2021-2025年高考英语真题分类精编专题13阅读理解议论文（全国通用）（Word版附解析）

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考点1 人与自我类议论文
【2021新课标I卷】
Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intelligence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn’s makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
32. What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.B. It helps t exercise a persn's mind.
C. It includes a set f emtinal skills.D. It refers t a persn’s psitive qualities.
33. Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. T explain a rule.B. T clarify a cncept.
C. T present a fact.D. T make a predictin.
34. What is the authr's attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
35. What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A. Its appeal t the public. B. Expectatins fr future studies.
C. Its practical applicatin.D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32.D 33.B 34. A 35.B
【导读】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了什么是情商以及情商普及的优势，并表达了作者自己的观点，同时提出了对情商研究的未来期望。
32. D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn’s makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and ‘peple skills’.”可知，许多人误把情商理解为一个人的性格中无法被智商测试所衡量的几乎可取的一切，也就是指一个人的积极的品质。
33. B。推理判断题。第二段首句“We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses.”是介绍情商的概念。由此推断出提到的“医生”和“骗子”是对这一概念的解释。
34. A。推理判断题。根据题干中的“the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence”可定位到第三段。根据第三段的首句“Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful.”可知，作者认为情商普及利大于弊。又根据“The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin...”和“The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped...”可知，作者对于情商普及是赞成的。
35. B。主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin.”可知，虽然情商的持续流行吸引力是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学研究和学术研究的更大的兴趣。又根据下文的“It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives.”可知，我们希望在未来的数十年后，科学的进步提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期望。
【2021全国甲卷】
Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender (性别) are “really, really smart.” Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.” Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs(因素)like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance (毅力), and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”
32. What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?
A. They're unfair. B. They're cnservative.
C. They're bjective.D. They're strict.
33. What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They lk up t great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than bys.
D. They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs
34. Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?
A. Imprved glbal cmmunicatin.B. Less discriminatin against wmen.
C. Acceptance f victrs' cncepts.D. Changes in peple's scial psitins.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Takes Many Frms
C. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. A 35. B
【导读】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
32. A。推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that histry is written by victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club-wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief-they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。
33. D。推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief. Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。
34. A。细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we’re all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。
35. B。主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Wh is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, wh are able t change the wrld.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。
【2021天津卷】
There is smething t be said fr being a generalist, even if yu are a specialist. Knwing a little abut a lt f things that interest yu can add t the richness f a whle, well-lived life.
Sciety pushes us t specialize, t becme experts. This requires cmmitment t a particular ccupatin, branch f study r research. The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less. There is a great deal f pressure t master ne's field. Yu may pursue training, degrees, r increasing levels f respnsibility at wrk. Then yu discver the pressure f having t keep up.
Sme peple seem willing t wrk arund the clck in their narrw specialty. But such cmmitment can als weaken a sense f freedm. These specialists culd wrk at the ffice until ten each night, then lk back and realize they wuld have lved t have gne hme and enjyed the sweetness f their family and friends, r traveled t exciting places, meeting interesting peple. Mastering ne thing t the exclusin （排 除）f thers can hld back yur true spirit.
Generalists, n the ther hand, knw a lt abut a wide range f subjects and view the whle with all its cnnectins. They are peple f ability, talent, and enthusiasm wh can bring their brad perspective （视角）int specific fields f expertise （专长）.The dctr wh is als a pet and philspher is a superir dctr, ne wh can give s much mre t his patients than just gd medical skills.
Things are cnnected. Let yur expertise in ne field fuel yur passins in all related areas. Sme f yur interests may nt appear t be cnnected but, nce yu explre their depths, yu discver that they are. My editr Tni, wh is als a writer, has edited several histry bks. She has decided t study Chinese histry. Fascinated by the structural beauty f the Frbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested t learn mre abut Chinese philsphy. "I dn't knw where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm n this pursuit."
These expansins int new wrlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin t see the intercnnectedness f ne thing t anther in all aspects f ur life, f urselves and the universe. Develp brad, general knwledge and experience. The universe is all yurs t explre and enjy.
51. T becme a specialist, ne may have t_____.
A. narrw his range f knwledgeB. avid respnsibilities at wrk
C. knw mre abut the scietyD. braden his perspective n life
52. The specialists mentined in Paragraph 3 tend t______.
A. treasure their freedmB. travel arund the wrld
C. spend mst time wrkingD. enjy meeting funny peple
53. Accrding t the authr, a superir dctr is ne wh_____.
A. is fully aware f his talent and abilityB. is a pure specialist in medicine
C. shuld lve petry and philsphyD. brings knwledge f ther fields t wrk
54. What des the authr intend t shw with the example f Tni?
A. Passin alne des nt ensure a persn's success.
B. In-depth explratin makes discveries pssible.
C. Everyne has a chance t succeed in their pursuit.
D. Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way cnnected.
55. What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A. Be Mre a Generalist Than a Specialist
B. Specialist r Generalist: Hard t Decide
C. Turn a Generalist int a Specialist
D. Ways t Becme a Generalist
【答案】51. A 52. C 53. D 54. D 55. A
【分析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。
51.推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“This requires cmmitment t a particular ccupatin, branch f study r research. The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less.（成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。）”根据“knw … abut less and less”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。
52.细节理解题。第三段中提到“Sme peple seem willing t wrk arund the clck in their narrw specialty. …These specialists culd wrk at the ffice until ten each night (有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。…… 这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。
53.细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The dctr wh is als a pet and philspher is a superir dctr, ne wh can give s much mre t his patients than just gd medical skills. (这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。
54.推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Things are cnnected. Let yur expertise in ne field fuel yur passins in all related areas. Sme f yur interests may nt appear t be cnnected but, nce yu explre their depths, yu discver that they are.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）”；下文举出Tni的例子“My editr Tni, wh is als a writer, has edited several histry bks. She has decided t study Chinese histry. Fascinated by the structural beauty f the Frbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested t learn mre abut Chinese philsphy.（我的编辑Tni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。）”由此可以推断，作者想通过Tni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。
55.主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“There is smething t be said fr being a generalist, even if yu are a specialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less. ”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists, …, knw a lt abut a wide range f subjects and view the whle with all its cnnectins.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“Be Mre a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选A。
【2019天津卷】
Wuld yu BET n the future f this man? He is 53 years ld. Mst f his adult life has been a lsing struggle against debt and misfrtune. A war injury has made his left hand stp functining, and he has ften been in prisn. Driven by heaven-knws-what mtives, he determines t write a bk.
The bk turns ut t be ne that has appealed t the wrld fr mre than 350 years. That frmer prisner was Cervantes, and the bk was Dn Quixte（《堂吉诃德》）. And the stry pses an interesting questin: why d sme peple discver new vitality and creativity t the end f their days, while thers g t seed lng befre?
We’ve all knwn peple wh run ut f steam befre they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m nt talking abut thse wh fail t get t the tp. We can’t all get there. I’m talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.
Mst f us, in fact, prgressively narrw the variety f ur lives. We succeed in ur field f specializatin and then becme trapped in it. Nthing surprises us. We lse ur sense f wnder. But, if we are willing t learn, the pprtunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldm invlve infrmatin and skills. We learn t bear with the things we can’t change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please, sme peple are never ging t lve us—an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high mtivatin and enthusiasm, we can keep n learning. Then we will knw hw imprtant it is t have meaning in ur life. Hwever, we can achieve meaning nly if we have made a cmmitment t smething larger than ur wn little egs(自我), whether t lved nes, t fellw humans, t wrk, r t sme mral cncept.
Many f us equate(视……等同于) “cmmitment” with such “caring” ccupatins as teaching and nursing. But ding any rdinary jb as well as ne can is in itself an admirable cmmitment. Peple wh wrk tward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck, r running a stre—make the wrld better just by being the kind f peple they are. They’ve learned life’s mst valuable lessn.
51. The passage starts with the stry f Cervantes t shw that ________.
A. lss f freedm stimulates ne’s creativity
B. age is nt a barrier t achieving ne’s gal
C. misery inspires a man t fight against his fate
D. disability cannt stp a man’s pursuit f success
52. What des the underlined part in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. End ne’s struggle fr liberty.
B. Waste ne’s energy taking risks.
C. Miss the pprtunity t succeed.
D. Lse the interest t cntinue learning.
53. What culd be inferred frm Paragraph 4？
A. Thse wh dare t try ften get themselves trapped.
B. Thse wh tend t think back can hardly g ahead.
C. Opprtunity favrs thse with a curius mind.
D. Opprtunity awaits thse with a cautius mind.
54. What des the authr intend t tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tugh man can tlerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live withut self-pity.
C. A man shuld try t satisfy peple arund him.
D. A man shuld learn suitable ways t deal with life.
55. What is the authr’s purpse in writing the passage？
A. T prvide guidance n leading a meaningful adult life.
B. T stress the need f shuldering respnsibilities at wrk.
C. T state the imprtance f generating mtivatin fr learning.
D. T suggest a way f pursuing excellence in ur lifelng career.
【答案】51. B 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. A
【解析】
这是一篇议论文，本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。
51.推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。
52.词义猜测题。根据第三段I’m nt talking abut thse wh fail t get t the tp. We can’t all get there. I’m talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run ut f steam可知，停止学习，故选D。
53.推理判断题。根据第四段中But, if we are willing t learn, the pprtunities are everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知机会总是留给那些有好奇心的人，故选C。
54.推理判断题。根据第五段We learn t bear with the things we can’t change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please, sme peple are never ging t lve us—an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。
55.主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。
考点2人与社会类议论文
【2025全国一卷】
While safety imprvements might have been made t ur streets in recent years, transprt studies als shw declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility, especially amng yung children. Many parents say there’s t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl, s they pack them int the car instead.
Dutch authrs Thalia Verkade and Marc te Brömmelstret are bthered by facts like these. In their new bk Mvement: Hw t Take Back Our Streets and Transfrm Our Lives, they call fr a rethink f ur streets and the rle they play in ur lives.
Life n city streets started t change decades ag. Whle neighburhds were destryed t make way fr new rad netwrks and kids had t play elsewhere. Sme cmmunities fught back. Mst famusly, a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park. Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacbs called n her mayr (市长) t champin “New Yrk as a decent place t live, and nt just rush thrugh.” Similar campaigns ccurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Althugh these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car. The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we nw have ver twenty millin cars fr just ver twenty-six millin peple, amng the highest rate f car wnership in the wrld.
We invest a lt in rads that help us rush thrugh, but we fail t accunt fr the true csts. D we really recgnise what it csts us as a sciety when children can’t mve safely arund ur cmmunities? The authrs f Mvement have it right: it’s time t think differently abut that street utside yur frnt dr.
28. What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1?
A. Cars ften get stuck n the rad.B. Traffic accidents ccur frequently.
C. Peple walk less and drive mre.D. Pedestrians fail t fllw the rules.
29. What were the Canadian jurnalist and ther campaigners trying t d?
A. Keep their cities livable.B. Prmte cultural diversity.
C. Help the needy families.D. Make expressways accessible.
30. What can be inferred abut the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s?
A. They bsted the sales f cars.B. They turned ut largely ineffective.
C. They wn gvernment supprt.D. They advcated building new parks.
31. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Why the Rush?B. What’s Next?
C. Where t Stay?D. Wh t Blame?
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。
28.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety imprvements might have been made t ur streets in recent years, transprt studies als shw declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility, especially amng yung children. Many parents say there’s t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl, s they pack them int the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。
29. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Mst famusly, a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park. Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacbs called n her mayr (市长) t champin “New Yrk as a decent place t live, and nt just rush thrugh.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacbs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。
30．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Althugh these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car. The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。
31. 主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lt in rads that help us rush thrugh, but we fail t accunt fr the true csts. D we really recgnise what it csts us as a sciety when children can’t mve safely arund ur cmmunities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush? (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush thrugh (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。
【2025浙江I月卷】
As new technlgies take n increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push t make them genderless. “Peple are steretyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered bjects in very traditinal ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanfrd assciate prfessr f rganizatinal behavir. Remving gender frm the picture altgether seems like a simple way t fix this. Yet as Martin has fund in her wrk, gender is ne f the fundamental ways peple frm cnnectins with bjects, particularly thse designed with human characteristics.
In her study, Martin asked participants t rate their attachment t male, female, and genderless versins f a digital vice assistant and a self-driving car knwn as “Miuu.” It was fund that gender increased users’ feelings f attachment t these devices and their interest in purchasing them. Fr example, participants said they wuld be less likely t buy a genderless vice assistant than versins with male r female vices.
While gendering a prduct may be gd marketing, it may als strengthen utdated r harmful ideas abut pwer and identity. The steretypes cmmnly assciated with men, such as cmpetitiveness and dminance, are mre valued than thse assciated with wmen. These qualities, in turn, are mapped nt prducts that have been assigned a gender.
Martin’s study als fund that creating a genderless bject was difficult. Fr instance, if an bject’s name was meant t sund genderless, like Miuu, participants wuld still assign a gender t it – they wuld assume Miuu was a “he” r “she.”
Martin sees a silver lining, hwever: She believes that anthrpmrphism (拟人化) “prvides an pprtunity t change steretypes.” When wmen are put int psitins f leadership like running cmpanies, it reduces negative steretypes abut wmen. Similarly, anthrpmrphized prducts culd be created t take n steretype-incnsistent rles – a male rbt that assists with nursing r a female rbt that helps d calculatins, fr instance.
32. What is the purpse f making new technlgies genderless?
A. T reduce steretypes.B. T meet public demand.
C. T cut prductin csts.D. T encurage cmpetitin.
33. What were the participants prbably asked t d in the study?
A. Design a prduct.B. Respnd t a survey.
C. Wrk as assistants.D. Take a language test.
34. Why is it difficult t create genderless bjects?
A. They cannt be mass-prduced.B. Naming them is a challenging task.
C. Peple assume they are unreliable.D. Gender is rted in peple’s mind.
35. What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut?
A. The quality f genderless prducts. B. The upside f gendering a prduct.
C. The meaning f anthrpmrphism.D. The steretypes f men and wmen.
【导读】这是一篇议论文。这篇文章探讨了技术产品中的性别化现象，指出去性别化的必要性以及性别在产品设计中的深层含义。
【解析】
32. A。事实细节题。根据第一段中的Peple are steretyping their gendered bjects in very traditinal ways ... 和Remving gender frm the picture altgether seems like a simple way t fix this. 可知，人们以传统方式对有性别特征的物品形成刻板印象，而解决这一问题的简单方法就是将性别元素从新技术中去除，所以让新技术无性别化的目的是减少刻板印象，故A 项正确。
33. B。推理判断题。根据第二段中的Martin asked participants t rate their attachment t male, female, and genderless versins f a digital vice assistant and a self-driving car knwn as “Miuu.”可知，Martin 要求参与者对数字语音助手和名为“Miuu”的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性及不区分性别的版本的依恋程度进行评级，由此可推测，这项研究采用了调查法，参与者需要对相关的调查内容作出回应，故B 项符合文意。
34. D。推理判断题。从第四段中的Martin’s study als fund that creating a genderless bject was difficult. Fr instance, if an bject’s name was meant t sund genderless, like Miuu, participants wuld still assign a gender t it —they wuld assume Miuu was a “he” r “she.”可知，即便物品名字听起来没有性别区分，人们还是会给它赋予性别，这表明性别观念在人们的思维中根深蒂固，所以很难创造出无性别物品，故D 项正确。
35. B。主旨大意题。根据最后一段首句Martin sees a silver lining, hwever: She believes that anthrpmrphism “prvides an pprtunity t change steretypes.”可知，Martin 看到给产品赋予性别有积极的一面，随后举例说明，故B 项正确。
【2024新课标I卷】
Is cmprehensin the same whether a persn reads a text nscreen r n paper? And are listening t and viewing cntent as effective as reading the written wrd when cvering the same material? The answers t bth questins are ften “n.” The reasns relate t a variety f factrs, including reduced cncentratin, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency t multitask while cnsuming digital cntent.
When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding. The benefits f print reading particularly shine thrugh when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks – like identifying the main idea in a reading passage – t nes that require mental abstractin – such as drawing inferences frm a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related t paper’s physical prperties. With paper, there is a literal laying n f hands, alng with the visual gegraphy f distinct pages. Peple ften link their memry f what they’ve read t hw far int the bk it was r where it was n the page.
But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说).” Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.
Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies – say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn. Hwever, psychlgists have demnstrated that when adults read news stries, they remember mre f the cntent than if they listen t r view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.
28. What des the underlined phrase “shine thrugh” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Seem unlikely t last.B. Seem hard t explain.
C. Becme ready t use.D. Becme easy t ntice.
29. What des the shallwing hypthesis assume?
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.
B. Digital texts are simpler t understand.
C. Peple select digital texts randmly.
D. Digital texts are suitable fr scial media.
30. Why are audi and vide increasingly used by university teachers?
A. They can hld students’ attentin.
B. They are mre cnvenient t prepare.
C. They help develp advanced skills.
D. They are mre infrmative than text.
31. What des the authr imply in the last paragraph?
A. Students shuld apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers shuld prduce their wn teaching material.
C. Print texts cannt be entirely replaced in educatin.
D. Educatin utside the classrm cannt be ignred.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
28.词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — t nes that require mental abstractin — such as drawing inferences frm a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine thrugh应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
29.推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说)”. Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallwing hypthesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallwing hypthesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
30.细节理解题。根据第五段“Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies — say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
31.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
【2024全国甲卷】
“I didn’t like the ending,” I said t my favrite cllege prfessr. It was my junir year f undergraduate, and I was ding an independent study n Victrian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill n the Flss by Gerge Elit, and I was heartbrken with the ending. Prf. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me t think abut it beynd whether I liked it r nt. He suggested I think abut the difference between endings that I wanted fr the characters and endings that were right fr the characters, endings that satisfied the stry even if they didn’t have a traditinally psitive utcme. Of curse, I wuld have preferred a different ending fr Tm and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they gt did make the mst sense fr them.
This was an aha mment fr me, and I never thught abut endings the same way again. Frm then n, if I wanted t read an ending guaranteed t be happy, I’d pick up a lve rmance. If I wanted an ending I culdn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind f knew what was ging t happen, histrical fictin. Chsing what t read became easier.
But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard fr writers because endings carry s much weight with readers. Yu have t balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but desn’t seem t cme frm nwhere, ne that fits what’s right fr the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) f Writer’s Digest aims t help yu figure ut hw t write the best ending fr whatever kind f writing yu’re ding. If it’s shrt stries, Peter Muntfrd breaks dwn six techniques yu can try t see which ne helps yu stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters f five great nvels t see what key pints they include and hw yu can adapt them fr yur wrk.
This issue wn’t tell yu what yur ending shuld be—that’s up t yu and the stry yu’re telling—bu it might prvide what yu need t get there.
32. Why did the authr g t Prf. Gracie?
A. T discuss a nvel.B. T submit a bk reprt.
C. T argue fr a writer.D. T ask fr a reading list.
33. What did the authr realize after seeing Gracie?
A. Writing is a matter f persnal preferences.
B. Readers are ften carried away by character.
C. Each type f literature has its unique end.
D. A stry which begins well will end well.
34. What is expected f a gd ending?
A It satisfies readers’ taste.B. It fits with the stry develpment.
C. It is usually psitive.D. It is pen fr imaginatin.
35. Why des the authr mentin Peter Muntfrd and Elizabeth Sims?
A. T give examples f great nvelists.B. T stress the theme f this issue.
C. T encurage writing fr the magazine.D. T recmmend their new bks.
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. B 35. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考，接着阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’s Digest》杂志如何帮助作家写出更好的结尾。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段““I didn’t like the ending,” I said t my favrite cllege prfessr. It was my junir year f undergraduate, and I was ding an independent study n Victrian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill n the Flss by Gerge Elit, and I was heartbrken with the ending. Prf. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me t think abut it beynd whether I liked it r nt.( “我不喜欢这个结局，”我对我最喜欢的大学教授说。那是我大三的时候，我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治•艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A项。
33.推理判断题。根据第二段“This was an aha mment fr me, and I never thught abut endings the same way again. Frm then n, if I wanted t read an ending guaranteed t be happy, I’d pick up a lve rmance. If I wanted an ending I culdn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind f knew what was ging t happen, histrical fictin. Chsing what t read became easier.( 这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本神秘小说。一种是我知道会发生什么，历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易了)”可知，见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C项。
34.推理判断题。根据第三段“But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard fr writers because endings carry s much weight with readers. Yu have t balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable, but desn’t seem t cme frm nwhere, ne that fits what’s right fr the characters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难，因为结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局，但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定)”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定，也就是符合故事的发展。故选B项。
35.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That’s why this issue (期) f Writer’s Digest aims t help yu figure ut hw t write the best ending fr whatever kind f writing yu’re ding. If it’s shrt stries, Peter Muntfrd breaks dwn six techniques yu can try t see which ne helps yu stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters f five great nvels t see what key pints they include and hw yu can adapt them fr yur wrk.( 这就是为什么这期《Writer’s Digest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。如果是短篇小说，彼得•蒙特福德分解了六种技巧，你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白•西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了哪些关键点，以及你如何将它们应用到你的作品中)”可知，作者提到彼得•蒙福德和伊丽莎白•西姆斯是为了强调这期《Writer’s Digest》的主题，即帮助读者写出更好的结尾。故选B项。
【2023全国乙卷】
If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example f this between literate and nn-literate histry is perhaps the first cnflict, at Btany Bay, between Captain Ck’s vyage and the Australian Abriginals. Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield (盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. If we want t recnstruct what was actually ging n that day, the shield must be questined and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reprts.
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides, there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted, especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write. Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries. The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Hw past events shuld be presented.B. What humanity is cncerned abut.
C. Whether facts speak luder than wrds.D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What des the authr indicate by mentining Captain Ck in paragraph 2?
A. His reprt was scientific.B. He represented the lcal peple.
C. He ruled ver Btany Bay.D. His recrd was ne-sided.
34. What des the underlined wrd “cnversatin” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Prblem.B. Histry.C. Vice.D. Sciety.
35. Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm?
A. Hw Maps Tell Stries f the WrldB. A Shrt Histry f Australia
C. A Histry f the Wrld in 100 ObjectsD. Hw Art Wrks Tell Stries
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
32.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
33.推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield (盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
34.词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以cnversatin指的是“历史”。故选B。
35.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
【2022北京卷】
Quantum (量子) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype (炒作) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
31. Regarding Jhnsn’s cncerns, the authr feels ________.
A. sympatheticB. uncncernedC. dubtfulD. excited
32. What leads t Taylr’s ptimism abut quantum cmputing?
A. His dminance in physics.B. The cmpetitin in the field.
C. His cnfidence in PyQuantum.D. The investment f tech cmpanies.
33. What des the underlined wrd “prne” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A. Open.B. Cl.C. Useful.D. Resistant.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Is Jhnsn Mre Cmpetent Than Taylr?
B. Is Quantum Cmputing Redefining Technlgy?
C. Will Quantum Cmputers Ever Cme int Being?
D. Will Quantum Cmputing Ever Live Up t Its Hype?
【答案】31 A32. C33. A34. D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯•约翰逊和物理学家菲利普•泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
31.推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. uncncerned不关心的；C. dubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。
32.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”（他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。
33.词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.”（但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prne被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prne意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cl. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。
34.主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin. This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn.”（现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯•约翰逊和物理学家菲利普•泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。
【2022天津卷】
Ralph Emersn nce said that the purpse f life is nt t be happy, but t be useful, t be lving, t make sme difference in the wrld. While we appreciate such wrds f wisdm, we rarely try t fllw them in ur lives.
Mst peple prefer t live a gd life themselves, ignring their respnsibilities fr the wrld. This narrw perceptin f a gd life may prvide shrt-term benefits, but is sure t lead t lng-term harm and suffering. A gd life based n cmfrt and luxury may eventually lead t mre pain be-cause we spil ur health and even ur character, principles, ideals, and relatinships.
What then, is the secret f a gd life? A gd life is a prcess, nt a state f being : a directin, nt a destinatin. We have t earn a gd life by first serving thers withut any expectatin in return because their happiness is the very surce f ur wn happiness. Mre imprtantly, we must knw urselves inside ut. Only when we examine urselves deeply can we discver ur abilities and recgnize ur limitatins, and then wrk accrdingly t create a better wrld.
The first requirement fr a gd life is having a lving heart. When we d certain right things merely as a duty, we find ur jb s tiresme that we’ll sn burn ut. Hwever, when we d that same jb ut f lve, we nt nly enjy what we d, but als d it with an effrtless feeling.
Hwever, lve alne is insufficient t lead a gd life. Lve smetimes blinds us t the reality. Cnsequently, ur gd intentins may nt lead t gd results. T achieve desired utcme, thse wh want t d gd t thers als need t equip themselves with accurate wrld knwledge. False knwledge is mre dangerus than ignrance. If lve is the engine f a car knwledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks pwer, th car can’t mve; if the driver lses cntrl f the steering, a rad accident prbably ccurs. Only with lve in heart and the right knwledge in mind can we lead a gd life.
With lve and knwledge, we g all ut t create a better wrld by ding gd t thers. When we see the impact f ur gd wrk n the wrld we give meaning t ur life and earn lasting jy and happiness.
51. What effect des the narrw perceptin f a gd life have n us?
A. Making us simple-minded. B. Making us shrt-sighted.
C. Leading us nt a busy rad.D. Keeping us frm cmfrt and luxury.
52. Accrding t the authr, hw can ne gain true happiness?
A. Thrugh maintaining gd health.B. By ging thrugh pain and suffering.
C. By recgnizing ne’s abilities and limitatins.D. Thrugh ffering help much needed by thers.
53. Accrding t Paragraph 4, ding certain right things with a lving heart makes ne________.
A. less selfish.B. less annying.
C. mre mtivated.D. mre respnsible.
54. In what case may gd intentins fail t lead t desired results?
A. When we have wrng knwledge f the wrld.
B. When ur lve fr the wrld is insufficient.
C. When we are insensitive t dangers in life.
D. When we stay blind t the reality.
55. Accrding t Paragraph 5, life can be made truly gd when ________.
A. inspired by lve and guided by knwledge
B. directed by lve and pushed by knwledge
C. purified by lve and enriched by knwledge
D. prmted by lve and defined by knwledge
【答案】51B52. D53. C54. A55. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。
51.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“This narrw perceptin f a gd life may prvide shrt-term benefits, but is sure t lead t lng-term harm and suffering.(这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。
52.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“We have t earn a gd life by first serving thers withut any expectatin in return because their happiness is the very surce f ur wn happiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。
53.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Hwever, when we d that same jb ut f lve, we nt nly enjy what we d, but als d it with an effrtless feeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，做事越有动力。故选C项。
54.推理判断题。根据文章第五段“False knwledge is mre dangerus than ignrance.(虚假的知识比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的结局。故选A项。
55.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“With lve and knwledge, we g all ut t create a better wrld by ding gd t thers.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。
【2020北京卷】
Certain frms f AI are indeed becming ubiquitus. Fr example, algrithms(算法)carry ut huge vlumes f trading n ur financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing n city streets, and ur smartphnes are translating frm ne language int anther. These systems are smetimes faster and mre perceptive than we humans are. But s far that is nly true fr the specific tasks fr which the systems have been designed. That is smething that sme AI develpers are nw eager t change.
Sme f tday's AI pineers want t mve n frm tday's wrld f “weak” r “narrw” AI, t create “strng” r “full” AI, r what is ften called artificial general intelligence(AGI). In sme respects, tday's pwerful cmputing machines already make ur brains lk weak. AGI culd, its advcates say, wrk fr us arund the clck, and drawing n all available data, culd suggest slutins t many prblems. DM, a cmpany fcused n the develpment f AGI, has an ambitin t “slve intelligence”. “If we're successful,” their missin statement reads, “we believe this will be ne f the mst imprtant and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days f AI, imaginatin has utpaced what is pssible r even prbable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Gd predicted the eventual creatin f an "ultra- intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities f any man, hwever clever." Gd went n t suggest that “the first ultra -intelligent machine "culd be “the last inventin that man need ever make."
Fears abut the appearance f bad, pwerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinfrced (强化) by many wrks f fictin—Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and the Terminatr film series, fr example. But if AI des eventually prve t be ur dwnfall, it is unlikely t be at the hands f human-shaped frms like these, with recgnisably human mtivatins such as aggressin (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxfrd University philspher Nick Bstrm, wh believes that the heaviest risks frm A GI d nt cme frm a decisin t turn against mankind but rather frm a dgged pursuit f set bjectives at the expense f everything else.
The prmise and danger f true A GI are great. But all f tday's excited discussin abut these pssibilities presuppses the fact that we will be able t build these systems. And, having spken t many f the wrld's fremst AI researchers, I believe there is gd reasn t dubt that we will see A GI any time sn, if ever:
42. What des the underlined wrd “ubiquitus” in Paragraph I prbably mean?
A. Enrmus in quantity. B. Changeable daily.
C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere.
43. What culd A GI d fr us, accrding t its supprters?
A. Help t tackle prblems. B. Make brains mre active.
C. Benefit ambitius peple. D. Set up pwerful databases.
44. As fr Irving Gd's pinin n ultra-intelligent machines, the authr is ____________.
A. supprtive B. disapprving
C. fearful D. uncertain
45. What can be inferred abut A GI frm the passage?
A. It may be nly a dream. B. It will cme int being sn.
C. It will be cntrlled by humans. D. It may be mre dangerus than ever.
【答案】42. D 43. A 44. B 45. A
这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。
42.词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的Fr example, algrithms (算法) carry ut huge vlumes f trading n ur financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing n city streets, and ur smartphnes are translating frm ne language int anther(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。
43.细节理解题。根据第二段AGI culd, its advcates say, wrk fr us arund the clck, and drawing n all available data, culd suggest slutins t many prblems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help t tackle prblems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。
44.推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days f AI, imaginatin has utpaced what is pssible r even prbable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Gd predicted the eventual creatin f an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities f any man, hwever clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Gd对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapprving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。
45.推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spken t many f the wrld's fremst AI researchers, I believe there is gd reasn t dubt that we will see A GI any time sn, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be nly a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。
【2019全国III卷】
Fr Western designers, China and its rich culture have lng been an inspiratin fr Western creative.
"It's n secret that China has always been a surce(来源)f inspiratin fr designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative fficer at A+E Netwrks, a glbal media cmpany and hme t sme f the biggest fashin(时尚)shws.
Earlier this year, the China Thrugh A Lking Glass exhibitin in New Yrk exhibited 140 pieces f China-inspired fashinable clthing alngside Chinese wrks f art, with the aim f explring the influence f Chinese aesthetics(美学)n Western fashin and hw China has fueled the fashinable imaginatin fr centuries. The exhibitin had recrd attendance, shwing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impssible t verlk," says Hill. "Chinese mdels are the faces f beauty and fashin campaigns that sell dreams t wmen all ver the wrld, which means Chinese wmen are nt just cnsumers f fashin — they are central t its mvement. "Of curse, nly are tday's tp Western designers being influenced by China; sme f the best designers f cntemprary fashin are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jasn Wu are taking n Galian, Albaz, Marc Jacbs-and beating them hands dwn in design and sales," adds Hil.
Fr Hill, it is impssible nt t talk abut China as the leading player when discussing fashin. "The mst famus designers are Chinese, s are the mdels, and s are the cnsumers," she says. "China is n lnger just anther market; in many senses it has becme the market. If yu talk abut fashin tday, yu are talking abut China-its influences, its directin, its breathtaking clthes, and hw yung designers and mdels are finally acknwledging that in many ways."
24. What can we learn abut the exhibitin in New Yrk?
A. It prmted the sales f artwrks.
B. It attracted a large number f visitrs.
C. It shwed ancient Chinese clthes.
D. It aimed t intrduce Chinese mdels.
25. What des Hill say abut Chinese wmen?
A. They are setting the fashin.B. They start many fashin campaigns.
C. They admire super mdels.D. They d business all ver the wrld.
26. What d the underlined wrds "taking n" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning frmB. lking dwn n
C. wrking withD. cmpeting against
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Yung Mdels Selling Dreams t the Wrld
B. A Chinese Art Exhibitin Held in New Yrk
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling Internatinal Fashin Trends
【答案】24. B25. A26. D27. D
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚界的影响。
24.细节理解题。根据第三段中The exhibitin had recrd attendance, shwing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.可知，此次展览吸引的参观者人数创下了记录，显示出人们对中国影响的浓厚兴趣。故选B。
25.细节理解题。根据第四段中Hill所说的话“Chinese mdels are the faces f beauty and fashin campaigns that sell dreams t wmen all ver the wrld, which means Chinese wmen are nt just cnsumers f fashin — they are central t its mvement.”(中国模特是向世界各地的女性推销梦想的美丽和时尚运动的面孔，这意味着中国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者——她们是这场运动的核心。)可知，Hill说中国女性正在引领新时尚，故选A。
26.词义猜测题。根据下文and beating them hands dwn in design and sales说在设计和销售上击败他们，由此推断出上文Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jasn Wu are taking n Gallian, Albaz, Mare Jacbs的意思是Vera Wang、Alexander Wang和Jasn Wu正在与Gallian、Albaz和 Mare Jacbs竞争。taking n意思是“竞争”，故选D。
27.主旨大意题。本文通过Amanda Hill的评论，论述了中国文化、中国艺术、中国设计师等等在国际时尚中发挥着非常重要的作用。因此，“中国文化刺激着国际时尚的发展和潮流”最能概括文章大意。故选D。
【2018北京卷】
Preparing Cities fr Rbt Cars
The pssibility f self-driving rbt cars has ften seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away frm materializing in the real wrld. Well, the future is apparently nw. The Califrnia Department f Mtr Vehicles began giving permits in April fr cmpanies t test truly self-driving cars n public rads. The state als cleared the way fr cmpanies t sell r rent ut self-driving cars, and fr cmpanies t perate driverless taxi services. Califrnia, it shuld be nted, isn’t leading the way here. Cmpanies have been testing their vehicles in cities acrss the cuntry. It’s hard t predict when driverless cars will be everywhere n ur rads. But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated.
While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins. The arrival f driverless vehicles is a chance t make sure that thse vehicles are envirnmentally friendly and mre shared.
D we want t cpy — r even wrsen — the traffic f tday with driverless cars? Imagine a future where mst adults wn individual self-driving vehicles. They tlerate lng, slw jurneys t and frm wrk n packed highways because they can wrk, entertain themselves r sleep n the ride, which encurages urban spread. They take their driverless car t an appintment and set the empty vehicle t circle the building t avid paying fr parking. Instead f walking a few blcks t pick up a child r the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The cnvenience even leads fewer peple t take public transprt — an unwelcme side effect researchers have already fund in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study frm the University f Califrnia at Davis suggested that replacing petrl-pwered private cars wrldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems culd reduce carbn emissins frm transprtatin 80% and cut the cst f transprtatin infrastructure(基础设施) and peratins 40% by 2050. Fewer emissins and cheaper travel sund pretty appealing. The first cmmercially available driverless cars will almst certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, cnsidering the cst f self-driving technlgy as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car wnership culd increase as the prices drp and mre peple becme cmfrtable with the technlgy.
Plicymakers shuld start thinking nw abut hw t make sure the appearance f driverless vehicles desn’t extend the wrst aspects f the car-cntrlled transprtatin system we have tday. The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it.
47. Accrding t the authr, attentin shuld be paid t hw driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transprtatin-related prblems
B. prvide better services t custmers
C. cause damage t ur envirnment
D. make sme peple lse jbs
48. As fr driverless cars, what is the authr’s majr cncern?
A. Safety.B. Side effects.
C. Affrdability.D. Management.
49. What des the underlined wrd “fielded” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Emplyed.B. Replaced.
C. Shared.D. Reduced.
50. What is the authr’s attitude t the future f self-driving cars?
A. Dubtful.B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving.D. Sympathetic.
【答案】47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B
【解析】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
47.推理判断题。根据第二段While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins.可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。
48.推理判断题。根据文章第一段But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated.可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it.可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。
49.词义猜测题。根据第四段The first cmmercially available driverless cars will almst certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, cnsidering the cst f self-driving technlgy as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题).可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A. Emplyed被应用；B. Replaced被取代；C. Shared被分享；D. Reduced被减少。故选A。
50.观点态度题。根据文章最后一段The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it.中的 advancement，mve mre peple, and mre affrdably.以及plan fr it可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。
点睛：根据用词风格，推断情感态度。一篇好的文章，其用词风格常常直接流露或蕴含作者的内心世界和情感态度。所以阅读时要善于捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词句或短语，捕捉那些烘托气氛，渲染情感的词句，进而很好地洞察作者的思想倾向，是支持、反对抑或中立？对于选项而言，要分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词，以此对照全文。
如本题最后一题为观点态度题，根据文中reduce carbn emissins，cut the cst f transprtatin infrastructure(基础设施) and peratins 40% ，appealing，cmfrtable，advancement，mve mre peple, and mre affrdably.，等词汇可以推断出作者对无人驾驶汽车持积极态度。故选B。
考点
五年考情（2021-2025）
命题趋势
考点1 人与自我类议论文
（5年4考）
2021新课标I卷—情商的研究与期望；
2021全国甲卷—天才有多种形式；
2021天津卷—当杂家还是专家；
2019天津卷—成功需要不断学习。
1. 议论文的题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多个领域，涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面，以及和自然科学交叉的学科，体现以人为本的特点。
2.演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想。
3. 归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概括。
4. 抓论点、寻论据。阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我们就把握了中心。
考点2人与社会类
议论文
（5年10考）
2025全国一卷—重视城市宜居性；
2025八省联考卷---产品设计去性别化；
2024新课标I卷—数字阅读与纸质阅读；
2024全国甲卷—小说结局引起的思考；
2023全国乙卷—研究历史需要物证；
2022北京卷—对量子计算机看法；
2022天津卷—美好生活的秘诀；
2020北京卷—通用人工智能可能性；
2019全国III卷—中国美学影响国际时尚;
2018北京卷—无人驾驶汽车的前景。