takes D. will take
12. We were not sure whether they ______ more vegetables.
A. are going to grow B. were going to grow C. will grow D. have grown
13.She ______ to work when the telephone rang.
A. is going B. will go C. was about to go D. is to go
三．动词语态
（一）语态
英语中动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态. 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,在被动语态中动作 的执行者有时用by短语表示出来.
（二）被动语态的构成
助动词be+及物动词的过去分词
一般现在时：am/is/ are +动词的过去分词
The house is cleaned every day.
一般过去时：was/were +动词的过去分词
He was tought a lesson yesterday.
（三）被动语态的用法
1. 不知动作执行者时,常用被动语态.
eg. My bike was stolen yesterday.
This car is made in American.
2. 不必要说出动作执行者时,常用被动语态。
eg. Rome was not built in a day.
3. 为了突出强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态.
eg. Thousands of beaches are polluted .
4.为礼貌的需要，避免说出动作的执行者
Eg. The window glass was broken this morning.
5.公告、新闻报道、报纸标题、科技文章中
在公告、新闻报道、报纸标题、科技文章中（其中be动词常省略）、科技文章常用被动语态。
Eg. Smoking is strictly prohibited here. (公告)
Five-year-old Boy (were) Kidnapped. 五岁大的男孩绑架。（新闻标题）
（四）主动语态变为被动语态的步骤:
They speak English.
主语 谓语 宾语
English is spoken by them.
主语 谓语动词的过去分词 宾语
(1)主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
(2)主动语态的谓语动词变为被动语态的谓语动词，即”“be+及物动词的过去分词”(be有时态、人称和数的变化)。
(3)主动语态的主语变为by的宾语。
Bell invented the telephone in 1876 .
The telephone was invented by Bell in 1876 .
（五）被动语态的时态表示
被动语态的时态一般只通过be表现, 过去分词不变。例如：
一般现在时: The trees are planted by the farmers.
一般过去时: The trees were planted by the farmers.
现在进行时: The trees are being planted by the farmers.
一般将来时：The trees will be planted by the farmers.
现在完成时：The trees have been planted by the farmers.
含情态动词的被动语态：The trees can(must,should) be planted by the farmers.
（五）被动语态的几种句型：
肯定句 主语+be+过去分词+(by…)
A sweet song was sung by her on the stage.
否定句 主语+be+not+过去分词+(by…)
A sweet song wasn’t sung by her on the stage.
一般疑问句 Be+主语+过去分词+(by…)
Was a sweet song sung by her on the stage?
特殊疑问句 疑问词+be+主语+过去分词+(by…)
Where was a sweet song sung by her?
**注意：1.主动句中感官动词see/hear/watch/feel等和使役动词make/let have等后接不to的不定式，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号 to。
2. 后接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词变为被动语态时，宾语补足语成分不变。
We heard Jim playing the guitar in his room.
Jim was heard playing the guitar in his room.
请把下列主动句变为被动句
1. The woman asked the policeman for help.
2. The old man on TV tells a story on Sunday.
3. Do they use the box as a table?
4. She sent me a collection last week.
5. The teacher doesn’t teach us math this term.
6. Did Lily buy her sister a hat?
7. We often hear him play the violin at home.
8. The lazy boy didn’t wash clothes yesterday.
9. Students listen to the kind teacher carefully.
10.When did your father took you to the park.
四． 非谓语动词
（一）动词不定式
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外，动词不定式具有动词特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。其中 to为不定式符号，本身无意义。动词不定式的肯定形式是to＋do；其否定形式是not to＋do。
下面以动词不定式在句中的作用来予以详细说明。
1．作主语
可以直接作主语。如： To see is to believe．
但在英语中，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如：
It's wrong to play tricks on other people．
It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy．
点击规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，常放在It is ＋adj．（形容词）＋to do sth．或 It is ＋n．（名词）＋to do sth．句型中，it仅作形式主语。
2．作宾语
a．want，decide ，agree等动词后面跟并且只能跟不定式。如：
We agreed to start early．
She wants to be a doctor．
b．love，like ，begin，start，hate ，prefer等词后面可以接不定式。
点击规律：上述动词后面除接不定式外，还可以接动名词，意思无很大区别。
提示板：like doing指经常性动作，而like to do指一次性的动作。如：
I like swimming，but I don't like to swim now．我喜欢游泳，但我现在不想游。
c．stop，forget，remember，go on ，try等词或短语后面可以接不定式。
点击规律：上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。
提示板：
1）stop to do sth．：停止一件事，去做另一件事。
stop doing sth．：停止正在做的事。
例句：When the teacher came in，the students stopped talking；when he came out，the students stopped to talk． 当老师走进来时，学生们停止说话；当老师走出去时，学生们又开始说话。
2）思考：forget，remember，go on，try等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法有何区别？
d．在find／feel＋it＋adj．＋to do sth．句型中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。如：
The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep．
I feel it easy to recite the text．
点击规律：1.某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语，又可接动名词作宾语，二者用法上的区别可以通过造句子加以区分，如上面stop例句。
2.动词不定式做宾语时，如果后面跟有形容词、名词灯座宾语补足语时，通常用it做形式宾语，而把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后。如d.
3．作宾语补足语
a．tell，ask，want，order，teach，invite，warn，wish，help，get，wish，help等词后面常接不定式作宾补。如：
I tell him not to go there by bus ．
Edison's mother taught him to read and write．
b．**注意：1.主动句中感官动词see/hear/watch/feel等和使役动词make/let have . notice等后接不to的不定式作宾补，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号 to。如：
The boss makes them work 16 hours a day． I heard her sing in the next room．
##提示板：若变成被动语态，在上述结构中，不定式符号to要加上。如：
They are made to work 16 hours a day by the boss．
She was heard to sing in the next room．
4．作定语：放在被修饰的名词、代词后面。动词不定式与被修饰的词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。
例句：I have a lot of work to do．
The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy．
点击规律：动词不定式若在句中作定语，常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。
提示板：如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系，若动词是不及物动词，切记不要忘掉介词。如：
I have a small bedroom to live in．
Have you got some pens to write with？
5．表语：放在连系动词be后面
例句：His wish is to become a scientist．
The first important thing is to save the soldiers' lives．
当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。
点击规律：动词不定式在句中作表语时，通常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。
6．作状语
a．目的状语：放在go，come，use，live，in order等词后面。如：
I come to see you．
He runs fast in order to get there in time．
b．原因状语：放在sorry，glad，surprised， disappointed，excited等词后面。如：
I am glad to see you here．
I am sorry to trouble you．
c．作结果状语。如：
Some of the apples are hard to reach．
The room is large enough to hold 1000 people．
注意：动词不定式可放在一些表示喜怒哀乐的表语形容词后面，如sorry、glad、surprised、disappointed、 excited 等，常用作原因状语。Eg. He felt excited to know this news. 听到这个消息，他很激动。
7．与what，who，whose，when，where， how等特殊疑问词连用，作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。如： I don't know what to do next．（宾语）
He taught us how to use the computer．（宾语补足语）
It's still a question how to get there．（主语）
8. 特殊疑问词+不定式 特殊用法。
特殊疑问词+不定式=名词性从句，因此常用此结构改写相应的从句，从而把一个复合句改为简单句。但要注意，进行简化的条件是主句主语和从句主语必须是同一人称。
Eg. The old lady found out where she could buy fruit cheaply. =The old lady found out where to buy fruit cheaply.
**注意：1. 疑问词+不定式 结构作主语时，后面谓语用单数
2.此结构疑问代词后需接及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。
3.此结构中疑问副词后要接不及物动词，若为及物动词，后面要有动词的宾语。What to do/how to do it.
4.不定式通常不与疑问词why连用，why do sth /why not do sth. 开头的简短疑问句.
（二）动名词
动名词由“动词原形＋ing”构成，其与现在分词同形。动名词既有动词的性质，也有名词的性质。
1.动名词动词特征
（1） 动名词可以有宾语
I have finished repairing that machine.我已经修完那台机器了。
（2）动名词可以用状语来修饰
They have started working in the apple-orchard. 他们已经开始在苹果园里劳动了。
2.动名词名词特征
作主语、宾语等=名词
Playing computer games too much is bad for your eyes.过度地玩电脑游戏对你的眼睛有害。
动名词作主语和动词不定式作主语，在很多情况下可以通用。
3.动名词句法功能
（1）作主语
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。（动名词作主语，谓语用单数）
（2）作宾语
常接动名词作宾语的动词或短语有 enjoy, finish, consider (考虑), miss, keep, mind, practice, suggest, be busy, feel like, give up, can't help, avoid, be used to, be worth, be afraid of, be proud of, be interested in, can't stop, keep…from, look forward to, put off, stop…from, have fun等。如：
Have you finished __________ the book?
你读完这本书了吗？
（3）作表语
The nurse's job is ______________ the patients.
护士的工作是照顾病人。
（4）作定语
I often go to the ____________________.
我经常去阅览室。
[提醒] 有些词既可接不定式又可接v.ing形式作宾语，但表达的意义不同。常见的有：
(1)stop to do sth停下来去做另外一件事(不定式作目的状语)
stop doing sth停止做某事(v.ing作宾语)
(2)try to do sth 试图(企图)做某事
try doing sth尝试着做某事
(3)forget to do sth忘记要去做某事(还没做)
forget doing sth忘记做过了某事(已做)
(4)remember to do sth记着要去做某事(还没做)
remember doing sth记得做过了某事(已做)
(5)go on to do sth做完一件事后继续做另外一件不同的事
go on doing sth继续做原来所做的同一件事
(6)need doing(某事)需要做(被动含义)
need to do 需要去做某事(主动含义)
温馨提示：巧记只能接动名词作宾语的动词：
完成、时间、值得、忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）
继续、习惯、别放弃(keep, be used to, give up)
考虑、建议、不禁、想(consider, suggest, can’t help, feel like)
喜欢、思念、要介意（enjoy, miss, mind）
（三）分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词(v.ing)有主动、进行之意；过去分词(v.ed)有被动、完成之意。
1．作定语
China is a __________ country. America is a _________ country.中国是一个发展中国家，美国是一个发达国家。
I know the boy called Li Ming.
我认识那个叫李明的男孩。
2．作表语
The book is interesting. I'm interested in it.
这本书很有趣。我对它感兴趣。
3．作宾语补足语
I saw her going upstairs.我看见她正在上楼。
I want to have some photos taken. 我想拍几张照片。
4．作状语
Laughing and talking, they went into the room.
他们有说有笑地走进了房间。
5．现在分词与过去分词的区别
(1)语态上，现在分词表示主动之意，过去分词表
示被动之意。 如：
the surprising news 令人惊讶的新闻
a surprised boy 一个受惊吓的男孩
(2)时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。 如：
the developing country 发展中国家
the developed country 发达国家
6．易混结构
使役动词(make, keep, let, have等)易混结构的区分。如have sb doing sth 与have sth done 的区别：
(1)have sb doing sth 意为“让某人一直做某事”， doing这个动作具有持续意义。如：
The teacher had the boys standing all day.
老师让男生罚站了一整天。
(2)have sth done 意为“让某人做某事”，相当于ask sb to do sth, done 表示让他人完成，有被动之意。如：
I had my computer repaired yesterday.
昨天我让人修理了我的电脑。
（四） 非谓语动词的用法区别
1.不定式与动名词作主语的区别
动名词作主语表示一般的或者抽象的多次性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。如：
Smoking is prohibited here. 此处禁止吸烟。（抽象）
It’s not very good for you to smoke so much. 你抽那么多烟多不好。（具体）.
2.不定式与动名词作宾语的区别
有些及物动词后面既可以接动名词作宾语，又可以接动词不定式作宾语，其中不少动词还会引起意思上的变化。
1） remember, forget
Remember+to do 表示该动作还没发生
+ving 表示该动作已经发生
Eg. Remember to post the letter. 记得把这封信寄了。（“寄信”还没发生）
I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄了那封信。（“寄信”已经发生）
2） stop,go on
Stop+to do 表示：停下来去做另外一件事
+ving 表示：停止做同一件事情
Eg. They stopped to talk.他们开始谈话。（停下了原来做的事情）
They stopped talking. 他们停止了谈话。
3） Try
Try+to do 表示：设法作，努力做
+ving 表示：试着做
4） begin, start,hate, love, like, prefer等
此组词用不定式和动名词作宾语，意义没有什么区别。
Eg. You can begin to write/writing.
5） can’t help
Can’t help+to do表示：不能帮助作某事
+ving 表示：情不自禁做某事
Eg. The medicine can’t help to get rid of your cold. 这药不能帮你治好感冒。
He couldn’t help crying when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息，情不自禁的哭了。
6） need, want
Need/want+to do 表示：想要做某事
+ving 表示被动含义 need doing =need to be done
Eg. The room needs to be cleaned.=The room needs cleaning. 房间需要打扫。
***注意：有时，like+ving表示经常性的爱好，like+to do 表示一次性的或独特的爱好。
Eg. He doesn’t like reading, but he likes to read newspapers in bed. 他不喜欢读书，但他喜欢在床上看报纸。
非谓语动词练习。
一．选出最佳选项。
1. Don't forget _________ the letter.
A. to send B. send C. sending D. being sent
2. The chair looks very old, but in fact it is very comfortable to _________.
A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on
3. Is ______ necessary to return the book tomorrow?
A. this B. that C. it D. which
4. I'm afraid they would not allow him ________ here.
A. to smoke B. smoking C. smokes D. smoke
5. Mother told me ________ the water before I drank it.
A. boiling B. boiled C. boil D. to boil
6. On my way home, I stopped _______ some food.
A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought
7. John was made _______ the car for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing
8. The sitting-room needs _______, but it'll have to wait until Saturday.
A. be cleaning B. to be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
9. The first thing I want to do is __________.
A. visit to him B. to visit him C. visiting him D. visited him
10. Li Yang advised me _________ too much, otherwise I would have been drunk.
A. not to drink B. to drink C. not drinking D. drinking
一. 用动词不定式或ing分词填空
1. I enjoy_________.(sing) 2. What do you want________(do) next ?
3. I learnt ______(swim) when I was three years old. 4. I was very upset and started_____ (cry).
5. I hope _______(see) you again soon. 6. It is a fine day today, so I suggest_____(go) for a walk.
7. Have you finished _________ (mop) the floor.8. He was very angry and refuse __(say)anything.
9. Where is Lily ? I need ________(talk) with her.
10. I am too fat, so I have decided _________(do) more exercise.
二. 选出正确答案
( )1. I usually go ________ with my mother at weekends.
A. shop B. to shop C. shopping
( )2. He is not old enough ________ to school.
A. to go B. go C. going
( )3. The man admitted _________the bank.
A. rob B. to rob C. robbing
( )4. People must stop ________down trees.
A. to cut B. cutting C. cut
( )5. I’d rather_______ a cup of coffee.
A. to have B. having D. have
( )6. Mike managed to give up _________.
A. to smoke B. smoking C. smoke
( )7. I am sorry to have kept you ________ for such a long time.
A. to wait B. waiting C. wait
( )8. She has a nice voice. I often hear her________ in the morning.
A. singing B. to sing C. sing
( )9. I don’t like traveling by boat, it always makes me ______sick.
A. to feel B. feeling C. feel
( )10. Let me_______ you around the city.
A. show B. to show C. showing
( )11. I put the flowers on the porch_______ from the rain.
A. protecting B. to protect C. protected D. to be protected
( )12. Kathy decided ______ hard and make herself______ behind the others.
A. to work; not fall B. working; not to fall
C. to work; fall D. working; to fall
( )13. She forgot_______ the TV when she left home.
A. to turn off B. turned off C. turning off D. turn off
( )14. My parents want me ________ good marks.
A. get B. to get C. getting D. got
( )15. The doctor asked Mary ________the medicine three times a day.
A. not to remember taking B. not to forget taking
C. not to remember to take D. not to forget to take
( )16. His job is________ the students’ meetings.
A. organize B. to organize C. organizing D. organized
( )17. What about_______ a letter to your friend on the Internet ?
A. try sending B. try to send C. trying sending D. trying to send
( )18.Let him________ it by himself.
A. to do B. doing C. did D. do
( )19. The customers watched the unusual bird_______ in the inn.
A. dance B. to dance C. danced D. dancing
( )20. At the police station, the boy admitted _______ the necklace at last.
A. to steal B. stealing C. stole D. steal
( )21. It is impossible ________.
A. for me to go to bed early B. to me to go to bed early
C. for me go to bed early D. to me go to bed early
( )22. I remember________ my wallet here. But I can’t_______ now.
A. putting; find B. to put; finding
C. to put; be found D. putting; be found
( )23. Could you tell me _______ work out the problem ?
A. how B. how can I C. how to D. how will I
( )24. I saw a little boy________ a kite yesterday afternoon.
A. flew B. fly C. to fly D. flying
( )25. His jokes made us all _________.
A. to laugh B. laughing C. laugh D. laughing
( )26. It’s very kind of you_______ me with my English.
A. help B. helping C. to help D. helps
( )27. He promised__________ me a nice car.
A. buy B. to buy C. bought D. to have bought
( )28. Mother told me ________ walk along the river.
A. do not B. not to C. to not D. not
( )29. Her ambition is ________ an engineer.
A. become B. to become C. be D. /
( )30. You’d better ________a rest now.
A. to have B. have C. having D. had
( )31. Thank you for ________me the secret.
A. telling B. tell C. to tell D. told
( )32. I used to______ in the countryside, now I am used to_____ in the city
A. living; live B. living; living C. live; living D. live; live
( )33. The detective is busy_______ clues and he has _______ some valuable proof.
A. looking for; find B. finding; looked for
C. looking for; found D. find; looked for
( )34. This film is worth ________.
A. to see B. seeing C. seen D. saw
( )35. I was allowed to play football after_________ my homework.
A. do B. did C. doing D. done
( )36. China is becoming __________.
A. strong and strong B stronger and strong
C. stronger and stronger D. strong and stronger
( )37. The population of China is larger than ________ of America.
A. those B. that C. it D. this
( )38. Our city is getting _________ .
A. more beautiful and more beautiful
B. more and more beautiful
C. beautifuler and beautifuler
D. beautiful and beautiful
( )39. Taxis in Shenyang are cheaper than ________ in Beijing.
A. that B. it C. this D. those
( )40. I prefer_______ basketball to _______ football.
A. playing; playing B. playing; play
C. play; playing D. play; play
1
动词
一.动词和动词短语
二 动词时态
三 动词语态
四 非谓语动词
一． 动词和动词短语
（一）动词分类
动词是表示动作或状态的词，按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词，连系动词，助动词和情态动词。
1．行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词，可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi)，及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，后跟宾语；不及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，但后面不能直接跟宾语，如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。 如：
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
**常见的可带双宾的动词：“七给”（give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand）“一带”（bring），当直接宾语前置时，必须在后面加to。如：
My father gives me a book. = My father gives a book to me.
**buy, draw, make 三个动词接双宾时，如前所说，后面加for。如：
My parents bought me a nice backpack. =My parents bought a nice backpack for me.
**不及物动词指不能直接接宾语的动词。自身意思完整，无需接宾语。大多数即可为及物也可不及物。
Boys fly kites. Birds can fly.
**除此之外，实义动词还有延续性和非延续性之分。1）延续性动词是表示动作可以延续，可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：live，stay, study, work, keep, teach, sleep, stand, walk, wait, read, watch等。
You can keep this book for two weeks.
2) 非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，表示一经发生立即结束的动作。如：open, close, buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, go, come, catch等。如：I was a bit nervous before I arrived here.
2．连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语, 说明主语的状态、性质、特征和身份。1）表状态的系动词：be, stay, keep, remain, stand（处于某种状态），如：
He always keeps silent at meeting.
2) 表感官、表象：look, feel,, seem, sound, taste, smell,appear(显得，看来)， 如：It feels soft.
3) 表转变和结果的系动词： get, turn, become, grow，fall, go. 如：
4) Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
3．助动词
助动词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定，疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征，助动词有 be, do/does/did, have/has/had, shall, will等。
如：
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4．情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。初中常见情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等；另外，shall(愿意)，will（愿意） should（应该） would（请求，愿意） 在一定场合也可用作情态动词。 如：
**各情态动词讲解
1） can(could)
a. 表示能力，could表示过去的能力; I can speak English, but I can’t speak Chinese.
b. 表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）；He isn’t at home. He can go to the library.
c. 表示允许；Can I have a look at your new computer?
d. 表惊讶、怀疑。不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句活感叹句; How can you be so careless?
2） May(might)
a.表示允许。Might可用于过去的时间，也可指现在，但语气较may更加委婉
b.表示可能（事实上）。Might可用于过去的时间，也可指现在，但语气较may更加不确定。
3） Must
A.表示义务，“必须”（主观意志）b.表揣测，“一定”、“准时，必定”，只用于肯定句。Mustn’t 意为“禁止”，回答need 或者may 提问的句子，表达否定意义。
4） Will
a. 表意愿，用于各种人称； I will do anything for you.
b. 表请求，用于疑问句; Will you close window? It’s a bit cold.
c. 表示某种倾向和习惯性动作; Fish will die out of water.
5） Would
a. 表意愿；I said I would do anything for you.
b. 表委婉的提出请求建议或看法；would you like some drinks?
c. 表过去反复发生的动作或者一种倾向; Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.
6） Should
A.表义务，“应该”，用于各种人称；b.表推测，“想必一定，照说应该，估计”
7） Ought to
A.表义务，“应该(因责任、义务等)”，口气比should 稍重；b.表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱
**词义用法辨析
1） can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时，指本身有能力的“能”；be able to用于各种时态均可，指须经过努力而“能”。如：
Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5.
2） must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为“必须”，表主观意志，只用于一般现在时和一般将来时；have/has to表示客观需要，意为“不得不”，它可用于各种时态。Must没有过去式，除了在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间，在直接引语中应用had to 代替。如：
I told her that she must give up smoking.
We had to get everything ready that night.
I have to/must finish homework.
***4）need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定和疑问句。用作实义动词时，用于各种句式。用作情态动词：
Need I come? Yes, you must come.
You needn’t telephone him now. She dare not go out alone at night.
None of them dared mention this.
用作实义动词：
You don’t need to do it yourself. We need to tell them the news.
The table needs painting/to be painted. We should dare to give our own opinions.
5） shall 与should的用法，shall 常用于主语是第一人称的疑问句中，表示请求。对shall I...做肯定回：Yes, please. 否定：No, thank you.
Shall I turn on the light? Yes, please./No, thank you.
对shall we ..做答时，如果不包括对方，肯定用Yes, please. 包括对方，肯定：Yes, let’s...
It’s getting late. Shall we go? Yes, please. /Yes, let’s go.
***注意：a. May I ...表示请求，否定要用mustn’t/can’t, 不能用may not.
b. 对must的一般疑问句，肯定用must/have to, 否定用needn’t或者do/does have to, 不能用mustn’t.
c.在need的一般疑问句，肯定回答must，否定回答needn’t.
（二）动词短语
1.动词+介词
break into 破门而入 call for 呼吁 care for 喜欢、关心 care about 在乎 get over 度过、客服
2. 动词+副词
clean up打扫赶紧 write down 写下 run out 用完
3. 动词+副词+介词
get along with 进展 look down upon蔑视 look forward to 期盼
4. 动词+名词+介词
make friends with交朋友 take pride in 以..感到自豪 pay attention to 注意
5. 动词+名词
lose heart 灰心 take place 发生 make a face 做鬼脸
6. be+adj +介词
be afraid of 害怕 be good at 擅长 be proud of以..为傲
**注意：在动词+副词短语中，如果后面接名词作宾语，可放在短语后面，也可放在中间，若代词作宾语，只能放在中间。如：write the new words down=write down the new words =write them down
二．动词时态
在英语中，同样一个动作，由于发生的时间不一样，所表示的形式就不一样，这就叫时态。
（一） 时态构成
时态
构成
一般现在时
主语+v+其他
主语(三单)+vs+其他
一般过去时
主语+v过去式+其他
一般将来时
主语+will/shall+v+其他
主语+be going to +v+其他
现在进行时态
Be(am／is／are) ＋v—ing 构成
过去进行时态
was/were+v-ing
现在完成时态
主语+have /has+v-过去分词+其他
过去完成时态
主语+had＋v-过去分词
过去将来时态
主语+would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to+v
（二） 时态的应用及动词变化形式
1、一般现在时
l 定义
表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，还表示主语具备的性格和能力及客观真理。
例：I get up at 6:30 in the morning . She is at home .
l 构成
主要用动词原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加s/es。
l 句型
1、肯定句：主语+谓语+其他。
She reads English everyday.
2、否定句：主语+don’t/doesn’t+谓语+其他。
He doesn’t get up at 6:30 in the morning.
3、一般疑问句：Do/Does+主语+V原+其他？
Do you like English? Yes, I do. /No, I don’t.
4、疑问句：特殊疑问词+do/does+主语+V原+其他？
What time do you get up every morning?
Where does your father work?
l 用法
1、表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，带与表示频率的时间状语如：often , sometimes , usually，always , everyday year，month．．．） , once/twice a week (month, year, etc.), seldom, on Sundays等连用。
I leave home for school at seven every morning.
2、表示客观真理，科学事实、格言警句。
The sun rises in the east .日出东方。
The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。
Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。
Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。
The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。
3、根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。
I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting.
4、仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如：
He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。
That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。
She majors in music .她主修音乐。
All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。
My sister is always ready to help others. 我妹妹总是乐于助人。
l 动词第三人称单数形式变化规则
1、一般情况下，动词后直接加-s;
如：help-helps, clean-cleans, give-gives等。
2、以s，x，ch，sh或o结尾的动词，在词尾加-es;
如：dress-dresses, fix-fixes, watch-watches, finish-finishes等。
3、以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，把y变为i，再加-es;
如：study--studies, fly-flies, carry--carries等。
4、动词have遇在主语是第三人称单数时，have改为has，
如：He has an interesting book .
5、动词be遇有主语是第一人称单数时，be改为am，遇有主语是第二人称时，be改为are，遇有主语是第三人称单数时，be改为is
2.一般过去时（动词加ed）
l 结构
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。
基本结构
否定句
一般疑问句
Be动词
was/ were+not
was或were提前，放于句首
行为动词
didn’t+do（动词原形）
Did+主语+do（动词原形）
注：在一般过去时的句子中，谓语动词可分为两类一类是be动词，其形式为was与第一、三人称单数连用，were与第二人称和复数人称的主语连用。凡是由be动词做谓语的句子，变否定句时，直接在其后加not,即wasn’t 或weren’t，变一般疑问句将was/ were放在句首，句末用问号。另一类谓语动词是由行为动词来充当，如stayed\went\visited等,这一类动词做谓语时，可与任何人称连用，句子变否定时，要在主语后面，动词的前面加didn’t，动词用原形；一般疑问句是把did提到句首，动词用原形。
I was in Shanghai last year .
I wasn’t in Shanghai last year .
Was you in Shanghai last year ?
He went to the park yesterday .
He didn’t go to the park yesterday ?
Did he go to the park yesterday ?
l 句式
1、肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其他。
I was in Beijing yesterday .
I went to the beach yesterday .
2、否定句：主语+wasn’t 或weren’t+其他。
主语+didn’t + V原+其他。
I wasn’t in Beijing yesterday .
I didn’t go to the beach yesterday .
3、一般疑问句：was/ were+主语+V原+其他？
Did +主语+V原+其他？
Were you in Beijing yesterday ?
Did you go to the beach yesterday ?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ was/ were+主语+其他？
特殊疑问词+did+主语+V原+其他？
Where were you yesterday ?
Where did you go yesterday ?
l 用法
1、表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的动作或情况，常与明确的时间状语连用，如：yesterday,last week(month , year…),…ago, the other day ,just now ,at the age of…,in 1980等连用。如：
At the age of ten, she began to learn to play the piano .
2、表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
When I was a child, I often play the football in the street.
3、在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时。
He said he wouldn’t go if it rained.
4. 用于虚拟条件句中，表示与现在与现在事实相反的情况。
If I were you, I would take a small gift. (此处were 不能用was代替)
l 动词过去式的规则变化
1) 一般情况下, 在动词原形末尾加-ed ; 如look-looked
2) 结尾是字母e 的动词加-d, 如 practice-practiced；
3) 结尾是“辅音字母+y” 的动词, 变“y”为“i” 再加ed, 如study studied;
4) 重读闭音节结尾, 双写动词尾的辅音字母，再加ed, 如stop stopped。
不规则动词表
catch caught come came
do did draw drew
drink drank drive drove
eat ate fall fell
am is was are were
begin begun break broke
bring brought build built
buy bought can could
l 规则动词过去式与过去分词的构成：
（1）一般情况在动词后加ed：worked, helped, called, wanted, needed
（2）以e结尾的动词加d：hoped, liked, agreed, changed
（3）以辅音字母加y结尾的动词先将y变为i，再加ed：carried, studied
（4）以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音的动词，双写该辅音字母后再加ed：stopped，preferred
（5）还有不规则动词，要记熟（一般附在教科书后面）
3．现在进行时（be(is/ am /are)+现在分词构成）
l 结构
由 Be(am／is／are) ＋动词—ing 构成。
l 用法
1、表示说话时刻正在进行的动作及行为，或者包括说话时刻在内的一段时间正在进行的动作。常用时间状语及标志词：now( at the moment ) , listen , look , this week , this evening , these days 等。
Listen , Someone is playing the piano in the next room .
2、表示一种渐进的过程。
My younger brother is becoming more and more interested in English .
3、与always , all the time , forever等连用，表示说话人某种强烈的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。例如：
He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。
She is often doing well at school. （表示满意）她在学校学习挺不错的。
Are you feeling better today? （表示亲切）你今天觉得好一些吗？
One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.（表示不满）我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。
Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .（表示不喜欢） 有些推销员老是敲我家的门, 向我们推销他们的产品。
4、表示移位的动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等，其现在进行时可表将来。
She is leaving for Beijing next weak.
My friend is coming for dinner.
l 句型
1、肯定句：主语+ be(am／is／are) ＋动词—ing +其他。
I am studying now.
2、否定句：主语+ be +not+动词—ing +其他。
I am not studying now .
3、一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词—ing +其他？
Is she studying now? Yes, she is ./No, she isn’t .
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ Be+主语+动词—ing +其他？
What are you doing now?
动词的现在分词构成：
（1）一般情况，加ing：going, asking
（2）以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再加ing：come—coming, write-writing
（3）以y结尾的动词都直接加ing：studying, carrying, playing
（4）以辅音字母结尾的闭音节动词，双写其辅音字母后，再加ing：put—putting, cut—cutting, spit—spitting
（5）特例：die—dying，tie—tying，lie—lying
4．一般将来时（will+动词原形，(be going to)+动词原形）
l 概念
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
There will be an English party next Saturday.
We will come to see you tomorrow.
l 结构
1、由will +动词原形构成，其will适用于各种人称，与主语连在一起时，常常缩写为’ll。变否定句时，只需在will后加not，可缩写为won’t 。在疑问句中，will需提前，构成will+主语+动词原形的结构。
He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。
2、shall+动词原形（常用于主语为第一人称）
I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。
3、be going to+动词原形（打算、准备做某事）
He is going to spend his holidays in London. 他打算在伦敦度假。
l 用法
1、表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语，如：tomorrow, next day（week，month，year．．．．）， this evening (weekend …), in the future , in a few minutes，the day after tomorrow ,by．．．， soon 等连用。
I will pay a visit to Shanghai next week.
I hope you won’t be late next time.
2、当主句为一般现在时，在以after, when, while, as soon as ,if ,unless等引导的时间或条件句中，要用一般现在时表将来。
I’ll do it better if the teacher gives me another chance.
5.过去将来时（would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to+v）
l 概念
表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个"将来"时间绝不会延伸到“现在”；而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。由此可以看出，含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：
A）宾语从句或间接引语中；B）表示过去习惯性的动作；C）表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。例如：
A) When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction would be . 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。
She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。
He didn't expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿。
B) During that period, he would do morning-exercises every day. 在那段时间，他每天早锻炼。
Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。
C) No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。
They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。
Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave . 甚至在讲座结束之后，听众仍不肯离去。
I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。
I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。
6.过去进行时（was/were+v-ing）
l 用法
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。动作发生的特指时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明，如：at this time yesterday，at 7:00 yesterday ，last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引导的时间状语从句等。
My family were watching TV at this time yesterday .
**注意：（1）以when引导的时间状语从句中，从句动作，主句用过去进行时，表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。
When he called me , I was having dinner .
（2）以while引导的时间状语从句中，从句与主句的动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，while常译为“当……的时候，同时”。
Tom was doing his hmework while hie sister was watching TV .
7.现在完成时*(have /has+v过去分词)
l 含义
现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。
e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是：已可以吃饭了。)
Michael has been ill.(含义是：现在仍然很虚弱。)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是：现在已在此地)
l 句型
1、肯定句：主语+have /has+动词过去分词+其他。
I have studied English for 5 years.
2、否定句：主语+have /has+not +动词过去分词+其他。
We haven’t been there.
3、一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词过去分词+其他？
Has he eaten that apple?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ have /has +主语+动词过去分词+其他？
l 用法
1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for, since连用。
e.g. Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等：
e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等：
e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing?
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等。
e.g. Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain this year.
The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。
e.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.)
6、现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。
e.g. We have had four texts this semester.
现在完成时中的时间状语：
★already通常用于肯定句中，意为“已经”，位于行为动词之前, be动词、助动词之后。有时可放在疑问句句尾，表示惊讶。例如：
We have already cleaned the classroom.
Have you finished it already？
★yet用于疑问句中表示“已经”；用于否定句中，表示“还(没)”。例如：
—Has he found his watch yet？他还没找到他的表吗？
—No, not yet. 是, 还没有。
★ever意为“曾经”，常用于疑问句或否定句中，位于助动词和过去分词之间，表示从过去到目前为止的时间。例如：
Have you ever been there？你曾经去过那里吗？
Nothing has ever happened here. 这里未曾发生过什么事。
★never意为“（曾经）从未、没有”, 是否定副词，在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。ever与否定词not连用相当于never。例如：
I haven’t ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我从未跟她讲过话。
★just意为“刚刚”, 用于现在完成时, 表示行为刚刚过去, 位于助动词与过去分词之间。
e.g. He has just come back from school.他刚从学校回来。
★ just now意为“刚才”, 表示过去某时, 用于一般过去时, 位于句首或句尾均可。e.g. He came from school just now.他刚才从学校回来。
★for 和since的用法及区别。for 与一段时间连用，since 与时间点连用。
**注意：since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。
e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970.
I haven’t seen her since she left Shanghai.
I saw Ping Ping six years ago. Since I have never seen her.
★have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has
been in的区别。
have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过, 人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在, 常与一段时间连用
e.g. She has been to Shanghai before. 她以前曾去过上海。
She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。
Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛了吗？但不能说 Have you gone to Qingdao?
8.过去完成时
l 过去完成时的概念
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一事件之前已经发生的动作或状态，即过去的过去。图示如下：
----|-------------------------- |---------------------------|----------------------->
过去完成 过去 现在 将来
l 构成
1、肯定句：主语+had＋v分词
When we got there, the football match had already started.
2、否定句：主语+had not+v分词
He hadn’t worked for two years by then.
3、疑问句：had+主语+v分词…？
Had he finished the work by last month?
l 用法
1、过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态; 句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。
e.g. By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.
2、过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。例如：
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
3、在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
4、在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
5、by the time “直到……时候”。指从过去某一点到从句所示的时间为止的一段时间。如：
By the time we got to his house, he had finished supper.
6、表示意向的动词, 如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等, 用过去完成时表示 “原本…，未能…”。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
（三）练习题
A.用所给词的适当形式填空
1 They ________ (visit) the museum last week.
2. She ________ (go)to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.
3. John is always busy. He ________ (sleep) only six hours very night.
4. Stay here; boy; don't go out. It ________ (rain) now.
5. She often ________ (do) her lessons after supper.
6. Hurry up! The train ________ (leave) in five minutes.
7. They ________ (arrive) in London on the night of April 30, 1989.
8. All the students ________ (plant) trees tomorrow.
9. The earth ________ (move) around the sun.
10. My brother likes English very much, and he ________ (practice) reading every morning.
11. I usually ________ (do) my homework in the evening.
12. If it _____ (not rain) tomorrow, the League members of class ______ (plant) trees around the lake?
13. I ________ (finish) my homework by half past eight last night.
14. I don't know if he ________ (come). If he ________ (come), please let me know.
15. He ________ (join) the army a few years ago.
16. I'll tell him the news as soon as he ________ (come) back.
17. He said that they ________ (clean) the classroom the next day.
18. We often ________ (have) an English party on Saturday evenings.
19. Look! The Yong Pioneers ________ (pant) trees on the hill.
20. He said that light ________ (ravel) much faster than sound.
B.单项选择
( ) 21. I’ll go with you as soon as I my homework.
A. will finish B. finish C. am finishing D. finishes
( ) 22. If it tomorrow, I won’t go to the cinema.
A. will rain B. rains C. is raining D. rain
( ) 23. She is going to be a nurse when she up.
A. is going to grow B. grows C. growing D. grow
( ) 24. My father usually breakfast.
A. cook B. cooks C. is cooking D. is cooked
( )25. The twins Chinese in an evening school now.
A. is studying B. are studying C. studies D. have studied
( ) 26. We to learn English three years ago.
A. begin B. began C. begun D. have begun
( ) 27. Look! There _________ some apples in that tree.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
( ) 28．We'll have to clean the plates before Mother _________ home.
A. will come B. is coming C. come D. comes
( ) 29. There will not be any paper money ________ 100 years.
A. for B. in C. ago D. at
( ) 30. There ________ a ball game next Sunday.
A. have B. is going to be C. has D. is going to have
C.句型转换
31.Li Lei reads English every day.（改为否定句）
32.He is a farmer .（改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答）
33.We clean our classroom every morning .（改为一般疑问句并作否定回答)
34.They often play soccer.（对划线部分提问）
35. l’m living in Guangzhou now.（用in three years改写句子）
I ____________ ___________ in Guangzhou __________ three years.
36. I think you should clean your bedroom first. （改为否定句）
I __________ think you __________ clean your bedroom first.
37.He has some money, too.（改为否定句）
He ___________ ________ _________ money, .
38.He didn’t finish his work .（改为肯定句）
39.The boy is reading .（改为否定句）
40.He will be back in a month .（改为否定句）
1．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been B. where I had gone
C. where had I been D. where had I gone
2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?
A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done
3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt
4. She ______lived here for ______ years.
A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of
5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.
A．had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked
6. She said she __________ the principle already
A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen
7.Li Ming said he _____happy if Brian_____to China next month.
A. as; come B. was; would come C. would be; came D. will be; come
8. Jenny said she _____her holiday in China.
A. spent B. would spent C. was going to spent D. would spend
9. —What did your son say in the letter?
—He told me that he ______ the Disney World the next day.
A. will visit B. has visited C. is going to visit D. would visit
10. I hoped Tina ______ to my birthday party on time the next Wednesday.
A. to come B. is coming C. will come D. was coming
11. Father said that he ______ me to Beijing the next year.
A. took B. would take C. takes D. will take
12. We were not sure whether they ______ more vegetables.
A. are going to grow B. were going to grow C. will grow D. have grown
13.She ______ to work when the telephone rang.
A. is going B. will go C. was about to go D. is to go
三．动词语态
（一）语态
英语中动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态. 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,在被动语态中动作 的执行者有时用by短语表示出来.
（二）被动语态的构成
助动词be+及物动词的过去分词
一般现在时：am/is/ are +动词的过去分词
The house is cleaned every day.
一般过去时：was/were +动词的过去分词
He was tought a lesson yesterday.
（三）被动语态的用法
1. 不知动作执行者时,常用被动语态.
eg. My bike was stolen yesterday.
This car is made in American.
2. 不必要说出动作执行者时,常用被动语态。
eg. Rome was not built in a day.
3. 为了突出强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态.
eg. Thousands of beaches are polluted .
4.为礼貌的需要，避免说出动作的执行者
Eg. The window glass was broken this morning.
5.公告、新闻报道、报纸标题、科技文章中
在公告、新闻报道、报纸标题、科技文章中（其中be动词常省略）、科技文章常用被动语态。
Eg. Smoking is strictly prohibited here. (公告)
Five-year-old Boy (were) Kidnapped. 五岁大的男孩绑架。（新闻标题）
（四）主动语态变为被动语态的步骤:
They speak English.
主语 谓语 宾语
English is spoken by them.
主语 谓语动词的过去分词 宾语
(1)主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
(2)主动语态的谓语动词变为被动语态的谓语动词，即”“be+及物动词的过去分词”(be有时态、人称和数的变化)。
(3)主动语态的主语变为by的宾语。
Bell invented the telephone in 1876 .
The telephone was invented by Bell in 1876 .
（五）被动语态的时态表示
被动语态的时态一般只通过be表现, 过去分词不变。例如：
一般现在时: The trees are planted by the farmers.
一般过去时: The trees were planted by the farmers.
现在进行时: The trees are being planted by the farmers.
一般将来时：The trees will be planted by the farmers.
现在完成时：The trees have been planted by the farmers.
含情态动词的被动语态：The trees can(must,should) be planted by the farmers.
（五）被动语态的几种句型：
肯定句 主语+be+过去分词+(by…)
A sweet song was sung by her on the stage.
否定句 主语+be+not+过去分词+(by…)
A sweet song wasn’t sung by her on the stage.
一般疑问句 Be+主语+过去分词+(by…)
Was a sweet song sung by her on the stage?
特殊疑问句 疑问词+be+主语+过去分词+(by…)
Where was a sweet song sung by her?
**注意：1.主动句中感官动词see/hear/watch/feel等和使役动词make/let have等后接不to的不定式，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号 to。
2. 后接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词变为被动语态时，宾语补足语成分不变。
We heard Jim playing the guitar in his room.
Jim was heard playing the guitar in his room.
请把下列主动句变为被动句
1. The woman asked the policeman for help.
2. The old man on TV tells a story on Sunday.
3. Do they use the box as a table?
4. She sent me a collection last week.
5. The teacher doesn’t teach us math this term.
6. Did Lily buy her sister a hat?
7. We often hear him play the violin at home.
8. The lazy boy didn’t wash clothes yesterday.
9. Students listen to the kind teacher carefully.
10.When did your father took you to the park.
四． 非谓语动词
（一）动词不定式
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外，动词不定式具有动词特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。其中 to为不定式符号，本身无意义。动词不定式的肯定形式是to＋do；其否定形式是not to＋do。
下面以动词不定式在句中的作用来予以详细说明。
1．作主语
可以直接作主语。如： To see is to believe．
但在英语中，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如：
It's wrong to play tricks on other people．
It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy．
点击规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，常放在It is ＋adj．（形容词）＋to do sth．或 It is ＋n．（名词）＋to do sth．句型中，it仅作形式主语。
2．作宾语
a．want，decide ，agree等动词后面跟并且只能跟不定式。如：
We agreed to start early．
She wants to be a doctor．
b．love，like ，begin，start，hate ，prefer等词后面可以接不定式。
点击规律：上述动词后面除接不定式外，还可以接动名词，意思无很大区别。
提示板：like doing指经常性动作，而like to do指一次性的动作。如：
I like swimming，but I don't like to swim now．我喜欢游泳，但我现在不想游。
c．stop，forget，remember，go on ，try等词或短语后面可以接不定式。
点击规律：上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。
提示板：
1）stop to do sth．：停止一件事，去做另一件事。
stop doing sth．：停止正在做的事。
例句：When the teacher came in，the students stopped talking；when he came out，the students stopped to talk． 当老师走进来时，学生们停止说话；当老师走出去时，学生们又开始说话。
2）思考：forget，remember，go on，try等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法有何区别？
d．在find／feel＋it＋adj．＋to do sth．句型中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。如：
The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep．
I feel it easy to recite the text．
点击规律：1.某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语，又可接动名词作宾语，二者用法上的区别可以通过造句子加以区分，如上面stop例句。
2.动词不定式做宾语时，如果后面跟有形容词、名词灯座宾语补足语时，通常用it做形式宾语，而把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后。如d.
3．作宾语补足语
a．tell，ask，want，order，teach，invite，warn，wish，help，get，wish，help等词后面常接不定式作宾补。如：
I tell him not to go there by bus ．
Edison's mother taught him to read and write．
b．**注意：1.主动句中感官动词see/hear/watch/feel等和使役动词make/let have . notice等后接不to的不定式作宾补，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号 to。如：
The boss makes them work 16 hours a day． I heard her sing in the next room．
##提示板：若变成被动语态，在上述结构中，不定式符号to要加上。如：
They are made to work 16 hours a day by the boss．
She was heard to sing in the next room．
4．作定语：放在被修饰的名词、代词后面。动词不定式与被修饰的词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。
例句：I have a lot of work to do．
The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy．
点击规律：动词不定式若在句中作定语，常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。
提示板：如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系，若动词是不及物动词，切记不要忘掉介词。如：
I have a small bedroom to live in．
Have you got some pens to write with？
5．表语：放在连系动词be后面
例句：His wish is to become a scientist．
The first important thing is to save the soldiers' lives．
当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。
点击规律：动词不定式在句中作表语时，通常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。
6．作状语
a．目的状语：放在go，come，use，live，in order等词后面。如：
I come to see you．
He runs fast in order to get there in time．
b．原因状语：放在sorry，glad，surprised， disappointed，excited等词后面。如：
I am glad to see you here．
I am sorry to trouble you．
c．作结果状语。如：
Some of the apples are hard to reach．
The room is large enough to hold 1000 people．
注意：动词不定式可放在一些表示喜怒哀乐的表语形容词后面，如sorry、glad、surprised、disappointed、 excited 等，常用作原因状语。Eg. He felt excited to know this news. 听到这个消息，他很激动。
7．与what，who，whose，when，where， how等特殊疑问词连用，作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。如： I don't know what to do next．（宾语）
He taught us how to use the computer．（宾语补足语）
It's still a question how to get there．（主语）
8. 特殊疑问词+不定式 特殊用法。
特殊疑问词+不定式=名词性从句，因此常用此结构改写相应的从句，从而把一个复合句改为简单句。但要注意，进行简化的条件是主句主语和从句主语必须是同一人称。
Eg. The old lady found out where she could buy fruit cheaply. =The old lady found out where to buy fruit cheaply.
**注意：1. 疑问词+不定式 结构作主语时，后面谓语用单数
2.此结构疑问代词后需接及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。
3.此结构中疑问副词后要接不及物动词，若为及物动词，后面要有动词的宾语。What to do/how to do it.
4.不定式通常不与疑问词why连用，why do sth /why not do sth. 开头的简短疑问句.
（二）动名词
动名词由“动词原形＋ing”构成，其与现在分词同形。动名词既有动词的性质，也有名词的性质。
1.动名词动词特征
（1） 动名词可以有宾语
I have finished repairing that machine.我已经修完那台机器了。
（2）动名词可以用状语来修饰
They have started working in the apple-orchard. 他们已经开始在苹果园里劳动了。
2.动名词名词特征
作主语、宾语等=名词
Playing computer games too much is bad for your eyes.过度地玩电脑游戏对你的眼睛有害。
动名词作主语和动词不定式作主语，在很多情况下可以通用。
3.动名词句法功能
（1）作主语
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。（动名词作主语，谓语用单数）
（2）作宾语
常接动名词作宾语的动词或短语有 enjoy, finish, consider (考虑), miss, keep, mind, practice, suggest, be busy, feel like, give up, can't help, avoid, be used to, be worth, be afraid of, be proud of, be interested in, can't stop, keep…from, look forward to, put off, stop…from, have fun等。如：
Have you finished __________ the book?
你读完这本书了吗？
（3）作表语
The nurse's job is ______________ the patients.
护士的工作是照顾病人。
（4）作定语
I often go to the ____________________.
我经常去阅览室。
[提醒] 有些词既可接不定式又可接v.ing形式作宾语，但表达的意义不同。常见的有：
(1)stop to do sth停下来去做另外一件事(不定式作目的状语)
stop doing sth停止做某事(v.ing作宾语)
(2)try to do sth 试图(企图)做某事
try doing sth尝试着做某事
(3)forget to do sth忘记要去做某事(还没做)
forget doing sth忘记做过了某事(已做)
(4)remember to do sth记着要去做某事(还没做)
remember doing sth记得做过了某事(已做)
(5)go on to do sth做完一件事后继续做另外一件不同的事
go on doing sth继续做原来所做的同一件事
(6)need doing(某事)需要做(被动含义)
need to do 需要去做某事(主动含义)
温馨提示：巧记只能接动名词作宾语的动词：
完成、时间、值得、忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）
继续、习惯、别放弃(keep, be used to, give up)
考虑、建议、不禁、想(consider, suggest, can’t help, feel like)
喜欢、思念、要介意（enjoy, miss, mind）
（三）分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词(v.ing)有主动、进行之意；过去分词(v.ed)有被动、完成之意。
1．作定语
China is a __________ country. America is a _________ country.中国是一个发展中国家，美国是一个发达国家。
I know the boy called Li Ming.
我认识那个叫李明的男孩。
2．作表语
The book is interesting. I'm interested in it.
这本书很有趣。我对它感兴趣。
3．作宾语补足语
I saw her going upstairs.我看见她正在上楼。
I want to have some photos taken. 我想拍几张照片。
4．作状语
Laughing and talking, they went into the room.
他们有说有笑地走进了房间。
5．现在分词与过去分词的区别
(1)语态上，现在分词表示主动之意，过去分词表
示被动之意。 如：
the surprising news 令人惊讶的新闻
a surprised boy 一个受惊吓的男孩
(2)时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。 如：
the developing country 发展中国家
the developed country 发达国家
6．易混结构
使役动词(make, keep, let, have等)易混结构的区分。如have sb doing sth 与have sth done 的区别：
(1)have sb doing sth 意为“让某人一直做某事”， doing这个动作具有持续意义。如：
The teacher had the boys standing all day.
老师让男生罚站了一整天。
(2)have sth done 意为“让某人做某事”，相当于ask sb to do sth, done 表示让他人完成，有被动之意。如：
I had my computer repaired yesterday.
昨天我让人修理了我的电脑。
（四） 非谓语动词的用法区别
1.不定式与动名词作主语的区别
动名词作主语表示一般的或者抽象的多次性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。如：
Smoking is prohibited here. 此处禁止吸烟。（抽象）
It’s not very good for you to smoke so much. 你抽那么多烟多不好。（具体）.
2.不定式与动名词作宾语的区别
有些及物动词后面既可以接动名词作宾语，又可以接动词不定式作宾语，其中不少动词还会引起意思上的变化。
1） remember, forget
Remember+to do 表示该动作还没发生
+ving 表示该动作已经发生
Eg. Remember to post the letter. 记得把这封信寄了。（“寄信”还没发生）
I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄了那封信。（“寄信”已经发生）
2） stop,go on
Stop+to do 表示：停下来去做另外一件事
+ving 表示：停止做同一件事情
Eg. They stopped to talk.他们开始谈话。（停下了原来做的事情）
They stopped talking. 他们停止了谈话。
3） Try
Try+to do 表示：设法作，努力做
+ving 表示：试着做
4） begin, start,hate, love, like, prefer等
此组词用不定式和动名词作宾语，意义没有什么区别。
Eg. You can begin to write/writing.
5） can’t help
Can’t help+to do表示：不能帮助作某事
+ving 表示：情不自禁做某事
Eg. The medicine can’t help to get rid of your cold. 这药不能帮你治好感冒。
He couldn’t help crying when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息，情不自禁的哭了。
6） need, want
Need/want+to do 表示：想要做某事
+ving 表示被动含义 need doing =need to be done
Eg. The room needs to be cleaned.=The room needs cleaning. 房间需要打扫。
***注意：有时，like+ving表示经常性的爱好，like+to do 表示一次性的或独特的爱好。
Eg. He doesn’t like reading, but he likes to read newspapers in bed. 他不喜欢读书，但他喜欢在床上看报纸。
非谓语动词练习。
一．选出最佳选项。
1. Don't forget _________ the letter.
A. to send B. send C. sending D. being sent
2. The chair looks very old, but in fact it is very comfortable to _________.
A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on
3. Is ______ necessary to return the book tomorrow?
A. this B. that C. it D. which
4. I'm afraid they would not allow him ________ here.
A. to smoke B. smoking C. smokes D. smoke
5. Mother told me ________ the water before I drank it.
A. boiling B. boiled C. boil D. to boil
6. On my way home, I stopped _______ some food.
A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought
7. John was made _______ the car for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing
8. The sitting-room needs _______, but it'll have to wait until Saturday.
A. be cleaning B. to be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
9. The first thing I want to do is __________.
A. visit to him B. to visit him C. visiting him D. visited him
10. Li Yang advised me _________ too much, otherwise I would have been drunk.
A. not to drink B. to drink C. not drinking D. drinking
一. 用动词不定式或ing分词填空
1. I enjoy_________.(sing) 2. What do you want________(do) next ?
3. I learnt ______(swim) when I was three years old. 4. I was very upset and started_____ (cry).
5. I hope _______(see) you again soon. 6. It is a fine day today, so I suggest_____(go) for a walk.
7. Have you finished _________ (mop) the floor.8. He was very angry and refuse __(say)anything.
9. Where is Lily ? I need ________(talk) with her.
10. I am too fat, so I have decided _________(do) more exercise.
二. 选出正确答案
( )1. I usually go ________ with my mother at weekends.
A. shop B. to shop C. shopping
( )2. He is not old enough ________ to school.
A. to go B. go C. going
( )3. The man admitted _________the bank.
A. rob B. to rob C. robbing
( )4. People must stop ________down trees.
A. to cut B. cutting C. cut
( )5. I’d rather_______ a cup of coffee.
A. to have B. having D. have
( )6. Mike managed to give up _________.
A. to smoke B. smoking C. smoke
( )7. I am sorry to have kept you ________ for such a long time.
A. to wait B. waiting C. wait
( )8. She has a nice voice. I often hear her________ in the morning.
A. singing B. to sing C. sing
( )9. I don’t like traveling by boat, it always makes me ______sick.
A. to feel B. feeling C. feel
( )10. Let me_______ you around the city.
A. show B. to show C. showing
( )11. I put the flowers on the porch_______ from the rain.
A. protecting B. to protect C. protected D. to be protected
( )12. Kathy decided ______ hard and make herself______ behind the others.
A. to work; not fall B. working; not to fall
C. to work; fall D. working; to fall
( )13. She forgot_______ the TV when she left home.
A. to turn off B. turned off C. turning off D. turn off
( )14. My parents want me ________ good marks.
A. get B. to get C. getting D. got
( )15. The doctor asked Mary ________the medicine three times a day.
A. not to remember taking B. not to forget taking
C. not to remember to take D. not to forget to take
( )16. His job is________ the students’ meetings.
A. organize B. to organize C. organizing D. organized
( )17. What about_______ a letter to your friend on the Internet ?
A. try sending B. try to send C. trying sending D. trying to send
( )18.Let him________ it by himself.
A. to do B. doing C. did D. do
( )19. The customers watched the unusual bird_______ in the inn.
A. dance B. to dance C. danced D. dancing
( )20. At the police station, the boy admitted _______ the necklace at last.
A. to steal B. stealing C. stole D. steal
( )21. It is impossible ________.
A. for me to go to bed early B. to me to go to bed early
C. for me go to bed early D. to me go to bed early
( )22. I remember________ my wallet here. But I can’t_______ now.
A. putting; find B. to put; finding
C. to put; be found D. putting; be found
( )23. Could you tell me _______ work out the problem ?
A. how B. how can I C. how to D. how will I
( )24. I saw a little boy________ a kite yesterday afternoon.
A. flew B. fly C. to fly D. flying
( )25. His jokes made us all _________.
A. to laugh B. laughing C. laugh D. laughing
( )26. It’s very kind of you_______ me with my English.
A. help B. helping C. to help D. helps
( )27. He promised__________ me a nice car.
A. buy B. to buy C. bought D. to have bought
( )28. Mother told me ________ walk along the river.
A. do not B. not to C. to not D. not
( )29. Her ambition is ________ an engineer.
A. become B. to become C. be D. /
( )30. You’d better ________a rest now.
A. to have B. have C. having D. had
( )31. Thank you for ________me the secret.
A. telling B. tell C. to tell D. told
( )32. I used to______ in the countryside, now I am used to_____ in the city
A. living; live B. living; living C. live; living D. live; live
( )33. The detective is busy_______ clues and he has _______ some valuable proof.
A. looking for; find B. finding; looked for
C. looking for; found D. find; looked for
( )34. This film is worth ________.
A. to see B. seeing C. seen D. saw
( )35. I was allowed to play football after_________ my homework.
A. do B. did C. doing D. done
( )36. China is becoming __________.
A. strong and strong B stronger and strong
C. stronger and stronger D. strong and stronger
( )37. The population of China is larger than ________ of America.
A. those B. that C. it D. this
( )38. Our city is getting _________ .
A. more beautiful and more beautiful
B. more and more beautiful
C. beautifuler and beautifuler
D. beautiful and beautiful
( )39. Taxis in Shenyang are cheaper than ________ in Beijing.
A. that B. it C. this D. those
( )40. I prefer_______ basketball to _______ football.
A. playing; playing B. playing; play
C. play; playing D. play; play
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