所属成套资源:高考英语语法词汇专项突破(含答案解析)
高考英语语法词汇专项突破:04从动词不定式和动名词异同点解读非谓语动词考点+巩固训练
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这是一份高考英语语法词汇专项突破:04从动词不定式和动名词异同点解读非谓语动词考点+巩固训练,共12页。
【动词不定式和动名词考题展示】
【考例1】(2023新高考I卷) T eat ne, yu have t decide whether (bite) a small hle in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), or t put the whle dumpling in yur muth, letting the ht sup explde n yur tngue.
答案与解析:t bite。考查非谓语动词不定式作宾语。decide t d sth.“决定做某事”,用不定式作宾语,空处与后面t put并列作宾语,故填t bite。本题是“连词+不定式”结构,相当于对应的宾语从句。句意:吃小笼包的时候,你必须要决定是先咬一个小口流出汤汁,还是把整个小笼包放进嘴里,让热汤在舌头上爆破掉。
【考例2】(2022全国甲卷)A visually-challenged man frm Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days t Xi’an, as a first step (jurney) the Belt and Rad rute (路线) by ft.
答案与解析:t jurney。考查非谓语动词不定式作定语。句意:近日,一名来自北京的盲人徒步40天来到西安,作为“一带一路”徒步旅行的第一步。step前面有序数词first,应用不定式,作后置定语。故填t jurney。
【考例3】(2021全国甲卷)It is pssible (walk) r bike the entire 14 kilmeters.
答案与解析:考查非谓语动词动词不定式作主语。固定句型It +be+adj+t d sth.,it为形式主语,不定式短语作真正主语。故填t walk。句意:骑行或者走完全程的14公里是可能的。
【考例4】(2021全国乙卷)Activities there range frm whale watching t hiking (远足) and accmmdatins aim (have) a lw impact n the natural envirnment.
答案与解析:t have。考查非谓语动词不定式作宾语。句意:那里的活动从观鲸到徒步旅行和住宿的宗旨是对自然环境影响达到很小。aim t d为固定短语,表示“旨在,目的是”,符合句意,所以空处应用不定式形式。故填t have。
【考例5】(2020·海南·高考真题)These days, it is nt unusual fr 10-t 12-year-lds t publish their wn websites r fr secnd and third graders (begin)cmputer classes.
答案与解析:t begin。考查非谓语动词不定式作主语。本题考查“It is + adj. + fr sb. t d sth.”结构,该结构it作形式主语,真正的主语为不定式。故填t begin。句意:如今,10到12岁的孩子发布自己的网站,二年级和三年级学生开始上计算机课,这些都很常见。
【考例6】(2023▪全国乙卷)As a phtgrapher, I have spent the last tw years (recrd) everything I discvered.
答案与解析:recrding。考查非谓语动词动名词作宾语。句意:spend time (in) ding sth.花费时间做某事。这里为非谓语动词担当宾语,用动名词形式。故填recrding。作为一名摄影师,我花了两年时间记录我发现的一切。
【考例7】(2023▪全国甲卷)Hwever, Carsn’s theme is a mre weighty 39 (warn) abut envirnmental destructin.
答案与解析:warning。考查名词。根据句中不定冠词a可知,用可数名词的单数形式,此处的动名词已经完全名词化。故填warning。句意:然而,卡森的主题是对环境破坏的更严重警告。形容词weighty后接名词形式。
【考例8】(2021全国甲卷)After (spend) sme time lking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time fr sme actin and what better than t ride n a piece f histry!
答案与解析:spending。考查非谓语动词动名词作介词宾语。句意:在花了一些时间查看了城墙上所有的防御设备之后,我们决定是时候采取一些行动了,还有什么比骑在历史上更好的呢。此处After为介词,应用动名词,作介词宾语。故填spending。
【考例9】(2021全国乙卷)·Minimize the impact f (visit) the place.
答案与解析:考查非谓语动词动名词作介词宾语。句意:最大限度地减少参观这个地方的影响。根据空格前介词f可知,空格处应填动名词形式作介词f的宾语。故填visiting。
【不定式和动名词基本概况】
动词不定式和动名词都属于非谓语动词,不能单独作谓语,因此也不能单独构成句子。不定式和动名词都具有动词特点,因此都可以有自己的宾语(如果是及物动词或者不及物动词带有介词)或者状语,都有时态和语态的变化。不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特点,因此在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、状语等;动名词具有名词特点,因此在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。在各种试题中不定式与动名词考点频繁出现,考点涉及到句式、句子成分、词语辨析、时态和语态等。本文根据二者的异同点进行解读。
一、不定式和动名词异同点解读
表一:构成形式和含义异同
表二: 在句中所作成分和复合结构异同
二、不定式和动名词所作成分考点解读
(一)作主语
不定式和动名词都可以作主语,此时句子的谓语用单数,可以用it 作形式主语,把不定式或动名词放在谓语后面。
1.不定式和动名词作主语含义
表示具体的特定情景下或有待于完成的动作通常用不定式,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;表示一般的、泛指的、经常性的、抽象化的概念通常用动词-ing作主语,动名词作主语多用动名词一般时形式,因为当动名词表示泛指意义的动作或状态时,没有时间意义。二者都可以用it作形式主语。如:
It's n gd eating t much fat. (不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起)
It's n gd fr yu t eat s much fat. (与特定的动作执行者联系在一起)
Fishing is his favrite hbby, and cllecting cins als gives him great pleasure 钓鱼是他的爱好,集邮也给他带来极大的乐趣。(此处的动名词表示经常性的,习惯性的事情)
T climb muntains is a gd frm f exercise.= Climbing muntains is a gd frm f exercise.(在表示比较抽象的一般的行为和动作时二者可以互换。)
【考例1】(XXXX浙江3) N matter hw bright a talker yu are, there are times when it’s better ____ silent.
A. remain B. be remaining C. having remained D. t remain
【考例2】(XXXX福建22) _____ basic first-aid techniques will help yu respnd quickly t emergencies.
A. Knwn B. Having knwn C. Knwing D. Being knwn
【考例3】(XXXX北京卷35)It is wrth cnsidering what makes “cnvenience” fds s ppular, and ____ better nes f yur wn.
A. intrduces B. t intrduce C. intrducing D. intrduced
2.常用不定式作主语的句型
(1)It be+adj(kind, easy, difficult, flish, incnvenient, right, wrng. necessary, imprtant, essential…)+ (f / fr sb. )+t d sth;
(2)It is+n(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, ne's duty, an hnr, a shame, a crime, n easy jb...)+t d sth;
(3) It takes sme time (hurs, mnths, days, a lt f time, patience...) t d sth.;
(4) It seems(appears)+adj.+t d sth.等。
(5) It’s wrthwhile t d sth.
【考例4】(XXXX天津卷14)As a new graduate, he desn’t knw _______ it takes t start a business here.
A. hw B. what C. when D. which
3.常用动名词作主语的句型
(1)It’s n gd/n use /a waste f time ding sth.
(2)It’s wrthwhile/ senseless / useless ding sth.
(3) It’s fun ding sth.
(4) There is n ding (saying, jking,denying…) sth.
如:There is n denying the fact that China has made a rapid prgress in every aspect since it was funded. 不容抵赖这个事实,中国自它成立以来已在各个方面都取得了飞速的发展。
【考例5】(XXXX上海卷27) It’s n use ____________ withut taking actin.
A. cmplain /B. cmplaining C. being cmplained D. t be cmplained
4.动名词作主语用于布告形式的省略结构中。
如:N smking. =N smking is allwed (here).
N parking. = N parking is allwed (here).
5.主语和表语的形式一致情况
当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时,要遵循前后一致的原则,主语和表语在形式上要求统一。该结构不可以用it作形式主语。如:
Seeing is believing.= T see is t believe.
(二)作宾语
动词不定式和动名词都可以作动词宾语,动名词还可以作介词宾语,但是不定式除了特别情况一般极少作介词宾语。
1.只跟不定式作宾语的动词或动词短语
表示计划、打算、决定、希望等及物动词要求用不定式作宾语,不跟动名词作宾语:如:affrd(负担得起), demand, arrange, determine, desire, manage, pretend, ask, agree, learn , hpe, wish, beg, urge(迫切要求), chse, plan, decide, prmise, apply (申请), undertake(答应), ffer (主动提出), pretend, refuse, want, hpe, expect, prpse(计划、打算), vlunteer(自愿), attempt(企图), enable(能够), neglect(忽视)等。短语有:try ne’s best; make an affrd, make a decisin, make an attempt(努力),, make up ne’s mind(决定), g all ut(全力以赴), make up ne’s mind, wuld/shuld like/lve, wuld prefer等。
注意:hesitate(不愿意), lng(渴望), fail(没有做),happen(碰巧)也跟不定式。
【考例6】I tried my best _______ him t give up smking, but he refused ______ my advice. (自编题)
A. persuading; accepting B. persuading; t accept C. persuaded; accepting D. t persuade; t accept
2.动名词作介词宾语和不定式作介词宾语的特殊情况:
(1)动名词作介词宾语同名词。如:
【考例7】(XXXX江苏卷. 31) Shrtly after suffering frm a massive earthquake and ______ t ruins, the city tk n a new lk.
A. reducingB. reducedC. being reduced D. having reduced
(2)不定式作介词宾语的特殊情况
不定式(短语)作介词宾语主要用作介词but的宾语,如果句中的but之前有实义动词d的某种形式时,其宾语为省略t的不定式,否则,其宾语为带t的不定式。
The ld man’s sn did nthing but play games.
【考例8】(XXXX陕西22) If he takes n this wrk, he will have n chice but _____ an even greater challenge.
A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. t meet
3.“wh--- +不定式”结构作宾语
不定式前加一个疑问代词(what, which, wh, whm, whse)或疑问副词(where, when, hw, why),以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语,其作用相当于一个从句,这样的不定式短语常在knw, see, decide, tell, ask, cnsider, discver, explain, frget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, bserve, perceive, remember, think, understand, wnder等动词后面作宾语。该结构除了作宾语外,还可以在句中作主语或者表语,相当于名词性从句。如:
When t start the prgram remains undecided.
The questin is hw t put the plan int practice.
【考例9】(XXXX·辽宁卷23)Twenty students want t attend the class that aims t teach t read first.
A. what B. wh C. hw D. why
【考例10】(XXXX四川23)He tld us whether _________ a picnic was still under discussin
A. t have B. having C. have D. had
4.只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语
表示承认、建议、欣赏、忍受、推迟、避免、原谅、理解、坚持、反对、想象等意义的动词跟动名词作宾语。如:
admit, acknwledge, permit, dislike, advcate(提倡), cmplete, finish, appreciate,enjy, suggest, advise,keep, pardn, excuse , frgive cnfess(坦白), endure(忍受), tlerate(忍受), bear, ppse, envy, avid, escape, miss(错过), invlve(包括), deny(否认), cnsider(考虑), imagine, fancy, favr, hate, mind, quit,resist(抵制), risk, practise, delay, pstpne(推迟), recall(回忆) understand, can't stand(受不了),can’t help(不禁), feel like, insist n,bject t (反对), put ff (推迟), get/be used t, be fnd f, lk frward t, cncentrate n, prevent…frm...等。
【记忆口诀】
喜欢考虑不可免,停止放弃太冒险。(enjy/appreciate, cnsider, escape/avid; stp, give up, risk)
承认理解很值得,反对想象莫推延。(admit/acknwledge, understand, be wrth/deserve; bject t, imagine/fancy, delay/pstpne/put ff)
要求完成是期望,建议继续勤操练。(require, finish, lk frward t; suggest/advise/recmmend, g n, practice)
不禁原谅要坚持,继续注意便成功。(can’t help, excuse/pardn, insist n/keep n, mind, succeed in)
【考例11】(XXXX年上海34) Yung peple may risk deaf if they are expsed t very lud music every day.
A. t gB. t have gneC. gingD. having gne
【考例12】(XXXX福建24) Michelle fund a jb as a high schl teacher which ________ spending quite a lt f time with students.
A. enjys B. invlves C. practices D. suggests
【考例13】(XXXX·四川卷2)Ladex desn’t feel like______ abrad. Her parents are ld.【B】
A. study B. studying C. studied D. t study
5.注意以介词t结尾的动词短语跟动名词作宾语
turn t, lead t, cntribute t, get dwn t, refer t, stick t, see t注意(处理,照料等), lk frward t, devte neself t, be related t 与…有关系 be addicted t 沉溺于;对…上瘾 be ppsed t反对,devte neself t献身于,be devted t 致力于,be admitted t 被…录取、准进入,be reduced t 沦为,reduce…t…使…沦为,be attached t附属于、喜欢、依恋,be adjusted t (adjust neself t)适应,pay attentin t注意,attend t 专心、注意、照料,apply neself t 致力于,reply t回答,turn a blind eye t对…视而不见,turn a deaf ear t 对…充耳不闻,belng t 属于,take t喜爱、开始,cling t附着,respnd t对…作出回应,accustm neself t(be accustmed /used t)习惯于;prefer… t…更喜欢, refer t谈到、查阅,lk up t 尊敬,add t增加,be expsed t暴露于、遭受等。
【考例14】(XXXX江苏卷29) —They are quiet, aren’t they?
—Yes. They are accustmed ______ at meals.
A. t talkB. t nt talkC. t talkingD. t nt talking
6.既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词作宾语的动词
有些动词跟不定式或动名词作宾语的意义区别不大,就像作主语那样区别就可以了,但是有些动词跟不定式或动名词的意义有明显的区别。
(1) remember,frget,regret后接不定式指该不定式所表示的动作还未发生,后接动名词(有时可用完成式),则指该动名词所表示的动作已经发生。
【考例15】 (XXXX安徽24) I remembered the dr befre I left the ffice, but frgt t turn ff the lights.
A. lcking B. t lck C. having lcked D. t have lcked
(2) try后接不定式表示设法做某事,接动名词表示做某事试试(看有什么效果)。
(3) mean后接不定式表示打算(想要)做某事,接动名词表示意味着做某事。
(4) stp 后接动名词表示停止做某事,接不定式表示停下正在做的事去做另一事(不定式不是宾语,而是目的状语)。g n t d sth 和g n ding sth 也有类似差别:前者表示做完某事后接着做另一事,后者表示继续做正在做的事。如:
G n t d the ther exercises after yu have finished this ne. 做完这个练习后, 请接着做其他的练习
【考例16】(XXXX山东卷. 29) I stpped the car ____ a shrt break as I was feeling tired.
A. takeB. taking C. t take D. taken
(5) can’t help后接动名词表示禁不住做某事,接不定式表示不能帮助做某事。如:
He culdn’t help crying when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息时禁不住哭了。
The medicine can’t help t get rid f yur cld. 这药不能帮你治好感冒。
(6) begin和 start跟不定式或动名词作宾语区别不大,但是如果begin或start本身用于进行时态或者其后所接的是表示感知的see, understand, like,lve,knw, realize等动词,这些动词一般不用进行时态,所以用不定式。如:I’m beginning t understand my Chinese rts, and wh I am.
7.动名词作宾语用在特定句型中
在一些特定句型中动名词作介词宾语的情况,有时动名词前的介词还可以省掉。如:
(1) stp/prevent sb. (frm) ding sth.;
(2)keep sb. frm ding sth.;
(3)be prevented/stpped/kept frm ding sth.;
(4) sb. spend/waste time (in) ding sth;
(5) Sb. have truble/difficulty/ prblems/struggle/a hard time/ have a gd time / fun (in) ding sth;
(6) ccupy neself (in) ding;
(7) be busy/active/engaged/ ccupied (in) ding sth.;
(8) There is n pint (in) ding sth. 毫无意义
【考例17】(XXXX福建28) China recently tightened its waters cntrls near the Huangyan Island t prevent Chinese fishing bats frm ________ in the Suth China Sea.
A. attacking B. having attacking C. being attacked D. having been attacked
【考例18】(XXXX 上海卷33) When Peter speaks in public, he always has truble the right things t say.
A. thinking f B. t think f C. thught f D. think f .
【考例19】(XXXX重庆卷32) —D yu have any idea what Paul des all day?
—As I knw, he spends at least as much time playing as he _______.
A. writes/B. des writingC. is writingD. des write
8.动名词作宾语主动形式表示被动意义的情况
need, require, want, deserve等表示“需要,值得”的动词后另一动词作宾语时,用不定式或动名词均可,但是其语态不同,即动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,而不定式则用被动形式表示被动意义。如:
The flwers need watering every day. = The flwers need t be watered every day. 花儿需要每天浇水。
The man deserves punishing (t be punished). 他这个人是罪有应得。
注意:(1)若 need, require, want后接动词为句子主语所发出的动作,则只能用不定式,不能用动名词。如:
I need t water the flwers every day. 我需要每天给花浇水。
【考例20】(XXXX湖南21) We’ve had a gd start, but next, mre wrk needs ____ t achieve the final success.
A. being dne B. d C. t be dne D. t d
(2)be wrth ding也是主动形式表示被动意义,不跟不定式。如:
The experience f scientific planting is wrth ppularizing. 科学种田的经验值得推广。
(三)作表语
1.基本区别
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作; 动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。把动名词或者不定式提前作主语是一个意思。
My hbby is cllecting stamps.=Cllecting stamps is my hbby.(经常)
My dream is t g t cllege.=T g t cllege is my dream.(具体)
注意:
(1)当主语和表语都是不定式时, 其含义一是条件,一是结果。如:
T be kind t the enemy is t be cruel t the peple.
(2)有时候需要用对等结构,即主语和表语都用不定式或者动名词。如:
Seeing is believing.= T see is t believe.
2.要求不定式作表语情况
wish, desire, hpe, dream, aim, ambitin, gal, target, plan, purpse, suggestin, duty, idea等表示愿望、目的等为中心词的名词词组或以what引导的主语从句作主语时,多用不定式作表语说明主语的内容。
My chief purpse is t pint ut the difficulties f the matter.
What I wuld suggest is t put ff the meeting.
3.不定式作表语的特殊情况
(1)在 be t blame中要求用主动形式表示被动意义。
【考例21】(XXXX安徽卷35)Mr. Green std up in defense f the 16-year-ld by, saying that he was nt the ne .
A.blamed B.blaming C.t blame D.t be blamed
(2)be t d表示意图、打算、坚决的命令、可能性、应该、不可避免、期待将来或者注定要发生某事,是将来时的一种表达方式。
(3)seem和appear跟不定式作表语,如果有动词ing形式,则这个动词ing形式不是动名词,是已经形容词化的现在分词作表语。
【考例22】(XXXX重庆34) The engine just wn't start. Smething seems wrng with it.
A. t g B. t have gne C. ging D. having gne
【考例23】 (XXXX上海卷40) Tday we have chat rms, text messaging, emailing… but we seem _____ the art f cmmunicating face-t-face.
A. lsing B. t be lsing C. t be lst D. having lst
(四)作定语
1.动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语时, 当所修饰的名词指人时, 和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。当所修饰的名词指物时, 和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,如果作定语的动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词, 需加上相应的介词。不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。下列要求用不定式作定语的情况需要注意:
(1)作下列名词的定语:attempt, ability, anything, chance, desire, determinatin, decisin, effrt, failure, intentin, need, pprtunity, plan, prmise, pressure, right, tendency, time, way等。
【考例24】(XXXX北京21)Vlunteering gives yu a chance lives, including yur wn.
A. change B. changing C. changed D. t change
【考例25】(XXXX年上海32)The students are lking frward t having an pprtunity sciety fr real-life experience.
A. explreB. t explreC. explringD. explred
【考例26】(XXXX重庆28) We’re having a meeting in half an hur. The decisin ______at the meeting will influence the future f ur cmpany.
A. t be made B. being made C. made D. having been made
【考例27】(XXXX·湖南卷21)The ability _____an idea as imprtant as the idea itself
A expressing B expressed C t express D t cver【C】
【考例28】( XXXX重庆卷34) Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the ne first is the library.
A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. t be repaired
(2) 由nly, last, next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。如:
I dn't think he is the best ne t d the wrk.
【考例29】(XXXX陕西卷19)His first bk next mnth is based n a true stry.
A. published B. t be published C. t publish D. being published
(3) 在have表示“有”,其宾语跟不定式作定语,如果不定式动作由主语或其他人称代词发出要求用主动形式表示被动意义。如:
【考例30】(XXXX山东卷23)I have a lt f readings _____ befre the end f this term.
A. cmpleting B. t cmplete C. cmpleted D. being cmpleted
2.动名词作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途, 和它所修饰的名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系, 须位于名词之前。如:
a walking stick =a stick fr walking=a stick which is used fr walking拐杖
sleeping pills=pills fr sleeping=pills which is used fr sleeping安眠药
swimming pl游泳池;reading material阅读材料;pening speech开幕词;hearing aid助听器;waiting rm候车室
Suggested Answers:
1-5 DCCBB 6-10 DCDCA 11-15 CBBCB 16-20 CCABC 21-25 CBBDD 26-30 ACDBB
语态
时态
主动语态
被动语态
与谓语动词的关系
否定
形式
一
般
式
不定式
T d
T be dne
动作发生在谓语动作之后
在非谓语前加nt
动名词
Ding
Being dne
与谓语动作同时发生
不定式进行式
T be ding
/
与谓语动作同时发生
完
成
式
不定式
T have dne
T have been dne
动作发生在谓语动作之前
动名词
Having dne
Having been dne
动作发生在谓语动作之前
项目
内容
不定式
动名词
相同点
具有名词特点,可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
具有动词特点,可以跟宾语、状语,有时态和语态的变化。
不同点
有形容词或副词特点
无
可以作状语、宾语补足语或主语补足语
不可以
fr sb. t d sth.
sb’s ding;sb./sth. ding
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