人教版初中英语八年级（上）寒假第05讲 名词和情态动词 学案

这是一份人教版初中英语八年级（上）寒假第05讲 名词和情态动词 学案，共6页。学案主要包含了基础知识，考点剖析，真题演练，过关检测等内容，欢迎下载使用。
一、名词的数
可数名词变复数
1．规则变化
2．例外情况
1)以 ch 结尾加 s 的英语单词：
stmach—stmachs
2)以 f 结尾直接加 s 的英语单词：
rf—rfsgulf—gulfs belief—beliefs staff—staffschief—chiefsprf—prfs
3)以 f 结尾两种变法都可的单词：
scarf—scarfs / scarves dwarf—dwarfs / dwarves
handkerchief—handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
3．不规则变化
1)单复数相同sheep deer fish
2)a 变成 eman wman EnglishmanFrenchman
3) 变成 eeft tth gse
4)中日不变英法变，其余 s 加后边；German德国人，其复数形式为Germans
5)特殊变化 child—children x — xen muse—mice
4．三个注意
1．英语中一些由两个部分组成的物体名词通常是以-s 结尾，如：
pants，trusers，shrts，shes，scissrs，glasses 等。这一类名词， 如果不带单位词，通常用做复数；
His new pants are black and white．
如果带有单位词，则需要根据单位词判定单复。
This pair f pants is cheap. Tw pairs f pants are enugh．
2．“形复意单”—虽有 s 但不是复数: physics，maths，plitics，athletics， ecnmics，news
3. 由两个名词组成的复合名词，复数时作为定语的那个名词通常都用单数形式，第二个名词用复数形式，以man或wman为前缀的名词变复数时，前后两个名词都变成复数。
如：a by student→three by students a wman teacher→tw wmen teachers
二、不可数名词
含义：不可数名词表示无法分清个体的名词，主要为物质名词和抽象名词。
物质名词：
液体类：juice，water，beer，cffee… 粉末类：pwder，flur，sugar，salt…
食物类：rice，bread，junk fd，butter，chclate… 肉类：beef，prk，chicken，muttn…
抽象名词：
infrmatin，mney，wrk， advice，friendship，help， fun，health，furniture，jewelry，wealth，time…
不可数名词的特点：
1．前面不可以直接加不定冠词 a/an
2．不可数名词永远按单数处理Water is very imprtant fr peple． Time is mney．
3．当时间、金钱、距离或距离做主语时，后面动词用单数形式Fur kilmeters is a lng way．
4．不可数名词也有量的表达: 数词/冠词+量词+f+不可数名词
①个数：piece（张、片、块、条）a piece f apple pie
②容量：cup，bttle，bag，bx， bucket tw cups f tea three bxes f milk
fur buckets f water 四桶水
③类别：kindall kinds f bread
④度量：kil（千克，公斤）tw kils f il
二、情态动词can might must have t
1. can 的用法：
（1）.表示能力、许可、可能性。 表示能力时一般译为“能、会”， 即有种能力，尤其是生来具备的能力，此时may 和must 均不可代替它。如：She can swim fast, but I can’t . 。I can see with my eyes.
（2）.表示许可，常在口语中。如：Yu can use my dictinary. 你可以用我的字典。
（3）.表示推测，意为“可能”， 常用于否定句和疑问句中， 此时can’t 译为“ 不可能”。 如：Can the news be true? 这个消息会是真的吗？—Can it be ur teacher?那个人有可能是我们老师吗？—N, it can’t be ur teacher. He is n a visit t the Great Wall.不可能。咱们老师正在游览长城呢。
may的用法：
（1）表示请求、许可，比can 正式，如：May I brrw yur bike? 我可以借你的自行车吗？
Yu may g hme nw. 现在你可以回家了。
（2）表示推测，谈论可能性，意为“ 可能， 或许”，一般用于肯定句中。
如：It may rain tmrrw . 明天可能会下雨。
（3）may的过去式为might ，表示推测时。可能性低于may。如：He is away frm schl. He might be sick.
（4）表示希望、祈求、祝愿，常可译为“祝愿”。通常是用may +主+V
如：May yu have a gd time. 祝你过得愉快。 May yu succeed！祝你成功！
must的用法：
（1）must 表示主观看法，意为“必须、一定”。
如：Yu must stay here until I cme back.在我回来之前你必须呆在这儿。
注意区分must 和have t 的区别：
1. must 侧重说话者的主观看法，认为有必要有义务去做某事。have t侧重于客观需要，含有“不得不，被迫”之意。
如：My bike was brken yesterday, s I had t walk t schl. 昨天我的自行车坏了，所以我只能走路去学校。
（2） 其否定形式mustn’t表示“ 一定不要 ” “千万别” “禁止, 不许”.
如：Yu mustn’t play with fire. 你不许玩火
（3）对must引导的疑问句，肯定回答为must，否定回答为needn’t 或 dn’t have t .
如：Must I finish my hmewrk?我现在必须完成作业吗？—N, yu needn’t.不，你不必。
(4) must表示有把握的推测，用于肯定句。如: The light is n, s he must be at hme nw.
【考点剖析】
考点一：名词的数
1．（2022·广西河池·八年级期末）I’m hungry. Please give me ________.
A．a breadB．sme breadsC．a piece f breadD．tw piece f bread
2．（2022·山东菏泽·八年级期末）—Let me see. A ptat, three tmates. ________ beef d we need?
—A kil is OK.
A．Hw manyB．Hw muchC．Hw heavy
3．（2022·湖北武汉·八年级期中）—I plan t make fruit salad. Hw much ________ d I need?
—Tw cups is enugh!
A．hneyB．applesC．chickenD．bananas
考点二：can, might, must, have t用法
4．—________yu cme t my birthday party this Friday evening?
—Sure. It must be a lt f fun.
A．CanB．NeedC．MustD．Shuld
5．—Where are yu ging fr yur winter vacatin?
—We ________ g t Beijing, but we’re nt sure.
A．mightB．mustC．shuldD．need
6．—Tim, what d yu knw abut the traffic rules?
—I knw I ________ stp at a red light.
A．mustB．canC．mightD．may
7．—I can’t stp smking, dctr.
—Fr yur health, I’m afraid yu ________.
A．mayB．canC．needD．have t
【真题演练】
8．Mre and mre ________ want t learn abut Chinese culture.
A．GermansB．GermanC．GermanyD．Germans’
9．Lk! There are sme ________ eating grass n the hill.
A．sheepB．cwC．hrse
10．— Wuld yu like sme ________?
— Yes, madam.
A．eggB．juiceC．milk teas
11．I’m nt hungry at all because I just ate much ________.
A．applesB．bananasC．bread
12．All ________ received fresh flwers n Wmen’s Day.
A．wman teacherB．wman teachersC．wmen teachersD．wmen teacher
13．The girl is really clever. She ________ speak tw freign languages.
A．canB．mustn’tC．can’tD．need
14．—Is the girl ver there Lucy?
—N. It ________ be her. She is cleaning the classrm.
A．mustB．culdC．can’tD．mustn’t
15．— ________ yu tell us a stry in English?
—I think I can d it. Let me try.
A．NeedB．CanC．ShuldD．Must
16．—Whse English bk is this?
—It _______ be Lily’s, but I’m nt sure.
A．mightB．can’tC．must
17．Yu ________ be tired after the whle day’s wrk.
A．mustB．shuldC．canD．wuld
18．—May I g bating with my classmates this weekend?
—Of curse, but yu __________ swim in the river!
A．mustn’tB．needn’tC．wuldn’tD．culdn’t
19．Safety cmes first. Everyne n the cach ________ wear the seat belt.
A．canB．can’tC．mustD．mustn`t
20．—Miss Li. I dn’t want t say srry t Daniel.
—I’m afraid yu ________. After all, yu brke his glasses.
A．mayB．have tC．mustn’tD．needn’t
21．—Alex, cme dwn t play ftball.
—I can’t. Mm said I ________ clean my bedrm befre ding anything else.
A．had tB．willC．used tD．can
【过关检测】
一、单项选择
22．（2022·广东华侨中学八年级期中）—Is the rm ________ t hld 100 students?
—N, there isn’t ________ fr 100 students.
A．large enugh, enugh rmB．enugh large, enugh rm
C．big enugh, enugh rmsD．enugh big, enugh rm
23．I met ________ utging by in the sprts club. He tld me lts f ________ abut basketball.
A．a; infrmatinB．an; infrmatinC．a; infrmatinsD．an; infrmatins
24．Tm decided t save ________ he culd t buy a bigger flat fr his family.
A．as much mney asB．much as mney asC．many as mney asD．as many mney as
25．Can yu give me ________?
A．sme advicesB．an adviceC．a adviceD．sme advice
26．He ________ much healthier if he takes enugh ________ in his free time.
A．is; exerciseB．will be; exerciseC．is; exercisesD．will be; exercises
27．The East Lake has becme very dirty. ________ fish have died.
A．A ltB．MuchC．Lt fD．Many
28．—The wman ver there lks like ur English teacher.
—It ________ be her. She is having a meeting in Hangzhu nw.
A．can’tB．mustn’tC．shuldn’t
29．—What ________ yu learn frm sitcms?
—I can learn sme great jkes.
A．mustB．needC．canD．will
30．—Jack, ________ yu understand the wrds f the pera?
—Yes, I can.
A．canB．mustC．needD．may
31．— I have a lk at yur phts, please.
—Of curse. Here yu are.
A．CanB．ShuldC．Need
32．—Lk at the by playing sccer n the playgrund. Is it Tm?
—It ________ be him. He tld me he wuld play basketball after class, but he was nt sure.
A．needB．shuldC．mightD．must
33．If yu dn’t knw Lin Hua’s address, ask Wang Hai. He ________ knw.
A．needB．mightC．culdD．will
34．On Duble 11, many peple bught a lt f things they dn’t really need. They ________ be crazy.
A．canB．needC．shuldD．must
35．Accrding t the new regulatin (规定), schl students ______take their cell phnes t the classrm.
A．needn’tB．mustn’tC．wuldn’t
36．—Excuse me, can I brrw this bk?
—Sure, but yu ________ return it in seven days.
A．canB．can’tC．mustD．mustn’t
37．—Must I g t see a dctr when I have a headache?
—Yes, yu ________.
A．mustB．mayC．canD．culd
38．— Must I return yur bike nw?
— _________, yu _________. Yu can d it tmrrw.
A．N; mustn’tB．N; dn’t have tC．Yes; mustD．N; dn’t
39．（2022·湖北武汉·八年级期中）—Mum, must we wear the mask t prtect urselves?
—Yes. I am afraid we ________. That is t keep us safe and healthy.
A．canB．have tC．mayD．need
40．（2022·全国·八年级课时练习）—Must I finish my hmewrk tday?
—N, yu ________.
A．mustn’tB．dn’t have tC．can’t
二、用所给单词的正确形式填空
41．The man is ne f the mst imprtant ________ (guest) at the party.
42．We usually wrk in _____ (pair) t check the answers in class.
43．Lcal ________ (fisherman) make a living by fishing in the lake.
44．Hw many ________ (tmat) d we need t make a sandwich?
45．Thugh chickens have tw _____ (wing), they can’t fly like birds.
46．Australia is famus fr its kala bears, ________ and beautiful beaches. （kangar）
47．We tk quite a few ________ (pht) and had smething delicius t eat.
48．Hw many ________ (tiger) are there in the wild nw?
49．After the strm, the ________ in the village needed repairing. (rf)
50．Brush yur ________ (tth) twice a day and yu wn’t have a tthache.
51．My grandmther tld me many _________ (stry) when I was a child.
52．Nw sme yung peple like eating _____ (sandwich). They think they are very delicius.
53．At weekends many ________ (Australia) g walking and camping in the cuntryside.
54．Last night the man caught three _______ (muse) in the fields.
55．The shp assistant is talking t tw ________ (wman) turists.分类
构成方法
读音
例词
一般情况
加 -s
读 / s /
或读/ z /
bkbag
petby
以s sh x ch 结尾
加 -es
读 / iz /
busbrush
bxwatch
以辅音字母加 y
结尾
变y 为i 加 -es
读 / z /
family strawberry
以 结尾
有生命加 -es
无生命加 -s
读 / z /
Ptather phtz
以 f 或 fe 结尾
变 f 或 fe 为 v
再加 -es
读 / z /
thiefleaf
wifeknife