高中英语语法——旧词新义 教案

against
反对, 逆着, 倚靠着,
1、 与…成对照

against a dark background 与黑色背景成对照; The picture looks better against the light wall. 这幅画挂在浅色的墙上显得更美。

2、防备；防御

against the cold 防冷
We are all taking medicine against the flu.我们都在服药预防流感。
air
空气,天空
1、 发表(意见等)
air one's views发表意见
使通风, 使通气
She aired the room by opening the window. 她打开窗子使房间通风。
allow
允许，准许
体谅; 考虑到;顾及(for)
We must allow for his youth.我们应当体谅他年轻。
留出；允许有

allow 10% for inflation 允许10%的通货膨胀
allow 15 minutes for delay 预留15分钟以防耽搁
alone
单独地, 独自地
[用在名词或代词之后]只有, 唯有, 仅仅
Smith alone knew what happened. 只有史密斯知道发生了什么事。 The key alone will open the door. 只有这把钥匙能开这个门。
attend
出席，参加
侍侯，照应,与on/ upon 连用)
attend the very sick patients 照应重病人
attend on / upon a very sick man
处理、料理（与to 连用）
attend to the problem

beat
连续击打, 揍
击败,战胜（用于比赛中）
beat sb at the table tennis match

规律性地拍击
to beat a drum 击鼓The heart beats. 心脏跳动。My pulse beats normally.我脉搏正常。
搅拌
to beat eggs 打鸡蛋
1、 鼓(翼)
The bird beat its wings. 鸟扑打翅膀。
block
（大）块；（大）片；街区
1、 阻塞; 堵住,阻挡（vt）
The police have blocked the road. 警察已经封锁了道路。block out light阻挡光线
trees that block the view
2、 障碍物；阻塞(n)
a block in the pipes 管道阻塞
to put up a road block 设置路障
book
书
预定
You'll have to book up early. 你要早一点订座。
build
建造, 建筑
体格；体型
We’re of the same build.我们体型相同
a man of strong build体格健壮的人
business
商业, 买卖, 交易, 生意,
商店,商行

run / operate/ manage a business
营业
in business经商 on business出差，办事
职责；本分

It's a teacher's business to make children learn.
使学生学习是老师的责任。
事情, 事物
Mind your own business.
It’s none of your business.
高中英语旧词新义



capital
首都, 首都的
1、 资本；资金；
资方;
The Smith Company has a capital of ＄ 30.000.史密斯公司有3万美元的资本。
2、大写字母
大写的（字母）
capital letters 大写字母
Write your name in capitals.
用大写字母写你的名字。
charge
收费，索价(vt)

费用(n)

主管，负责
1、 指控(v /n)

He was charged with stealing a car. 他被指控偷了一辆汽车。（charge sb. with sth ; 类似 accuse sb. of sth）
2、猛冲；攻击；向前冲

Suddenly the wild animal charged at us.突然那头野兽朝我们冲过来。
Charge the enemy向敌人发起冲锋
3、充电、装(满), 装料,
charge a gun with powder
用火药填满炮
collect
.收集
1、收（租， 税，帐等）； 募（捐）
collect taxes.收税
collect (raise) money 募集资金

2、使镇静；集中（思想等）
"Before you begin to make a speech, you should collect your thoughts and ideas.在你开始讲话之前，你应当集中你的思想和意念。collect one's emotions.镇定情绪collect oneself心平气和， 平心静气， 镇定一下
company
公司,
1、 陪伴、伴侣

He kept me company. 他陪伴我。in the company of在...陪同下I had no company on the journey. 我在旅行中没有同伴。
content
n.内容, 容量, 目录, 满足（to one's heart's content心满意足
adj.满足的, 满意的, 愿意
1、 使…满意或满足vt.


Nothing contents her, she is always complaining. 没有什么能使她满意，她总是抱怨。contented himself with one piece of cake.（他）吃了一块蛋糕非常地满足
2、含量
the content of silver in a ton of ore
一吨矿砂中银的含量
corner
角落, (街道)拐角处,
把…难住；使走投无路
The dog cornered the rat.
狗把老鼠逼到一个角落。




count
数数, 计算
（count down
倒计时）
1、依靠，依赖(on)
You can count on my help.你可以依赖我的帮助
2、 认为；视为；看作
count it an honor (to do sth.) （把做某事）引以为荣
3、有价值；重要；有用
Every second counts. 每一秒钟都很重要。
You really count with me.对我来说你确实很重要



cover
盖子, 封面
覆盖
1、 占（时间或空间）
）The town covers 5 square miles. 小镇占地5平方英里。
2、 走完（一段路程）
I want to cover 100 miles by dark. 我想在天黑之前走完100英里
3、 新闻采访
cover a fire for a newspaper 为报纸采访失火的新闻
4、 够付（费用）

These expenses are covered by the state. 这些费用都由国家负担。

5、包括；包含；论及
The review covered everything we learned last term. 这次复习包括上学期我们所学的全部课程。
6、看完(多少页书)
cover fifty pages in 15 minutes
develop
发展, 形成，研制,开发
冲洗(胶片、相片等)
develop films /photos冲洗胶卷
draw
画图
吸引；拉；抽；
打成平局；不分胜负
draw water from the well
从井中把水抽出来
draw a lesson吸取教训
draw 20dollars from the bank从银行提取20美元draw a conclusion引出、得出结论
draw one's attention（to …）引起某人注意…
The street accident drew a big crowd.
马路上的事故吸引了一大群人。
The game was drawn.比赛打成了平局。
The game ended in a draw. 比赛不分胜负 (平局；不分胜负)
employ
雇用
1、 使[采、利]用



employ force 使用武力
Why didn't you employ the new method?
你们为什么不采用那个新方法呢?
She employs her time wisely.她善于利用时间。（employ... as把...用作）
enter
进入; 加入；登录,
[计]回车
使进[加]入
enter (oneself[sb.]) for(替...)报名参加
写下或输入
We entered our names in the guest book; 我们在来客名薄上写下姓名；enter the data into the computer.把数据输入电脑
equal
平等的；相等的； 等于（vt）
1、胜任的

John is quite equal to the job of running the office.约翰很能胜任主理这个办事处的工作。
2、比得上(vt)
None of us can equal her. 没人比得上她。




express
表达, 表示
1、快速的；快递的
an express train

2、快车(= express train)
快递服务；快件服务
the No. 12 special express to Beijing
开往北京的12 次特快


fair
公平的
（adj.）
(肤色)白皙的, (头发)金黄的(天气)晴朗的
fair skin.白皙的皮肤fair hair.金发
fair skies.晴朗的天空
集市 商品展览会；商品交易会
village fair农村集市trade fair商品交易会
industrial fair工业博览会
adv
公平地；公正诚实地
You must play fair.
你必须公正处事。你必须公平地比赛。
figure
数字, 人像；画像; 图；图表
人物

the great figures of history 历史上的伟大人物
领会, 懂得



We must figure out how to solve the problem.
我们必须想出解决这个问题的办法。(figure out算出；了解)
He figured the whole scheme at once.他马上就懂得了整个计划。
推测, 判断, 估计
I figure he'll be back soon.
我估计他很快会回来。
game
比赛, 游戏, 竞赛, [复]运动会
猎物,野味（不可数）
Lions and elephants are called big game when they are hunted.被追捕的狮和象称为大猎物。
gift
赠品, 礼物,
天赋, 才能
He has a gift for poetry. 他有做诗的天赋。
a man of many gifts 多才多艺的人
grade
等级；级别；年级
1、成绩；分数
He always got high grades in school.
他在学校里总是得高分。
2、分等，分级
These apples have been graded according to size and quality.这些苹果已经按照大小和质量分了等级。
hold
拿着，握着召开，举行;
使身体保持某种姿势
Hold yourself still. 身体不要动。
抑制；控制
to hold one's breath 屏住气
容纳；装

The room can hold twenty people. 这屋子可容下20个人。How much water does the jug hold?那罐子能盛多少水?
占有；占据；坚守
to hold a position 坚守阵地
拥有，持有（金钱、土地、职位等）

hold an important position at the bank. 在这家银行里担任一个重要的职务。
My husband and I hold conflicting opinions on this matter."对于这件事,我和丈夫的意见相左。
保持；继续


"Hold the line, please."请不要挂断电话机!
Do you think the good weather can hold?你认为好天气能持续下去吗?
认为，以为

We hold that no country should interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.我们认为一国不应干涉他国的内政。
land
陆地; 土地，（使）登陆, （使）登岸,（使）着陆；
国家
war between lands
国与国之间的战争
（非正式）搞到，捞到，获得，取得
land a well-paid job; 找到一份收入很高的工作
late
迟的, 晚(期)的(adj/ adv)
1、已故的
前任的


the late doctor已故的医生
the late president前任总统
the late government 上届政府
his late wife 他已亡故的妻子
2、新近的，最近的
the late news最近的新闻
the late earthquake最近的地震
3、不久前、新近（adv）
I saw Mr. Wang as late as yesterday.
就在昨天我还看见过王先生。
last
最后的，最末的; 紧接前面的；刚过去的(adj)
最后（的人、东西）；
最后，上次

1、vi.
持续, 延续, 维持; 耐久
The festival lasted two days.节日持续了两天。
This cloth lasts well.这种布很耐穿。
2、够用、使得以维持（vt）
The food will last us another week.
食品够我们再吃一星期。
3、最不可能的least likely or expected）；最不适当的，最不合适的（the least desirable or suitable）

the last person we would have suspected.
我们最不可能怀疑的人 the last man for the job.对这项工作最不合适的人

lead
领导，引导，
铅
1、通往（向）（to）
The path leads to the village.
这条小路通到那村庄。
1、 导致（to）
lead to the thief being caught
2、 在比赛中）领先
After the first half of the race I was leading. 跑了一半赛程后我领先了She was in the lead during the race. 她在赛跑中领先。
3、 过（生活）
He led a hard life.他的日子过得很苦。
4、 榜样,带头
take the lead in everything
leave
离开, 动身;留下，把…（落）遗忘在某地；把…交付（委托）给
1、使…处于某种状态




leave the work undone丢下工作不干
leave him an orphan 使他成为孤儿
leave him sad 使他伤心
leave the raincoat hanging behind the door 让雨衣挂在门后leave sb. in the dark 不让某人知道
2、听任



leave him there让他呆在那里吧。
leave it as it is让它保持原样。
I will leave you to do as you like.
你爱做什么就做什么。
3、准[休]假, 假期(不可数)


ask for leave请假
ask for two days’ leave(take two days off)请两天假
be on leave 在度假；在假期中
grant / give sb a leave准某人的假（此处冠词为特殊用法）
lift
举起,.升高, 提高; [英]电梯; 吊车
1、免费搭乘，搭便车
He gave me a lift to the station in his car. 他让我搭他的汽车去火车站。
2、窃取（尤指小件物品）；抄袭，从已发表的东西上照抄、剽取(观点、文章等)
He was caught lifting make-up in the supermarket.
Many of his ideas were lifted from other authors.他的许多见解都是从其他作家那里剽窃来的。
line
绳；线，路线，线路; 排，列(n)；(使)排列，排队（v）
1、 运输公司
an airline航空公司
a shipping line 海运公司
(pl) 台词

spend the weekend learning her lines.
利用熟记她的台词
短信；便条
I'll drop you a line.我会留个便条给你
lesson
功课, (一节)课, [pl.] 课程
教训
teach sb. a lesson给某人以教训
earn one's lesson得到教训
be a lesson to对...是一个教训
live
生活, 居住,
实况地, 实况转播的,
adj.活的
live animals.活着的动物
live shrimps活虾
live 表此意仅用于修饰动物、家禽、鱼等。
live broadcast 现场直播
major
较大的，主要的,重要的
[美口]主修, 专攻
He majors in physics.他主修物理。
专业学生
He is a history major.他是主修历史的学生
大学主修科目

manner
态度, 举止
方法; 方式; 样子；(艺术、文学的)风格, 手法

[pl. ]礼貌, 规矩


It’s good manners to do sth干…有礼貌
It’s bad manners to do sth.干…没礼貌
Mind your manners.注意礼貌。
mass
块；团；堆大多数, 大量
1、群众
the masses群众, 民众
2、群众的, 大规模的
mass education大众教育；
mass production.大规模生产

补充：a mass of = masses of）许多/大量…
match
比赛 ，火柴
1、 匹配、匹
敌（vi / vt）


The color of the shirt does not match that of the coat.衬衫的颜色与上衣不相配。The curtains do not match with the decoration.窗帘与室内装璜不相配。I'm ready to match my strength with [against] yours.我准备和你较量较量。These two are well matched in strength.他们俩势均力敌。
2、对手; 相似的人[物], 相配的人[物]
You are no match for him. 你不是他的对手。
find [meet] one's match 遇到对手, 棋逢对手
best match最佳匹配The blue shirt and gray tie are a good match.蓝衬衫与灰领带很谐调。

补充：strike a match 划一根火柴
matter
事件, 问题
1、物质(不可数)

Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas.物质以三种状态存在: 固态、液态和气态。
2、[pl.]事态,情况
That’s how matters stand.目前情况就是这样。
3、有问题的，有毛病的（与the 连用）
I have no idea what is the matter.
There is nothing the matter with it.
(the matter = wrong)
4、有关系, 有重要性，要紧（vi）
What matters most is that you should have confidence in yourself.

补充： as a matter of fact ; a matter of time
mean
意思是、意味着; 意欲/想要；意指
吝啬的；小气的;卑鄙的
be mean with money花钱小气be mean about/ over 在…方面很小气a mean motive.卑鄙的动机
（因能力、命运等）注定
I believe he is meant to be a soldier.
我相信他天生是要当军人的。
用意(v)

He means ill /well to me.他对我怀有好意/ 恶意.
关系重大;重要
My friends mean a lot to me.
方法、手段（means,单复数同形）
Every means has been tried,
All means have been tried.
by means of ….； by this / these means

1、be meant to必须；得要You are meant to leave a tip. 你得留下小费。
2、by all means当然；当然可以
3、by no means并没有；绝不：
By no means should this remark be taken lightly.这次讲话绝不能等闲视之
measure
尺寸, 量度的单位; 量具；量器;测量,
1、 措施；办法


They took strong measures against dangerous drivers. 他们对危害公众的司机采取强硬的措施。take measures to do sth / about sth
2、斟酌, 权衡
She works hard and doesn't measure the cost to her health.她工作勤恳并不考虑身体代价。
He measures his words with caution.
他仔细斟酌着字句

The room measures five metres across.
这房间有五米宽。
be measured in feet用英尺量
make sth to one’s own measure
monitor
班长

监听器, 监视器, 监控器; 〈计〉显示器
air monitor空气监测器


.监控(v)

monitor an examination监考monitor the enemy's radio broadcasts监听敌方的电台广播
must
必须
肯定
必需的东西； 必须做的事
warm clothes are a must in the mountains. 住山里必须备有厚衣服。
nail
指甲, 钉, 钉子
vt.钉, 将...钉牢
He nailed the picture to the wall.
把画钉在墙上。
narrow
狭窄的；狭隘的vi变窄vt.使变狭窄, 使缩小
勉强的；险胜的
a narrow victory 险胜
a narrow escape 死里逃生/侥幸逃脱
nature
自然,
自然界
本性, 天性; 特性
good nature好心肠, 温和的性格, 好脾气 human nature人性
note
笔记；记录
注释；短笺；便条; 纸币；钞票;音调；音符
口气；调子
记下

The pupil noted what the teacher said.
学生记下了老师的话。
注意(到)

Please note that this bill must be paid within 10 days. 请注意这张账单必须在10天之内付清。
名望, 显要
a man of note有名望的人, 名人

补充：noted adj.著名的compare notes交流经验；交换意见of note著名的；重要的compare notes交换意见; 对笔记
object
物体, 目标, 宾语, 对象
反对(与to连用)
strongly object to developing private cars.强烈反对发展私人小汽车。object to the proposal.反对这个提议。The general public objects to the use of drugs. 大众反对使用毒品。
operate
动手术, 开刀(operate on sb/ sth)
操作
operate a computer / machine
(机器)工作、运转
The lift doesn’t operate properly.
order
命令; 吩咐；次序; 秩序；整齐，有条不紊
定购;预定


order sth by mailorder books by telephone
You'd better order a taxi.
你最好还是去预定一辆出租汽车。
点（菜）；叫（菜）
正常(工作)状态,
What drinks shall we order?
我们叫什么饮料？

The telephone's out of order. 电话机坏了。
in (good) order
owe
欠， 欠债
1、感恩；感激

We owe our parents a lot. 我们十分感激父母。I owe you for your help.我感谢你的帮助。

2、（常与to连用）归功于
She owes her success to good luck. 她把成功归功于幸运。The young writer owed his success to his teacher's encouragement.
年轻作家把自己的成功归于他老师的鼓励。

The food cost ￡4 , but I only paid ￡3 so I still owe ￡1.
I owe you an apology.
owe sb. some money
park
（演讲、文章、音乐等的）一节，一段
1、停放（车辆）； 停车

Please park your car in the parking lot and hike in."请把车停在外面停车场,步行进去。"
No permission to park!不准停车!
No parking here.此处禁止停车。
2、停车场
car park停(汽)车处
3、区，地区
industrial park工业区(一般在郊区)
passage
（演讲、文章、音乐等的）一节，一段
1、通行；通过


The wooden bridge is not strong enough to allow the passage of lorries.
"这座木桥不够坚固,载重货车不能通行。
2、（狭窄的）通道；走廊
wait in the passage 在走廊等候
air passage气路, 空气道
perform
表演；演（剧）
履行, 执行，完成

perform one's duties/promise/contract
履行职责/诺言/合同
perform a task 完成/执行一项任务
表现
He performs well.他表现很好。
picnic
(自带食品的)野餐, 郊游
去郊游, 去野餐
My family often picnicked in the woods last year.(注意picnic的过去式与过去分词以及现在分词的构成：picnicked/ picnicking)
picture
.画, 图画, 照片
1、 想象



I can’t picture myself as a mother.我无法想象自己做母亲。She pictured herself at school in a foreign country. 她想象自己在国外上学。
It is hard to picture life 200 years ago.
很难想象200年前人们的生活。
2、（生动地）描绘、描述
picture one’s suffering during the war
生动描述了战争中的苦难。
plain
平原；旷野
1、平坦的
the plain field 平野
2、简单的、朴素的
the plain food/meal/living/clothes
清淡的食物/便饭/朴素的生活/便服
3、清楚的；明白的
in plain English讲简单的英语

4、坦率的；实话实说的
in plain words坦白地说
plain talk.开诚布公的交谈
plant
植物；种植
工厂
chemical plant 化工厂power plant 发电厂
ship-building plant 造船厂
post
邮寄，邮政；投寄； 邮报
贴出;张贴（常与up连用）
The names of the members of the team will be posted up today. 队员名单将于今天张榜公布。
柱子、桩子
a row of fence posts一排篱笆桩
岗位、职务、哨所
leave / quit one’s post离开岗位stick to one’s post坚守岗位



practice
练习; 实践（n / v）
作为该意义的名词是不可数）
惯例,习惯做法
a common practice 通常做法
an international practice 国际惯例
习惯

it was the practice这就是当时的习惯
the practice of going to bed late 晚睡的习惯
the practice to do sth做某事的习惯
make a practice of养成...习惯
produce

生产, 制造
提出；拿出;出示

to produce one's ticket 出示票 produce any proof of your nationality出示有关你国藉的任何证件
导致；引起；
带来
Hard work often produces good results.
努力工作经常会有好结果。
产品；（总称）农产品）

George's jokes produced a great deal of laughter.乔治的笑话引起了哄堂大笑。
The wine bottle was marked ‘Produce of Spain.’ 酒瓶标明“西班牙产品”
promise
允诺, 答应
(n/v)
预示；预兆

Early mist promises fair weather. 晨雾预示好天气。
（有）希望，（有）前途（n/ vi）

a young player of great promise.一个很有前途的年轻演员a research item that promises well大有前途的研究项目

补充: promising 有前途的
pronounce
发音
宣称；宣告

pronounce the picture to be a forgery. 断言这幅画是膺品。The priest pronounced them man and wife.神父宣布他们已结为夫妇。
宣判
pronounce sentence of death ...宣判...死刑
The judge pronounced sentence on the prisoner. 法官对囚犯宣告判决。

raise
提高,提升
(钱等的) 筹募；筹集
raise funds筹集资金

提出
raise a question提出问题
饲养、种植、养育
raise corn and soybeans.种玉米和大豆
raise chickens and corn 养鸡和种植玉蜀黍
raise children.抚养孩子
引起
raise a laugh引起一阵大笑
raise doubts引起怀疑
reach
到达(vt); 伸出（将身体的一部分）
联系


I've been trying all day to reach him on the telephone.(reach=get through to)我整天都在打电话找他.
(手/能力可及之)距离、范围

within reach of the shops 买东西很方便的地方The ball was out of reach. 我够不着这个球。within one’s reach/ out of one’s reach
达成（结论、协议）
reach an agreement达成协议
reach no conclusion 没有得出结论
延伸, 达到(to, into)


The speaker’s voice didn’t reach to the back of the hall.讲演者的声音传不到大厅的后座。
The garden reaches down to the lake.
花园一直延伸到湖边。
流域

the upper/lower reaches of a river
河的上游/ 下游
ready
有准备的, 准备完毕的
1、甘心的, 情愿的

He was ready to believe her.他愿意相信她
He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于帮助他人。
2、随时可有的，现成的；在手边
ready money /cash现金sleep with his sword ready睡觉时把剑放在身边
read
读, 朗读、阅读
1、 看懂, 理解

It’s hard to read the expression on his face. 难以理解他脸上的表情。How do you read the sentence?你怎样理解这句话?I can’t read your short-hand notes.我看不懂你的速记符号。
Read the clock 看钟Read a map 看地图
Read music 识乐谱
2、显示
The thermometer reads 80 degrees Fahrenheit.温度计显示华氏80度。
realize
意识到；明白
实现
realize the modernization of their country. 实现国家现代化。realized his lifelong ambition
实现他毕生的理想
recognize
认出; 认识; 辨认
承认；认可
to recognize a new government 承认一个新政府He recognized that he was beaten.他认输了。
reduce
减少[小, 轻]; 缩减、降低（价格等）
使处于某种状态; 使变成, 使成为
be reduced to a shadow骨瘦如柴be reduced to despair陷入绝望The poor woman is reduced to begging.那个可怜的女人已沦为乞丐。
refer
谈[涉, 提]及, 提到, 指(的是)；参考、查阅（与to 连用）
1、提交, 委托


refer a question to an expert把问题提交给专家(处理)The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers. 商店把投诉转交给制造商。
2、向...打听[查询]（与to 连用）
refer to sb. for information
向某人打听消息
regard
把...视为, 看作;
1、尊重, 尊敬
（v / n）
regard sb. highly尊重某人
pay regard to public opinion重视舆论
out of regard for出于对...的重视, 出于对...的考虑
2、[pl. ]问候, 致意(n)
with best regards谨致问候
Please give my regards to your mother.
请向你妈妈问候。
注意: 考纲中要求掌握：remember me to sb. 代向某人问好
regular
有规律的；定期的, 定时的；经常的, 习惯性的, 惯例的;
3、[美]普通的

Do you want king size cigarettes or regular size?
你要长枝的还是一般(长短)的香烟?

keep regular hours过有规律的生活
a regular air service定期航班
a regular customer老主顾
a regular meeting例会
relation
关系
1、 亲戚；亲属; 亲属关系

Some of my relations, my mother's aunt and uncle, live in America.我有些亲戚，如我母亲的姑姑和叔叔，住在美国。

relative
有关的, 相关的
1、 相对的, 相比较的
live in relative comfort生活得较为舒适the period of relative stability相对稳定时期
2、亲戚
relative = relation

补充：the facts relative to the problem
与此问题有关的事实
remain
依然, 仍然.
；保持;（be still）
1、停留, 留下


remain in one's mind留在记忆中How many weeks will you remain [stay] here?你将在此停留几个星期?remain out呆在外面, 留在户外
remain in呆在家里
2、剩余, 余留;
Only a few trees remain.只留下了一些树

He remains a teacher / weak . These matters remain in doubt.这些事情仍然值得怀疑。
A cure remains to be found.尚待发现的疗法
It remains to be seen还要看情况发展。it remains to be seen尚待分晓Nothing remains but to只要...就行了注意: 该词只有不及物用法，没有被动； remaining( adj.剩下的)
respect
尊敬；尊重
(v /n)
1、[pl. ]敬意, 问候
give one's respects to向...致候
2、着眼点, 方面


I think you are wrong in every respect .我觉得你各方面都错了。in all respects (=in every respect)无论在哪方面[哪一点]来看, 在各方面in many respects在许多方面
3、重视, 关心, 考虑
We must pay respect to the needs of the general reader我们必须关心一般读者的需要。
roll
滚动,(使)摇摆, 卷起;轧碾; 杆面(v)

roll up the map. 把地图卷起来。
She rolled the string into a ball.
她把线卷成一团。
滚; 摇摆,
卷状物; 卷
(学校、军队等的)点名簿; 名单

He rolled himself from side to side.
他左右摇晃。


a roll of film 一卷电影胶片call the roll 点名
student roll 学生名册The thunder rolled in the distance.远处雷声隆隆。(隆隆地响)
a roll of thunder 隆隆的雷声rock-and-roll
n.摇滚乐, 摇滚舞
rush
猛冲，奔跑，快速移动或行动;(v)
急忙；仓促(n)
仓促；匆忙
冒失地做；
仓促完成，赶紧做 (v)
rushed completion of the project. 仓促完成这个项目rush headlong（轻率地）into marriage.
仓促轻率地结了婚。
rush to make a decision仓促做决定

催促(v)
Don't rush me. 别催我。

An ambulance rushed her to the hospital.
救护车把它急匆匆地送到医院
蜂拥、急切而焦急地到或离开某个地方(n)
a rush to the goldfields.淘金热
gold rush淘金热

抢购、急需
(n)
抢购热潮Christmas rush 圣诞节抢购热潮
a rush for gold coins.抢购金币
忙碌、普遍的繁忙或忙碌
(n)

The office always operates in a rush.办公室的工作总是很繁忙The traffic on the streets during the rush hours came to a standstill.
高峰期间马路上的交通车辆处于停止状态




1、rush sb. off his feet逼迫人忙得不亦乐乎
2、rush out赶制出They rushed out 1000 copies of the book. 他们赶印出1000册书。
3、I don't like the rush of modern life.
我不喜欢快节奏的现代生活。
save
挽救, .解救
节省, 储蓄
保存, 保全, 保留,
1.免除，避免
save me much trouble 免去我很多麻烦
saved the tourist from being cheated
使旅游者免于受骗save sb. from
从...救出某人, 使免于[不致, 不受]...

save one's face保全面子 save one's neck明哲保身 She saves （vi）in every way she can
她在各方面尽量节省。 (God)save us!(表示惊讶)天啊! save (one's) breath别白费劲儿。
seat
座, 座位(n)
使就座
1. （桌子）有座位；（屋子）可容纳若干人；为…提供座位
The big table can seat 20 guests.
The hall can only seat less than 100 people.
We can seat 300 in the auditorium.
我们这个礼堂可容纳三百人
2、使或帮助…坐下; 给…安排座位
seat the members of the bride's family.引座员会引导新娘的家人就座seat me in the back row.
给我在后排提供一个座位。

seat oneself ; be seated ; find sb. seated at the back of the room；the people seated in the front
注意seat 的用法，该词为及物动词。考试说明中有要求掌握：be seated。
seek
寻找，寻求(常与for/ after 连用)
企图，试图；图谋求得
请 求，征求
I will seek my doctor's advice. 我将请教医生的意见。seek directions from a police officer.
向警官询问方向

补充：Seek and you will find. 找一找，你就会发现seek shelter from rain寻找避雨的地方
seeking information; 查询信息He sought to make peace. 他企图讲和。seek to do good.试图行善seek help求助
注意seek 的过去式和过去分词 sought;
sense
官能, 感觉
……感
1、意义（n）
in a sense在某一方面；就某种意义来说
make sense有意义；意思清楚；有道理
make sense of理解；懂；明白
2、感觉;觉察，意识到（v）
He sensed that his proposals were unwelcome.
他觉得他的建议不受欢迎。The dog sensed that I was afraid. 这只狗感觉到我害怕了。
Sense the danger察觉到危险

a high sense of responsibility to the revolution
高度的革命责任感common sense常识[理]
There is a lot of sense in what he says.他的话颇有道理。
sentence
句子
判决, 宣判(v / n)
刑罚(n)
sentence sb. to death判处某人死刑sentence sb. to 5 years in prison判处某人5年徒刑under sentence of death被判处死刑serve one's sentence服刑capital sentence极刑, 死刑
a life sentence无期徒刑，终身监禁He received a heavy sentence. 他受到很重的刑罚。
serve
服务(vt), 服役(vi)
1、提供，准备（如食物）：
serve breakfast供应早餐
2、可做；适于
This box will serve for a seat. 这箱子可当作座椅。 This platform would serve as a port and a railway station.这个平台将用作港口和火车站。
3、上(菜); 斟(酒)
serve coffee hot把咖啡趁热端上来
serve tea.上茶
4、担任职务
serve as an interpreter担任译员

It serves him right.他活该。serve the people heart and soul全心全意地为人民服务
service
服役; 服务
1、公职部门；政府部门；服务机构
China Travel Service中国旅行社The US Customs Service美国海关总署the security service 保安部
2、仪式；宗教仪式
Morning service will be at 11 o'clock.
早礼拜将在11点进行。
3、公共设施
服务行业
the telephone service 电话设施
The train service to the capital is very good. 去首都的火车服务设施非常好。
Service station (美)加油站

on active service 服现役
at your service听您吩咐；随时供您使用
do sb. a service给某人帮忙
settle
解决, (使)定居
使平静, 使镇定[稳定]
settle (oneself) down to work安下心来工作
停留, 停息
The bird settled on the wire.鸟停在电线上。
sharp
锐利的,尖的；（目光）敏锐的;（思维）敏捷的；（言词）尖刻的
准时地；整（adv）
at seven o'clock sharp 七点整
突然的；急剧的
a sharp turn to the left 向左急转a sharp decline急剧下降 a sharp turn急转弯 a sharp pain.剧痛 a sharp picture 清晰图像

补充：
be sharp in thought思维敏捷。"
shoulder
肩, 肩部
用肩抗；肩负, 承当
shoulder the heavy boxes肩抗重盒
shoulder the responsibility承担责任
用肩推，挤

shoulder people aside 用肩膀把人挤开
shoulder one's way through the crowd
用肩从人群中挤过

补充：shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩
sign
标记, 符号,牌子,告示；征兆, 迹象；签名; 签署
1、身势，姿势；信号(n)
He made a sign for me to follow him.
他向我示意跟着他（走）。
2、做手势示意(vi / vt)
He signed to /for me to be quiet.
He signed me to be quiet.他做手势要我安静。

There are no signs of life about the house. 这房子没有有人住的迹象。sign in签到 sign out签名登记外出sign up for military service 报名从军sign up for a pottery course.报名参加陶器制作课程
solid
固体, 立体(n).固体的, 实心的, 坚固的, 结实的, 立体的(adj)
不间断的；连续的
two solid hours足足两个小时
真实的, 可靠的, 理由充分的
a solid friend可靠的朋友
solid arguments理由充分的论点
sort
n.种类, 类别

分类, 拣选;整理
"Sort out these papers and fasten them together with a clip, please." "请把这些文件整理一下,用夹子夹在一起。"

补充：有几分；有点；相当(Somewhat; rather)
I sort of expected it. 我料到几分了。
He is sort of disappointed. 他有点失望。
sound
声音（n）
听起来(vi)

使发声[响]
吹号命令[通知, 庆祝], 吹...号
sound a horn吹号角
sound the alarm发警报
完好的；健全的
A sound mind in a sound body.健全的精神寓于健全的身体。get home safe and sound平安到家
合理的，正确的
sound advice 正确的忠告
可靠的，稳妥的
sound basis 稳固的基础
sound friends 忠实的朋友
彻底的，完全的
A sound sleep 酣睡
彻底地；充分地
be sound asleep



His explanation sounds all right. 他的解释似乎有理。Your idea sounds a good one. 你的想法听起来很好。sound a good idea / like a good idea.不用： sound to be a good idea
spare
备用的; .多余的, 剩下的
节约, 吝惜(用于否定)
spare no efforts [pains]不遗余力
spare no expense不惜工本
放过, 饶恕
He does not spare himself.他对自已要求很严。spare sb.'s life
免除；使省去
He did the work to spare you the trouble.
他做了那件事使你免去麻烦。
抽出，匀出；让与
Can you spare me this book for a while? 这本书能让我看一会儿吗?Can you spare me a few litres of petrol? 你能匀给我几公升汽油吗?
Can you spare the time to help me?你能抽出这段时间帮我吗?

补充：1）in your spare time ;
a spare tire 备用轮胎a spare ticket退票
2）to spare剩余；多余
We paid our bills and had money to spare.我们付帐后还有节余
spring
春天
泉水，泉
a hot spring温泉
弹簧, 发条
弹性；弹力
The spring has run down.钟表发条走完了。
跳跃, 跳起（n/ v）
She sprang out of her chair to greet her father.
她从椅子上跳起来迎接她父亲。
有弹性的; 弹簧的
a spring mattress.弹簧垫子
stage
.舞台
发展的进程, 阶段或时期
at an early stage in our history
在我们的历史早期

The stage is her life.演艺事业是她的生命（前面与the连用）演员生涯go on the stage 当演员
stand
站立; 座落, 屹立于
忍受；经受
I cannot stand waiting [to wait] any longer.再等下去我可受不了啦。stand the test of time经受时间的考验
处于某种状态
The matter stands thus.事情就是这样。
How do matters stand? 情况如何？
身高；高度为
He stands six feet in his socks.
他穿袜（脱鞋）时身高六英尺。
The building stands over 200 feet high
立场；主张
take a firm stand on sth .对…采取坚定立场
架; 台; 摊；看台上的观众（pl）
a fruit stand水果摊a music stand乐谱架
a launching stand(火箭)发射台He kicked the ball into the stands.他把球踢到了看台上

stand by在场；靠近 ;袖手旁观
（无线电台或军事方面）待命，准备行动； 极力支持；忠于；信守to stand by one's promise 遵守诺言stand out明显；醒目 ;突出；杰出
stand up for维护；拥护；支持
state
国家, 政府, 州; 国家的, 国有的, 国营的, 州的,
状态
声明, 陈述, 规定
"Please state your name, age and occupation on the form."请在表上填写你的姓名、年龄和职业。
规定；指定

only to be used on the stated date
只能在指定日期使用

Everything was in a state of disorder. （状态）
In China, the railways are owned by the state.（国家）
stick
n.棍, 棒,
粘住, 粘贴
Stick no bills. 请勿张贴
vt.刺, 戳
Stick the knife into the right side
伸出(v)
Stick out your tongue.伸出舌头
stick out of the water 伸出水面
卡住、困住
He was stuck by the question.他被这个问题难住了。The key stuck in the lock. 钥匙卡在锁里。

stick to粘住，坚持，忠于Stick to basic principles.坚持基本原则Stick to one’s own opinion 坚持自己地观点。
store
商店, 店铺
贮藏, 贮备, 存储(n / v)
conserve one's strength and store up one's energy养精蓄锐a mind well-stored with facts见闻广博的人The shed will store 30 tons of coal.这个棚子能容纳30吨煤。
大量，许多
a store of knowledge 丰富的知识

in store存储着；预备着Who knows what the future has in store for us?谁知道我们将来会怎么样?
strength
力，力量；强度
浓度;强度
alcoholic / working strength 酒精强度/ 劳动强度
强项，长处
strengths and weaknesses 优点与缺点

补充：with all one’s strength 尽力，全力
I haven't the strength to lift this table.
我没有力气抬这张桌子。
Strike
打, 打击; 打动
划燃
strike a match.划燃火柴
突然想到； 猛然悟到
An idea suddenly struck me.
我心中忽然产生一个念头。
（疾病、地震、洪水等）侵袭；袭击
The earthquake struck the city in the night.
（钟）敲响报（时
The clock struck nine.钟敲了九下。

补充：He struck me with a stick.
他用棍子打我。Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁；趁机行事。
subject
题目, 主题, 科目, 学科, [语法]主语
受实验者
the subject of an experiment实验对象
易受[遭, 患]... 的
be subject to cold 易患感冒
be subject to damage 易受损伤
使服从, 使隶属(to) (v)
subject another's will to one's own
使别人的意志服从己意
受...支配的, 附属的
subject to the law of the land受国家法律的管辖的be subject to taxation应纳税The schedule is subject to change without notice. "时间表随时可能改变,不另行通知。
注：(be) subject to
服从, 以...为条件, 受...的支配; 须经, 必须得到;易遭[受,发生]
succeed
成功
继...之后; 接替; 继承; 接着...发生
succeed sb. as secretary继某人任书记Day succeeds day.日复一日。He had no son to succeed him.他没有儿子继承他。
（常与to连用）继位；继承；继任
succeed to a fortune 继承大笔遗产
to succeed to the throne 继承王位

succeed sb. as继某人出任(某职)
succeed sb. in继某人接掌(某职权); 袭某人爵位[官衔]succeed to继承
tense
紧张的, 拉紧的; [语法]时态
v.(使)紧张, (使)拉紧
He tensed his muscles for the leap.他拉紧了他的肌肉准备跳跃。He tensed as he heard it slow down.他听到它慢下来时变得很紧张。
term
n.学期,
期间，期限，特定的期间
a term of office 任期to get a term of seven years in prison 被判7年徒刑He was made captain of the football team for a term of one year. 他被推选为足球队队长，任期一年。
名词；术语
technical terms 专门名词，术语
(pl) 合同或协议书的条件、条款、细则
come to terms with 与…达成协议If you agree to my terms -- free meals and good wages — I will work for you. 如果你同意我的条件，免费用餐并给高薪，我就为你工作。
vt
称为；把…叫做
His life may be termed happy.
他的生活可称之为幸福。


in the long term从长远的观点看
in the short term从眼前的观点看
in terms of以…的观点；就…而说
on good terms好的关系
on bad terms坏的关系
on speaking terms友好的关系
on friendly terms友善的关系
on equal terms同等
thirsty
渴的，口渴
渴望的(for)
He is thirsty for power.他渴望掌权。
tight
紧的, 绷紧的,
不漏水(不透气)的
a tight boat 不漏水的
（比赛）势均力敌的
A tight race / game 不分胜负的赛跑/比赛
棘手的，麻烦的，困难的
In a tight corner/ place / spot处境困难
track
轨迹, 车辙, 航迹, 足迹, 小路，小径 轨道，铁轨 路线；轨迹;跑道
跟踪，追踪，尾随
track game through the forest. 追踪猎物穿过森林 The hunter followed the animal's tracks. 猎人追踪动物的足迹。
trade
贸易, 商业, 交易, 生意
职业, 行业,
（常与in, with连用）交易；贸易；做买卖
We trade with other countries.
我们和其他国家做生意。


以...换取...
(sth.for sth.); 同某人交换某物(sth. with sb.)
. trade seats with sb和某人对换座位
tradespace for time以空间换取时间
trade If you don't like your book, I'll trade with you.如果你不喜欢你的书, 我和你对换。
treasure
n.财宝, 财富, 珍品, 财产
vt.珍爱, 珍惜, 储藏, 珍藏
treasure sth. up in one's memory 铭记某事
I treasure your friendship.我珍惜你的友谊。
He treasures the watch his mother gave him.
treat
对待；看待
治疗
to treat an illness 治病
处置；用，使用
Glass must be treated carefully.
宴请, 招待, 款待,做东
treat sb. to an ice-cream请某人吃一杯冰淇淋
I'll treat myself to a sunbath.我要好好地享受一次日光浴。treat his guests with courtesy;
殷勤地招待他的客人；This is my treat.这次由我请客。stand treat 负担请客的费用，请客
type
类型
打字，用打字机打出
to type a letter 用打字机打一封信
〈计〉键入

value
价值
估价；评价; 尊重, 重视
I valued the house at 50,000 yuan.我估计这所房子值五万元。I have always valued his advice.我一向尊重他的指教。
voice
声音, 嗓音
[语法]语态
发言权
have a voice in this matter.对这件事有发言权
vt.表达, 吐露
voice different opinions about it对此发表不同的看法。He voiced the feelings of the crowd.
他表达出群众的情绪。

补充：with one voice异口同声；一致地
Our group rejected the proposal with one voice.我们小组一致反对提议
wave
波, 波浪;
飘扬；摇摆
（常与to连用）招手，挥手（致意）
He waved desperately to his companion.他绝望地向他的伙伴挥了挥手。She waved her hand to say good-bye. 她挥手告别。He waved to us to stop.他挥手叫我们停住。
wave sb. a greeting挥手向某人致意
卷（头发）
Her hair waves naturally. 她的头发卷得很自然。

补充：The red flag is -ving in the breeze.
红旗迎风飘扬。
weather
天气
度过(暴风雨, 困难等); 经受住
weather the storm 战胜暴风雨We have weathered another war. 我们又度过了一场战争。

补充：under the weather有病；不舒服；难过
weigh
vt.称...重量, 称
vi.重(若干)
起（锚）
to weigh anchor 起锚
考虑, 斟酌; 衡量
weigh the matter seriously认真考虑这件事
weigh the advantages & disadvantages
重压, 压下
The fruit weighed the branches down.
果子压得树枝下垂。

补充：weigh heavy [light]称起来分量重[轻]
This box weighs five kilogrammes.
His words weighed heavily with me.
when
当…时
虽然，尽管
She stopped short when she ought to have continued.尽管她应该继续下去，她却突然停住了。We have only three books when we need five.虽然我们需要五本书, 却只有三本。
Why use wood when you can use plastic?
既然能用塑料, 为什么还要用木料?
while
当…时；一会儿；然而（表对比性转折）
尽管，虽然：
While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them
While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.
whole
全部, 全体, 整体,
完整的, 完全的
adv.完全, 整个
a whole new idea. 全新的想法
swallow sth. whole全盘接受；生吞活剥

补充：Three whole years整整三年
the whole truth全部真相as a whole整个看来
on the whole总的看来
wide
宽的
全部地，充分地
The children were still wide awake, when the clock struck twelve for the New Year's Day.
当新年的钟声敲响十二下时孩子们仍然完全醒着。Open one’s eyes wide睁大眼睛
wind
风
蜿蜒前进
wind one’s way. The path winds through the woods. 这条路蜿蜒穿过树林。
把…上紧；把…拧;.绕, 缠, 上发条, 旋紧
wind a clock 给表上紧发条wind the line off the reel.把线从线轴上解开来
word
字, 词, 话
诺言
消息,
No word has come from the battle front. 前线还没有消息传来。Word came that they failed again.有消息说他们又失败了。Please send me word of your arrival.
work
工作
(pl) 工厂
a gas works 煤气厂
(pl)工事
defense works防御工事
著作，作品
Shakespeare's works 莎士比亚著作
a work of art 一件艺术品
奏效；起作用
Does this method work? 这种方法有效吗？
worth
值钱的, 值的; 值得…的
价值(n)
ten dollars' worth of apples
the worth of higher education.高等教育的价值books of real worth 真正有价值的书

It is worthwhile visiting [to visit] the place.
It is worthwhile to discuss [discussing] the problem.

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