练习 专辑4 阅读理解主旨大意之段落大意 （教师版+学生版）

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1. 2021-2023年三年高考真题考点分布
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于阅读理解中段落大意的考查共计6次，主要考查：
根据阅读文章中的某一段落，概括段落大意。概括段落大意的方法：1.利用主题句；2.没有主题句，总结段落大意。
【备考策略】系统归类段落大意的总结方法，尤其是主题句、同义句表达的技巧；熟练掌握阅读技能。
【命题预测】
2024年阅读理解对段落大意的考查仍然是重点。
【2024年高考命题预测】
主旨大意之段落大意考点是高考中的必考点。一篇文章有多个段落，为什么把题出在其中的某个段落？因为这个段落在文章中起着至关重要的作用，这些段落或引出话题或承上启下或总结全文。命题者的意图是明确的，他们着眼于文章中起重要作用的段落进而设题。预测在2024高考中，段落大意题会继续在高考阅读理解中呈现。
【主旨大意之段落大意考点指南】
段落大意题常考问题：
The main pint /idea f the passage is…
The passage is mainly abut…
The passage mainly discusses…
The last but ne paragraph is chiefly cncerned with…?
Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea f the passage?
近几年高考段落大意考查的特点：
考查的段落一般没有主题句，这需要考生对整段进行归纳，找出段落的重点，总结段落大意。
[2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷]
D
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the“wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases,the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent,the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist(转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they“shared arguments and reasned tgether.”Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
( )32.What is Paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A.The methds f estimatin.
B.The underlying lgic f the effect.
C.The causes f peple’s errrs.
D.The design f Galtn’s experiment.
【2023年1月·浙江卷】C
A machine can nw nt nly beat yu at chess, it can als utperfrm yu in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisc, a sftware prgram called Prject Debater beat its human ppnents, including Na Ovadia, Israel’s frmer natinal debating champin.
Brilliant thugh it is, Prject Debater has sme weaknesses. It takes sentences frm its library f dcuments and prebuilt arguments and strings them tgether. This can lead t the kinds f errrs n human wuld make. Such wrinkles will n dubt be irned ut, yet they als pint t a fundamental prblem. As Kristian Hammnd, prfessr f electrical engineering and cmputer science at Nrthwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knws what it’s talking abut.”
What Hammnd is referring t is the questin f meaning, and meaning is central t what distinguishes the least intelligent f humans frm the mst intelligent f machines. A cmputer wrks with symbls. Its prgram specifies a set f rules t transfrm ne string f symbls int anther. But it des nt specify what thse symbls mean. Indeed, t a cmputer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, als wrk with symbls. But fr humans, meaning is everything. When we cmmunicate, we cmmunicate meaning. What matters is nt just the utside f a string f symbls, but the inside t, nt just hw they are arranged but what they mean.
Meaning emerges thrugh a prcess f scial interactin, nt f cmputatin, interactin that shapes the cntent f the symbls in ur heads. The rules that assign meaning lie nt just inside ur heads, but als utside, in sciety, in scial memry, scial cnventins and scial relatins. It is this that distinguishes humans frm machines. And that’s why, hwever astnishing Prject Debater may seem, the traditin that began with Scrates and Cnfucius will nt end with artificial intelligence.
31．What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
A．Scial interactin is key t understanding symbls.
B．The human brain has ptential yet t be develped.
C．Ancient philsphers set gd examples fr debaters.
D．Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
规律方法：如何总结段落大意？
段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。
【2023届安徽省A10联盟高考最后一卷】
When I was a kid, a sycamre (枫树) grew in frnt f my hme. At the age f 10, I was just tall enugh t reach its lwest branch and lift myself int its embrace. Smetimes tw r three f my friends wuld jin me in the sycamre, r in the maple dwn the street, r Mrs. DiMarc’s ld peach tree, sme f whse stut hrizntal branches allwed us t sit shulder t shulder, eating sweet fruit.
In my small twn there are sme kinds f trees, their branches spreading wide, pen fr business. But I have nt yet seen a climber. Perhaps cmputer games have replaced tree climbing, r maybe the activity went the way f mnkey bars, which came t be viewed as t risky and have largely disappeared frm playgrunds.
It is a sad lss. I have always believed that, since lw-hanging branches prvide n benefit t the tree, they must be meant fr the child. Rbert Frst understd this when he wrte:
When I see baches (桦树) bend t left and right,
Acrss the lines f straighter darker trees,
I like t think sme by’s been swinging them.
My nly disagreement with Frst is his inference that tree climbing is a gender-specific task. Bth bys and girls make a jyful climb.
The campus f the university where I teach has all srts f trees. During a recent walk, I fund myself bending under the branch f an immense spruce (云杉). I grabbed the thing, and a mment later was sitting n a branch. Then the memries came flding back. The ld sycamre, the friends, and finally, the reluctance t return t earth when the parental call t supper came.
I was s lst in my thughts that I didn’t hear the student calling t me frm belw. He asked what I was ding. I didn’t waste time n explanatins. “Cme n up,” I said “The air’s fine.” But he nly laughed and waved me ff. He didn’t knw what he was missing.
4．What des the underlined wrd “stut” in Paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A．Slim.B．Bent.C．Smth.D．Strng.
5．What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A．Why kids dn’t climb trees.
B．Why mnkey bars are dangerus.
C．Why there is n business under trees.
D．Why kids are addicted t cmputer games.
6．What des the authr want t prve by mentining Rbert’s pem?
A．Sme branches f trees are useless.
B．Trees are intended fr kids t climb.
C．Trees are a surce f inspiratin fr pets.
D．Climbing trees is a unique right f bys.
7．What did the authr think the student had missed?
A．The explanatins t his questin.
B．The fresh air abve the tree.
C．The pleasure f climbing trees.
D．The sense f safety n earth.
基础过关
（最新模拟试题演练）
1.【2023届广东省部分学校高三5月联合考试模拟预测】
As the csts f fuel, grceries and husing increase suddenly arund the wrld, scientists are fighting inflatin (通货膨胀) at the bench. Almst all items needed t cnduct science are mre expensive than they were just a year ag. And that means that nearly every researcher is feeling the pressure. “Nbdy is immune t this ecnmy,” says Tla Olrunnisla, wh leads innvatin in the lab at Avantr, an internatinal science-management cmpany in Pennsylvania. Olrunnisla visited labs in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Ireland t help researchers find ways t enlarge their budgets. “Scientists are becming mre cnscius f csts,” she says.
The increase in lab csts has frced scientists t make sme difficult chices. Scientific budgets are pretty fixed. If they pay duble fr smething, it means they’re nt buying smething else. Scientists can keep their research prjects mving frward, but t avid verspending n their budgets, they’ll prbably need t adjust their buying habits and take steps t make their labs mre efficient.
Julien Sage, a cancer researcher and geneticist at Stanfrd University in Califrnia, estimates that lab supplies histrically accunt fr rughly 20%f his verall budget, but he says that the balance is shifting.
Withut significant bsts in funding t keep pace with inflatin, it’s up t scientists t find creative ways t diminish csts. One ptin is t rethink experimental design.
“It will prbably take mre than discunts frm lab-supply cmpanies t truly prtect scientists frm the impact f rising prices,” Sage says. “Unless smething is dne n a large scale t either stabilize csts r increase funding, science is likely t suffer. If yu have less mney, yu’re ging t have fewer peple r be less prductive, which means yu’re ging t have fewer grants (拨款) which means yu’re ging t have fewer peple. That’s prbably happening t a lt f labs these days, and the questin is: When is it ging t stp?”
12．Fr what did Olrunnisla visit sme labs in different places?
A．Seeing hw researchers struggle against inflatin.
B．Prving everyne has t face the rising price.
C．Learning abut the pressure f researchers.
D．Helping researchers vercme ecnmic difficulty.
13．What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．The cause f increasing lab csts.B．The effects f the rising lab csts.
C．The tugh chices f researchers.D．The ways f making labs efficient.
14．What des the underlined wrd “diminish” mean in paragraph 4?
A．Reduce.B．Calculate.C．Restre.D．Keep.
15．Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Scientists face many prblemsB．The price f gds is rising quickly
C．Labs have t tighten supplies budgetsD．Peple hld different pinins f price
2.【2023届广东省部分学校高三5月联合考试模拟预测】
Brn in France, but raised in Spain, linguistics and literature prfessr Juan Jsé Ciruela Alferez frm the University f Granada is passinate abut Chinese literature and has been ding sme research abut it. With painstaking effrt, his Spanish translatin f a Chinese classic was published last year.
Ciruela said translating the nvel was an interesting challenge. In recent years, many Chinese wrks have been intrduced t Spain. Hwever, as mst f them had been translated first int English and then frm that language int Spanish, much f the riginality was lst. Fr this reasn, when the Spanish publishing huse Kailas cntacted Ciruela t translate it directly frm Chinese, he accepted the missin immediately, even if it presented difficulties like a heavy wrklad within a shrt time limit.
“I encuntered varius difficulties, especially at the beginning f the task,” said Ciruela in an interview. “This nvel, in particular, needs a prir reading prcess in which the translatr gets int the plt and the characters, since at first it is difficult t enter the wrld that the nvel cnstantly raises. S I read the nvel first in Chinese, paying attentin t all thse details and hw all f that culd be translated in a way that the Spanish readers wuld understand.
Fr Ciruela, the mst imprtant criterin when translating is fidelity (忠诚) t the riginal text. While it is true that ne cannt always be strictly faithful, he believes translatrs shuld nt be t far frm riginal texts. Fr example, the translatin f culturemes (expressins f culture in language)is quite cmplicated due t the cultural gap between Spanish and Chinese. Ciruela believes that these must always be apprpriate t the specific functin they perfrm within the text, in each specific case and mment.
4．What des the underlined phrase “that language” prbably refer t?
A．Spanish.B．English.C．Chinese.D．French.
5．What caused Ciruela t translate the Chinese classic?
A．His passin fr Spanish literature.B．His determinatin t ppularize it.
C．The lack f its direct translatin int Spanish.D．The lss f diversity in Spanish translatin.
6．What aspect f the translatin task des paragraph 3 mainly talk abut?
A．Its barrier.B．Its principle.C．Its style.D．Its meaning.
7．What des Ciruela think is the mst imprtant in translatin?
A．Meeting readers’ needs.B．Targeting cultural phenmena.
C．Bridging the cultural gap.D．Being lyal t the riginal text.
3.【2023届海南省海口市高考模拟】
A new device knwn as Shark Guard is being trialed which gives ff a pulse t prtect sharks and rays frm fishing hks (鱼钩). The data s far suggests that it has been very effective in reducing the number f sharks and stingrays caught by cmmercial fishing equipment.
Cmmercial fishing is knwn t threaten sharks and rays wrldwide. Research has fund that 24 per cent f the average mnthly space used by sharks arund the wrld falls under the-ftprint f distant lng line fisheries. This is when hks hang near the surface t catch fish like tuna and swrdfish. A quarter f shark habitats are within active fishing znes.
It is estimated that ver 20,000,000 sharks are caught as bycatch every year. Stingrays are als frequently caught as bycatch. “Bycatch” refers t unwanted fish and marine creatures caught by cmmercial fishing equipment, and is typically discarded (丢弃) verbard either dead r dying.
Shark Guard was designed by marine scientists t prtect sharks and rays frm fishing equipment. It is a small battery-pwered device that can be fastened n the line next t a baited hk and gives ff a shrt pulse every tw secnds.
Study fund that the device reduced the number f blue sharks caught in a French lng line tuna fishery in the Mediterranean by 91 per cent, and stingrays by 71 per cent. These are prmising numbers, althugh Dr. Phil Dherty, lead authr f the study, said that Shark Guard shuld “be designed n a case-by-case basis t ensure it’s fit fr purpse.”
28．What is the new device used t d?
A．Stp sharks being caught.B．Reduce the number f sharks.
C．Cnfirm a scientific guess.D．Prevent cmmercial hunting.
29．What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．The places fishing hks hang.B．The range f cmmercial fishing.
C．The benefits f prtecting sharks.D．The harm f cmmercial fishing.
30．What des Phil Dherty think f the device?
A．It is prmising.B．It is ineffective.
C．It needs imprving.D．It is perfectly designed.
31．What is the text?
A．A diary entry.B．A news reprt.
C．A fantasy stry.D．A bk review.
4.【2023届海南省海南中学、海口一中 、文吕中学、嘉积中学高三4月联考】
Every time I stare at the rws f jars filled with my parents’ hmemade tmat sauce, I wnder: “Shuld I really use ne?”
I have been keeping these jars like precius treasures. N matter hw hard I try t find alternatives, nthing cmpares. Stre-bught sauce? It just desn’t taste right. Even if I try t recreate it, it will never taste the same.
While grwing up, I hated the tmat seasn. My parents wuld use the basement t ripen the tmates they had cllected lcally in September. Like the ther Italian families in the area, we wuld then take them t the garage when they were ripe enugh. There they were cleaned and biled.
Having been stewed (炖), whle tmates were passed thrugh my father’s hmemade machine t separate the sauce frm the skins. Jars at the ready, we filled them with sauce and seasning. The jars wuld be ht fr a few days, sealed t keep their wn heat. They wuld then be lined up and ready t use.
This traditin was hard t carry n when my father gt ill. After being diagnsed with cancer in 2019, he spent mst f his time in hspital. In September that year he came hme, and n the weekend we decided t cntinue the traditin. I have glrius memries f that day as we nce again made the sauce. It was a beautiful but shrt-lived mment. My father died sn after.
I can’t keep these jars frever. But it desn’t make it any easier t pen ne. Every time I g t reach fr ne, smething stps me. My mther, ever practical, is visiting us recently and just stares at them.
“Yu shuld use these r they will g t waste.”
What will it feel like t use that last jar? It wuld mean the end f an era. Wh knws? Maybe it’s time t bring new traditins int life.
4．What stps the authr frm using the tmat sauce?
A．It has gne bad.B．He desn’t like tmat sauce
C．He values it t much.D．He keeps it fr future use.
5．What d Para.3 and Para.4 mainly talk abut?
A．The tmat harvest.B．The hmemade machine.
C．The fruitful tmat seasn.D．The making f tmat sauce.
6．What will the authr mst prbably d next?
A．Open ne jar.B．Keep the jars.
C．Cllect tmates.D．Make tmat sauce
7．Which f the fllwing can describe the authr?
A．Practical.B．Faithful.C．Affectinate.D．Sensitive.
5.【2023届河北省高三适应性考试】
Teens interested in lsing weight, fr instance, gt advertisements fr unhealthy tips n hw t becme anrexic (厌食者). Such advertisements targeted these kids in hpes f persuading them t try things that were either dangerus r illegal at their age.
Advertisements are just ne example f persuasin—trying t change anther’s mind. Advertisements may try t cnvince us t buy smething r d smething new and different. Marketing is a field f persuasin designed t sell things, ntes Jacb Teeny. Persuasin can be used t sell things. At its wrst, it can be used t cntrl peple. Clearly, persuasin can be used fr gd and bad.
Peple pen t new experiences tend t be mre easily persuaded, Teeny says. But pen-minded peple can resist sme persuasive arguments—such as the idea that eating junk fd is cl. And clsed-minded peple can smetimes be persuaded. “If yu haven’t really thught abut the arguments” ahead f time, Teeny says, yu’re ging t be “much mre persuadable.”
Yu might resist the message if yu think abut it as yu listen t it fr the first time. Yu might find reasns why their line f reasning des nt make sense by sptting hles in smene’s argument. But when yu’re busy r distracted, yu are easier t be persuaded, Teeny says.
“Persuasin is a science,” Teeny says. In fact, he ntes, “It’s studied as ne.” S educate yurself abut the factrs that g int persuasin. Yu will becme mre persuasive abut the scial appeals that matter t yu, he says. At the same time, yu will becme mre resistant t undue (不适当的) persuasin by thers.
8．Why are advertisements mentined in Paragraph 1?
A．T intrduce the tpic.B．T explain its functin.
C．T ask children t lse weight.D．T tell teens t avid dangerus things.
9．What is the main idea f Paragraph 2?
A．Marketing is designed t sell things.
B．Persuasin is used t cntrl peple.
C．Persuasin has advantages and disadvantages.
D．We shuld fllw advertisements t buy things.
10．Hw can yu find an argument unreasnable?
A．By wrking busily.B．By being distracted.
C．By being clsed-minded.D．By finding its weak pints.
11．What des the writer think f “knwing abut persuasin”?
A．Useful.B．Interesting.C．Difficult.D．Wasteful.
6.【2023届河北省邯郸市高考三模（保温卷）】
Human tears culd carry a fld f useful infrmatin. With just a few drps, a new technique can spt eye disease and even signs f diabetes (糖尿病), scientists reprt July 20 in ACS Nan.
“We wanted t demnstrate the ptential f using tears t detect disease,” says Fei Liu, a bimedical engineer at Wenzhu Medical University in China. It’s pssible the drplets culd pen a windw fr scientists t lk clsely at the entire bdy, he says, and ne day even let peple quickly test their tears at hme.
Tears cntain tiny sacs (液囊) stuffed with cellular messages. If scientists culd get these micrscpic mailbags, they culd ffer new evidence n what’s happening inside the bdy. But cllecting enugh f these sacs is tricky. Unlike fluid (体液) frm ther bdy parts, just a small amunt f liquid leaks frm the eyes.
S Liu’s team invented a new way t btain the sacs frm tiny vlumes f tears. First, the researchers cllected tears frm study participants. Then, the team added a slutin cntaining the tears t a device and within minutes, the technique lets small mlecules (分子) escape, leaving the sacs behind fr analysis.
The results gave scientists an eyeful. Different types f dry-eye disease leave their wn mlecular fingerprints in peple’s tears, the team fund. What’s mre, tears culd ptentially help dctrs mnitr hw a patient’s diabetes is prgressing.
Nw, the scientists want t emply tears fr evidence f ther diseases as well as depressin r emtinal stress, says study cauthr Luke Lee, a biengineer at Harvard Medical Schl. “This is just the beginning,” he says. “Tears express smething that we haven’t really explred.”
12．What can we learn abut human tears?
A．They cntain many diseases.B．They are useful in detecting disease.
C．They are the sign f diabetes.D．They have a deep impact n the whle bdy.
13．What is mainly talked abut in paragraph 4?
A．The prcess f getting sacs.B．The difficulty f cllecting tears.
C．The methd f using the device.D．The technique f analyzing tears.
14．What des Luke Lee think f the future f the research int tears?
A．Stressful.B．Prfitable.C．Challenging.D．Prmising.
15．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．A Slutin t Eye Disease.
B．A Nvel Treatment fr Diabetes.
C．A New Technlgy Uses Human Teardrps t Spt Disease.
D．A Bimedical Engineer Finds the Ptential Use f Human Tears.
7.【2023届黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市高三下学期三模】
A multi-institutinal team f researchers cnducted the first study t evaluate hw the duratin f nightly sleep early in the semester affects first year cllege students’ end-f-semester grade pint average (GPA), Using Fitbit sleep trackers, they fund that students n average sleep 6.5 hurs a night, but negative utcmes accumulate when students received less than six hurs f sleep a night. The results are available in the Feb. 13 issue f the Prceedings f the Natinal Academy f Sciences.
Sleep guidelines recmmend teenagers get 8 t 10 hurs f sleep every night. Many cllege students experience irregular and insufficient sleep.
David Creswell, the William S. Dietrich Ⅱ Prfessr in Psychlgy and Neurscience at the Dietrich Cllege f Humanities and Scial Sciences, led a team f researchers t evaluate the relatinship between sleep and GPA．“Animal studies have shwn hw critical sleep is fr learning and memry,” said Creswell.“Here we shw hw this wrk translates t humans.The less nightly sleep a first year cllege student gets at the beginning f the schl term predicts lwer GPA at the end f the term. Lack f sleep may be hurting students’ ability t learn in their cllege classrms.”
The study evaluated mre than 600 first-year students acrss five studies at three universities. The students wre wrist Fitbit devices t mnitr and recrd their sleep patterns. The researchers fund that students in the study sleep n average 6.5 hurs a night.Mre surprisingly, the researchers fund that students wh receive less than six hurs f sleep experienced a prnunced decline in academic perfrmance. In additin, each hur f sleep lst crrespnded t a 0.07 decrease in end-f-term GPA．
“Once yu start dipping(下降)belw six hurs, yu are starting t accumulate massive sleep debt that can impair a student’s health and study habits, cmprmising the whle system,” said Creswell.“Mst surprising t me was that n matter what we did t make the effect g away, it persisted.”
12．What is the recmmended sleep duratin fr teenagers per night?
A．6 hurs.B．6.5 hurs.
C．8 t 10 hurs.D．Over 10 hurs.
13．What’s Paragraph 5 mainly talking abut?
A．The prcess f the research.B．The reasn fr the research.
C．The result f the research.D．The shrtage f the research.
14．What des the underlined wrd “impair” in the last paragraph prbably mean?
A．Change.B．Damage.
C．Imprve.D．Attack.
15．What surprised Creswell mst?
A．Sleep can influence cllege students’learning.
B．Many cllege students experience insufficient sleep.
C．Cllege students have pr academic perfrmance fr lack f sleep.
D．The negative effect f insufficient sleep n cllege students wn’t disappear.
8.【2023届湖北省荆门市龙泉中学、荆州中学、宜昌一中三校高三下学期5月第二次联考】
On a tram smthly pulling int the heart f Luxemburg City, Marck gives a smile and takes a lk at the fabric f the seat next t him. Fr him, the city’s trams are mre than just transprt. Mre even than the fcus f his jb. They are abut transfrming his cuntry and, perhaps, changing the wrld.
Marck is the directr general f Luxtram, Luxemburg’s mdern trams. It first started running services tw years ag. Next year, Luxemburg will becme the wrld’s nly cuntry t get rid f fares n all its frms f public transprt. Luxemburg’s traffic prblems cme frm its army f wrkers. The ppulatin f the capital city almst dubles during the wrking day, when mre than 110,000 peple travel in and ut.
After three decades when its rads have becme s crwded, Luxemburg is ging t d smething remarkable. Free fares, and a plan t persuade peple t switch frm cars t trams r trains. Marck, alng with many thers, is excited t see what happens next. “The fact that this is free means that everyne can use it — yung r ld, rich r pr,” he said. “Everyne can say t themselves it’s better t leave the car at hme. We must cntinue t imprve and extend the netwrk. It must always be cmfrtable, well-cnnected, efficient.”
Lydie Plfer, the city’s mayr, says she hpes t reach the pint where mre than a third f peple cme int the city using public transprt — at the mment, it’s less than ne in five. She said, “It’s nt practical t ban cars because sme peple, like the elderly, need them. But everyne has t be aware that he r she can d smething t imprve the situatin. There is an expressin in German — yu are nt in the traffic jam — yu are the traffic jam, and that is true. I think that making it free will be the biggest arguments fr peple t use public transprt. ”
24．Why des Marck think the city’s trams are mre than just transprt?
A．The trams are his gal that he strives fr.
B．There are mre means f transprtatin than trams.
C．City’s trams bring mre changes beynd transprt.
D．The trams are the heart f Luxemburg City transprt system.
25．What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut?
A．The cause f the traffic prblems.B．The means f public transprt.
C．The develpment f running services.D．The increase f wrking ppulatin.
26．What cncerns peple mst when using the public transprt?
A．The cnvenience.B．The fare.C．The cmfrt.D．The efficiency.
27．What can be inferred frm what Lydie Plfer said?
A．The elderly needn’t use public transprt.
B．It’s pssible t persuade mst peple t use the trams.
C．Everyne can d his part t imprve transprt situatin.
D．Thse wh dn’t take public transprt cause traffic jams.
9.【2023届湖北省武汉市武昌区高三5月质量检测】
The Daintree rainfrest is verflwing with flra (植物群) and fauna (动物群) nt fund anywhere else in the wrld. It is als believed t be the ldest cntinual area f trpical rainfrest in existence. With mre than half f the wrld’s rainfrests already destryed, here’s why it is imprtant t help supprt activities t ensure this impressing part f Australia can’t be develped.
HalfCut is an innvative charity created in 2017 which is helping t save the Daintree rainfrest in Far Nrth Queensland. In fact, during the cvid lckdwns f 2021, they helped raise mre than $1.2 millin fr the Daintree “buy back” prgram which prtected ver 500,000 square metres f endangered Daintree rainfrest. This is equal t 123.55 ftbal fields wrth f trpical rainfrest.
Anyne wanting t supprt the prtectin f the Daintree is welcme by HalfCut. Created by James Standn-Cke and life partner Jessie Clarke, this envirnmental activity is challenging yu t cut ff half f yur hair, beard r mustache, since half stylish face makeup, baking gds, and even the dd half cut lawn have been ppular mre recently. If yu feel like spending hundreds f dllars in cluring, then style yur hair a different shade r braid (编) half f yur hair, undercut r even get a nrmal haircut shwing half f the length remved. Visit www. G. HalfCut. rg t share yur new haird n scial media with friends and family t help raise mney. Every $2. 50 is ne mre square metre saved f the wrld’s ldest rainfrest. It is up t yu hw lng yu stay halfcut. It may be fr a day, a week r even a mnth. All mney dnated helps prtect Daintree Rainfrest in Far Nrth Queensland which prvides crucial habitat fr many endangered species.
Dn’t want t mess with yur perfect hair? Then help spread the wrd by buying a HalfCut T-shirt, bag, hat r jacket and save 10 square metres f rainfrest fr life per purchase, r simply make a dnatin t this great cause. It is all abut ding yur bit t help t prtect the ldest rainfrest in the wrld.
4．Why d peple prtect the Daintree rainfrest?
A．It hasn’t been develped.B．Half f it has been destryed.
C．It has unique eclgical diversity.D．It’s the biggest trpical rainfrest.
5．What can we knw abut HalfCut accrding t the passage?
A．It has helped save 123. 55 ftball fields.
B．It raises mney nline fr rainfrest prtectin.
C．It leads the fashin trend in the hairdressing industry.
D．It dnates $2. 50 t rainfrest prtectin fr each custmer.
6．What d the last tw paragraphs talk abut?
A．The rigin f HalfCut.B．The develpment f HalfCut.
C．The services ffered by HalfCut.D．The ways peple can get invlved in HalfCut.
7．What is the purpse f this passage?
A．T infrm peple f the achievements f HalfCut.
B．T advcate readers t supprt HalfCut and save frest.
C．T intrduce current situatin f the Daintree rainfrest.
D．T raise gvernment’s awareness f prtecting envirnment.
10.【2023届吉林省长春吉大附中实验学校高三第四次模拟】
A walk arund the wrkplace is als a trip back in time. The ffice is where clleagues meet, wrk and bnd. But it is als a time capsule, where the traces f histric patterns f wrking ere visible everywhere. The pandemic has enhanced this sense f ffice as a dig site fr crprate archaelgists(考古学家).
The mst bvius bject is the landline phne, a reminder f the days when mbility meant being able t stand up and keep talking. Lng after peple have junked them in their persnal lives—less than 15% f Americans aged between 25 and 34 had ne at hme in the secnd half f 2021—landline phnes survive in ffices.
There might be gd reasns fr its persistence: they ffer a mre secure and stable cnnectin than mbile phnes, and n ne wrries that they are abut t run ut f battery. In practice, the habit f using them was definitely lst during the pandemic. Nw they sit n desk after desk, rws f buttns unpressed, ring tnes unheard.
Landline phnes were already well n their way ut befre cvid-19 struck. Whitebard charts have suffered a swifter desertin. These bjects signal a particular type f pain—peple physically crwded tgether int a rm while a manager sketches a graph with a marker pen and pints meaningfully t the tp-right-hand crner, giving requirements never t be satisfied. This manager is still making graphs but is nw much mre likely t use a PwerPint. The crwd is still being trtured but is nw much mre likely t be watching n the screen. The ffice still has whitebards, but they are left in crners and the charts n them are slwly yellwing.
Real archaelgists need tls and time t d their painstaking wrk: brushes, shvels and picks. Crprate archaelgy is easier: yu just need eyes and a memry f hw things used t be. But yu als need t be quick as mre and mre wrk places are rearranged fr the pst-pandemic era. Nw its time t take a careful lk arund the ffice: yu may see smething that will sn seem utdated.
12．Why des the authr refer t the ffice as a time capsule?
A．It is a place fr time travel.B．Old-fashined practices can be seen.
C．Sme cultural relics are buried here.D．Archaelgists visit it t explre histry.
13．What is paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The use f whitebard charts.B．The necessity f landline phnes.
C．The cnvenience f new technlgy.D．The dislike fr sme ffice rutines.
14．Which may the authr agree with accrding t the last paragraph?
A．Clerks shuld get well prepared befre daily wrk.
B．Office wrk is much easier than wrk in archaelgy.
C．The pandemic plays a part in the change f ffice settings.
D．Plenty f wrkplaces will disappear in ur visin very sn.
15．Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A．The Archaelgy f the OfficeB．The Histry f Old-fashined Objects
C．Why Landline Phnes Went OutdatedD．The Impact f Pandemic n Wrkplace
11.【2023届辽宁省辽东南协作校高三第三次模拟】
Set in the snw-cvered Himalayan muntains, Nainital’s waterways and frests are ppular places fr turists. The rad t Nainital is cvered with wdlands that elephants, snakes, and squirrels always use as well. Nainital’s wildlife and human visitrs exist tgether in the same place, but increasing turist traffic causes a danger t sme f these animals while they crss the rads. Then n the way t Nainital, an ec-bridge appears n a busy highway.
A frest manager said, “This is a rich frest, and elephant, lepards, deer and bulls mve in this area. Drivers can see these large animals frm sme distance and slw dwn r stp, but they seldm d s fr animals like snakes, lizards and squirrels.” T make things safer fr these smaller animals, an ec-bridge was built.
N irn was fund in the building f the 90-ft-lng bridge. It was nly made frm materials like bamb and grass and high up in the air abve the rad. Wrkers are nw grwing grass and plants t cver the bridge in rder t attract animals. It is hped that a green bridge will draw animals t use it. Meanwhile, it is always attracting turists, wh stp t take phts f the amazing bridge. It will make drivers realize hw dangerus their high driving speed will be t animals and then reduce their speed.
Althugh the ec-bridge is the first Indian wildlife bridge fr small animals, Indian peple have recently wrked n a number f prjects t help cars and larger animals share the rad. Fr example, six bridges were built ver a highway in the Annamalai Hills. These bridges were built t supprt mnkeys in reaching bth sides f the highway. On India’s busy Natinal Highway 44, several bridges have successfully enabled large wild animals t crss the crwded highway. Plans fr mre animal crssings are already carried ut in India, including ne fr elephants n the Chen-nai-Bangalre Natinal Highway.
India has sme f the mst unique wildlife in the wrld. Hpefully, nature-based city planning will benefit bth India’s native wildlife and its human neighbrs.
12．Why was an ec-bridge designed n the way t Nainital?
A．T attract mre turists t g there.B．T keep small animals safe.
C．T prtect sme rare animals.D．t prevent wild animals hurting peple.
13．What is special abut the ec-bridge?
A．It is cst-effective t build.B．It is the first bridge in India.
C．It can imprve visitr’s safety.D．It draws n the natural materials.
14．What is expected f the drivers after the building f the bridge?
A．Aviding taking phts f animals when they are passing by.
B．Using the new bridge nly if it is necessary.
C．Visiting Nainital’s frests as little as pssible.
D．Imprving their awareness f slwing dwn fr wild animals.
15．What is the main idea f para 4?
A．Indians’ effrt in building wildlife-friendly highway systems.
B．The difficulties f building animal crssing in big cities.
C．Why mst highways in India are safe fr wild animals.
D．Hw animal crssing influence wildlife and humans.
12.【2023届山东省泰安市高三下学期三模】
Chinese scientists say they have fund a slutin t help the CR450 bullet train run smthly at 400 km/h by 2025.
China’s fastest trains currently reach a tp speed f arund 350km/h and passengers usually have an extremely smth experience, but that desn’t make it get cmplacent. The cuntry planned t launch a new bullet train mdel by 2025 that can run 400 km/h — a speed that nly sme cmmercial super cars like the Bugatti Veyrn can run.
At such high speed, even a small cllisin (碰撞) can cause the whle train t shake. Cntinuus vibratins (振动) can make passengers seasick. The team led by Prfessr Shi Jin frm Beijing Jiatng University said the prblem culd be slved by adjusting the height f the rails by just a few millimeters at sme sensitive pints. Shi’s team ran tests n a test line, and the results shwed that their methd really wrked.
“As trains g faster, the interactin between wheels and tracks increases, making existing measures t reduce ride vibratins less effective,” Shi said. Accrding t the team’s calculatins, the vibratin felt by passengers during a400 km/h trip will be 5% higher than at present. That might seem like a small difference, but it can increase the wavelength f the vibratins felt alng the train by 15%. If nt effectively cntrlled, this can make passengers uncmfrtable during the jurney, even unsafe. Research shws that lifting sleepers by just a few millimeters can resist this impact.
Trains with different speeds can perate n the same track, but each speed setting requires different sleepers. Existing Chinese safety standards allw nly an errr f ne millimeter when adjusting the sleepers. China has mre than 40,000 km f high-speed railways in peratin. T make them all suitable fr 400 km/h trains will be a difficult task. Hwever, it’s necessary t find a slutin sn because accrding t the gvernment’s 5-year plan, the new generatin f high-speed train, the CR450, will be cmpleted and put int peratin in less than 3years.
12．What des the underlined phrase “get cmplacent” mean in paragraph 2?
A．Cnvenient.B．Successful.C．Respected.D．Satisfied.
13．What is paragraph 4 mainly talking abut?
A．The way wheels and tracks interact.
B．The effect f vibratin n passengers.
C．The difficulty in adjusting the sleepers.
D．The reasn why existing sleepers shuld be lifted.
14．What can we knw abut China’s existing high-speed railways?
A．Their sleepers need adjusting all the time.
B．The mre these railways are built, the better.
C．Enugh f them will be in use in three years.
D．It’s hard t make 400 km/h trains run n all f them.
15．What’s the best title fr the text?
A．China Develps 400 km/h Bullet Train
B．China’s Trains Care Mre fr Passengers
C．China’s CR450s Replace Other Trains
D．China Fcuses n Railway Technlgy
13.【2023·山东省潍坊市三模】
Researcher Ruijia Hu said wildlife habitat in crwded places like suth went Ohi is becming increasingly fragmented (分散) as frests give way t new cnstructin. Eventually, this culd make truble t an animal with specific habitat needs like Ohi’n pileated (红冠) wdpecker.
Pileated wdpeckers have the nickname carpenter birds fr their never-ending natural wdwrking. They peck ut hles in trees fr their nests every year, creating lts f valuable hmes fr animals like fx squirrels and wls. “They make new nests every year. They wn’t reuse ld nes,” Hu said. “Other animals depend n them.”
Pileated wdpeckers are private birds that are mre ften heard than seen. Studying them can be especially difficult. S Hu turned t citizen science fr help. T identify where wdpeckers have been seen, she used eight years f sightings cllected by birders and lgged int the website eBird, a free nline tl and app that anyne can use t recrd their bservatins and lcatins. She verlaid these sightings with remte sensing data and fund that crridrs alng rivers and creeks with abundant mature trees and deadwd helped the birds adjust t their increasingly fragmented urban landscape.
“With fragmented frests, many habitats that were nce suitable fr wildlife are brken up,” Hu sa id. “Wildlife is unable t find habitat big enugh t meet their survival needs. And even if there are suitable habitats, the distance between them can be t great. Wildlife crridrs link up these habitat patches. Since wildlife can travel and migrate frm ne patch t anther, the prbability f finding fd and shelter is higher.”
“There are s many species in urban areas that we dn’t pay attentin t, especially when they’re nt cnsidered vulnerable,” Hu said. “With develpment chipping away at mre frest in this crwded cunty, the tipping pint (临界点) culd cme quickly and unexpectedly. Yu can’t fix it vernight. It’s nt just abut planting mre trees. The birds need mature frest, s it culd take 30 t 50 years t replace their habitat. At least we can prtect these riverside frest crridrs and see that existing trees reach maturity.”
8．What can we infer frm the secnd paragraph?
A．The magpie’s nest is ccupied by the dve.
B．Birds abandn the ld fr the new easily.
C．Friendship really exists amng animals.
D．One’s trash is anther treasure.
9．What is the main idea f the third paragraph?
A．The effect f Hu’s study n birds.
B．The prcess f Hu’s research.
C．The difficulty Hu had in his study.
D．The applicatin f technlgy.
10．What rle d wildlife crridrs play fr birds?
A．Helping them survive in the fragmented landscape.
B．Making them adjust t deadwd quickly.
C．Prviding them with enugh fd fr survival.
D．Ensuring them a stable and safe habitat.
11．What des Hu imply in the last paragraph?
A．One tree desn’t make a frest.
B．Be wise after the event.
C．Prepare fr a rainy day.
D．Take things as they cme.
14.【2023届山西省大同市高三下学期5月三模】
Have yu ever wished yu culd speak a freign language withut taking the classes? Have yu ever had truble while travelling abrad, because f the language? Have yu ever dreamed abut being able t talk t almst every persn in the wrld? Language barrier shuld n lnger be yur cncern anymre.
MUAMA Enence, a Japanese high-tech inventin that allws yu t cmmunicate in mre than 40 languages, withut wasting yur time and mney n bring language classes. N mre language learning, n mre trubles when travelling abrad, n mre time and mney wasted n language learning prgrammes that simply d nt wrk.
Enence was built with simplicity in mind s anyne can use it. Althugh it is armed with the latest technlgy, using the device is super easy. All yu need t d is chse the language in which yu want t cmmunicate and recrd yur wrds r sentences. Yu can even recrd really lng sentences and Enence will translate everything perfectly!
Enence translatr was previusly used by gvernments and large crpratins nly, hwever, fr a limited time, Enence became available fr the general public. After utstanding success with its prduct, Enence started having supply chain issues. S hurry up and rder yur translatr tday.
This genius device allws yu t start cmmunicating (YES, speaking!) with almst every persn in the wrld. This technlgy was never befre available t the public. Fr a limited time nly, this device is available fr a heavily reduced price f $89 (previusly $189).
The lw cst and high quality Enence translatr is changing the wrld. The prduct has been selling like crazy, but the stck wn’t last lng as the supplies are limited. We recmmend rdering MUAMA Enence Translatr while it is still available.
8．What des the authr intend t d in Paragraph 1?
A．Questin sme language learning curses.B．Draw attentin t the tpic f the text.
C．Shw hw t vercme language barriers.D．Express wishes t learn a freign language.
9．What is MUAMA Enence?
A．It is an instant translatr.B．It is a travel guide.
C．It is a Japanese learning App.D．It is a language curse.
10．What is Paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．Hw t chse a freign language.B．Hw t use MUAMA Enence.
C．Why MUAMA Enence is casy t use.D．What t learn with MUAMA Enence.
11．What can we infer frm the last tw paragraphs?
A．MUAMA Enence is unavailable t everyne.
B．The functin f MUAMA Enence is limited.
C．MUAMA Enence is crazily changing the wrld.
D．The authr thinks highly f MUAMA Enence.
15.【2023届山西省长治市部分学校高三下学期三模联合考试】
Every cmmunity has an ice cream stre, but nt all f them have a missin. When Charles Freman pened his stre, Everyday Sundae, he had a gal in mind, “My bjective is t make a psitive impact in my cmmunity by treating peple like family and remembering them,” he said.
With his business slgan,“A place fr cmmunity,” Freman’s stre has quickly gained a devted fllwing. Custmers visit t enjy their favrite flavrs; artwrk and cards frm them decrate the walls; and sme purchase their paper napkins there t supprt the stre. Freman has als rganized events like strybk readings accmpanied by sweet treats fr children. What truly sets this business apart is the free ice cream that Freman generusly gives ut.
“Yu knw when they cme in, yu can see it. It was natural t ntice sme f the kids have it and thers dn’t. S I’m ging t spnsr them.” Freman said as he talked abut hw he can tell when a visitr wants a treat they can’t affrd.“I just want t d sme psitive things. I believe my cmmunity is missing a family-friendly ice cream shp.”
One day, Nicle Harkin, ne f his regular custmers, nticed Freman give a free ice cream t children withut mney. Fr Freman, this was a cnstant gesture that had just gne unnticed, but Harkin reacted with surprise. She came back and handed him an envelpe cntaining 100 dllars. Freman was s tuched by Harkin’s gift that he psted it n Instagram. Freman and Harkin’s kind behavirs als mved ther custmers t cver Freman’s free ice creams fr peple they didn’t knw. Freman’s ice cream fund has received many dnatins since then.
“When yu see peple ding their best, yu want t d yur best,” Freman said. “Everything is cntagius, whether yu d smething negative r psitive. We’re suppsed t d all we can t help each ther.”
24．Why was Charles Freman’s stre s special?
A．It prvides free gds t the cmmunity.B．It ffers children ice cream fr free.
C．It is a place t shw creativity.D．It cllects dnatins frm thers.
25．What des Freman really want t stress in paragraph 3?
A．The mtive fr his generus actin.B．The sympathy fr thse pr children.
C．The urge fr an ice cream shp.D．The methds t help thse in need.
26．Which f the fllwing led t a wider dnatin fr his fund?
A．A reprt n his unnticed gesture.B．An envelpe with a letter in it.
C．A pst f smene’s generus actin.D．A game between him and his custmer.
27．What des the underlined wrd “cntagius” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Critical.B．Influential.C．Precius.D．Optimistic.
16.【2023届浙江省精诚联盟三模】
Stéphanie Frappart made histry n Thursday as the first wman t referee (裁判) a men’s Wrld Cup match. Alngside assistants Neuza Back frm Brazil and Karen Diaz frm Mexic, the Frenchwman was part f an all-female refereeing tri fficiating Csta Rica vs. Germany in their Grup E match.
Thrughut her career, Frappart has achieved a seemingly endless series f firsts. In April 2019, she became the first female referee t take charge f a Ligue 1 match, in August 2019, the first t take charge f a majr men’s Eurpean match, and in 2020, the first t fficiate a men’s UEFA Champins League match.
At the Wrld Cup,a referee might make 245 decisins in a single game, Sky Sprts estimates, and if just ne is wrng, it will be analyzed in micrscpic detail.
It culd alter the curse f a game, r even a team’s Wrld Cup-denying it a title r ensuring it prgresses n further in the turnament. “When yu make a mistake, it’s mre imprtant than if a player makes a mistake-there are mre cnsequences fr the teams,” Frappart says. “It’s als easy t say that it’s the fault f the referee and nt the fault f ur team when yu lse.”
Inevitably, female referees are carefully examined, as they straddle (跨越) tw traditinally male-dminated fields: ftball and leadership. “There are many questins invlved if she’s there because she’s a wman.” Frappart recalls when she made her debut in Ligue. “It’s nt nly in ftball. I think in every jb when yu’re a wman yu need t prve that yu have the quality and after that they let yu cntinue.” But as Frappart refereed mre matches, the stance twards her gradually changed. “Nw, it’s nt a questin f gender. It’s nw nly a questin abut cmpetencies.”
With wmen refereeing, the matches at the Qatar Wrld Cup bradcast t huge audiences wrldwide. Frappart knew it encuraged mre wmen t pick up a whistle and take mre and mre respnsibility. “S if yu have mre female referees n the TV perhaps it might make it easier fr wmen t say: ‘OK, this is pssible.’”
28．What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．Frappart’s life experience.B．Frappart’s achievements.
C．Frappart’s cntributins.D．Frappart’s habits.
29．Which f the fllwing wrds can best describe Frappart’s jb as a referee?
A．Creative and rewarding.B．Challenging but inspiring.
C．Difficult and meaningless.D．Easy but trublesme.
30．The underlined wrds “made her debut ” in paragraph 5 means _______ .
A．made a speechB．made full preparatins
C．made her first appearanceD．made a living
31．What can we learn abut Frappart?
A．The Qatar Wrld Cup drew huge audiences fr wmen refereeing.
B．It’s easy t put the blame fr teams’failures n referees.
C．Frappart impressed the wrld with cmpetencies in her first match.
D．In August 2019, Frappart was the first female referee in a Ligue 1 match.
17.【2023届重庆市高三第一次联合诊断检测】
New research suggests that ne night f sleep with just a small amunt f light may have negative effects n health.
The small, 20-persn study cnducted by Dr. Phyllis Zee, directr f the Center fr Circadian (生理节奏的) and Sleep Medicine, was designed t measure the physilgical effects f 100 lux (照度) f artificial light n healthy adults while they were sleeping. Fr the study, all the participants spent their first night sleeping in a mstly dark rm. The next night, half f them slept in a better lit rm. Meanwhile, the researchers ran tests n the sleepers: brainwaves, heart rates and bld. In the mrning, they’d give bth grups a large amunt f sugar t see hw well their systems respnded t it.
The grup expsed t the light had raised heart rates thrughut the night, and als had truble getting their bld sugar int a nrmal range.
These changes suggest the small amunt f light was enugh t shift the nervus system t a mre excited and alert state. “It’s almst like the brain and the heart knew that the lights were n, althugh the individual was sleeping,” says Zee.
While the findings f this study alne can’t predict what wuld happen in the lng term, Dr. Clwell suspects the harmful effects wuld be cumulative: “This was nly ne night, s imagine if yu’ re living that way cnstantly?”
“That’s ging t increase the risk f lng-term diseases,” says Dr. Charles Czeisler whse research has lked at the cnsequences f circadian rhythm sleep disrder fr lnger than just ne night. He cncluded that the unpleasant effects were primarily because f the “internal clck” being disturbed — nt necessarily because f the lack f sleep.
This is nt t say that the lack f sleep desn’t als have negative effects n health — it des — but he says it simply stresses the lasting cnsequences f being expsed t light at nighttime.
“Peple think that as lng as they fall asleep and are uncnscius, it’s nt having physilgical effects, but that’s simply nt true,” Czeisler says.
12．What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．Hw the study is carried ut.B．What type f light affects sleep.
C．Wh is in charge f the research.D．Why light and sleep are cnnected.
13．What d we knw abut the new research?
A．Light plays a critical rle in regulating circadian rhythm.
B．A small amunt f light at night is linked with sleep depth.
C．Leaving the bedrm lights n leads t mental disrder.
D．Sleeping with a little bit f light isn’t gd fr yur health.
14．What des the underlined wrd “cumulative” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A．Cmmn.B．Slight.C．Increasing.D．Accidental.
15．Which f the fllwing might Czeisler agree with?
A．The mre yu sleep, the healthier yu will be.
B．Physilgical effects disappear with a sund sleep.
C．Sleep quality lies in hw yu feel abut the sleep.
D．It is the circadian rhythm sleep disrder that matters.
18.【湖北省华大新高考联盟2021-2022学年高三下学期4月教学质量测】
Rachael Blackmre walked alng the track the evening befre the Grand Natinal. The jckey (赛马师) was determined, and she wuld fight t the last bit f her strength t win.
But the way fr her t be a jckey was nt easy. She grew up a farmer’s daughter. “Being a prfessinal jckey was smething I had never thught f,” she said. She studied science at university. But thrugh all that time she was riding because “I just lve riding. And I lve winning t.” When finishing cllege at 25, she assumed her riding days were ver because “I had t get a real jb.”
Hwever, frtune smiled n her because she was filled with talent and banging n the dr. Her cach said he wuld turn her prfessinal. It was harder fr female t get rides and pen drs, yet she did nt tell her stry as a victry ver hardship. “Once yu break dwn that initial barrier, then yu are fine.” she said.
On the day f the Grand Natinal, she thught her hrse, Minella, wuld take well t the fences. But the race was dminated by Jett at first. Rachael did nt give up. It was with the last tw fences t jump when Jett was fading. “I was beside him and Minella seemed t grab the pprtunity.”
They jumped the last with a lead. “I culdn’t hear r feel anther hrse behind me and Minella was still ging frward fr me. I tried t keep balance and we hit the line,” she said, “I definitely started crying.”
She became a histry maker but she was nt prud at all. “I am lking frward t next year, lking at my upcming races. I knw, my best race is certainly the next ne!” she said.
24．What des “that initial barrier” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A．The financial hardship.
B．The imprper educatin backgrund.
C．The lack f an excellent and qualified jckey cach.
D．The prejudice against being a prfessinal wman jckey.
25．What’s the main idea f the secnd and third paragraphs?
A．Rachael’s difficult prcess f being a real jckey.
B．The frtunes Rachael had when grwing up.
C．The friendship between Rachael and her cach.
D．The gd persnalities helping Rachael succeed.
26．Why did Rachael cry at the end f the race?
A．She lst her chance.B．She fell ff Minella.
C．She was stpped by a line.D．She wn the Grand Natinal.
27．Which wrd best describes Rachael accrding t the last paragraph?
A．Reflective.B．Carefree.
C．Ambitius.D．Practical.
19.【2023届湘豫名校联考高三第三次模拟】
Accrding t Dr. Jhn Swaddle, a prfessr at the Institute fr Integrative Cnservatin at William & Mary, hundreds f millins f birds die every year frm windw cllisins(碰撞).
Hwever, if yu put decals(贴花纸) r clrful stickers utside f yur windws, the birds are mre likely t see the barrier and therefre avid it. Remember: never inside yur windw; always utside f yur windw.
“Duble-glazed(双层的) windws reflect a lt f light, especially when yu view them frm a slight angle, as a flying bird wuld d,” Swaddle tld Saln. He is the crrespnding authr f a recent study which tries t figure ut hw this basic reality f physics impacts n a bird’s experience as it flies near a standard windw. Fr their experiment, researchers had birds perfrm repeated and cntrlled flight trials near windws with film(薄膜) prducts, BirdShades film and Haverkamp film, respectively.
“In ur cllisin avidance trials, BirdShades increased windw avidance by 47% and the Haverkamp increased avidance by 39%. But neither prduct was effective when the films were applied t the internal surface f windws,” the authrs cncluded.
When breaking dwn the prblem f aviding windw cllisins frm a bird’s pint f view, Swaddle explained, “The light and reflected imagery frm the external surface f the glass is sufficient t bscure a film r decal that is stuck t the inner surface frm being seen clearly.”
If yu want t prtect birds frm easily avidable deaths withut buying windw film prducts, there are ther slutins. Swaddle recmmended “pleasing fritted glass that culd be used in new cnstructin and which is als bird-friendly”. Besides, he ntes that screens can be helpful as well, nt nly by limiting reflectiveness but by prviding birds with a cushin if they make impact. It is als pssible t use everyday husehld bjects t signal t birds that there are barriers — netting, bits f string, clrful stickers, and paint. These can all be used t this effect.
12．Which f the fllwing can wrk t reduce bird windw cllisins?
A．Chsing duble-glazed windws.
B．Aviding pening windws at night.
C．Cvering the inner windws with decals.
D．Sticking decals t the uter side f windws.
13．What did the researchers want t find in the experiment?
A．The bird-friendly film prducts and glass.
B．The efficient measures f cllisin avidance.
C．The bird behavirs when hitting the bright windw.
D．The link between light reflectin and bird windw cllisins.
14．What des the underlined wrd “bscure” in Paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A．Prtect.B．Use.C．Shade.D．Find.
15．What is mainly talked abut in the last paragraph?
A．Slutins t reducing the windw cst.
B．Other ways t avid bird cllisins.
C．Bird-friendly bjects t attract birds.
D．Envirnmentally friendly glass prducts.
20.【2023届甘肃省高三第三次高考诊断】
Mre American businesses are starting t use artificial intelligence(AI)tls t cme up with new ideas and t deal with custmers.
Mattel is knwn fr making children’s tys. The cmpany recently used an AI image generatr called DALL-E t cme up with ideas fr new Ht Wheels ty cars. The used vehicle seller CarMax is using ChatGPT t gather thusands f custmer cmments. The scial media service Snapchat has added a chatbt t its messaging service. And Instacart, a delivery service, nw uses ChatGPT t answer fd questins.
Even the Cca-Cla cmpany plans t use AI t help create new marketing cntent. It has nt said exactly hw it plans t use the technlgy. But the mve shws that businesses are under pressure t use the tls that many f their emplyees and custmers are already trying n their wn. “We must embrace the risks,” Cca-Cla CEO James Quincey said in a vide annuncing a partnership with OpenAI—maker f bth DALL-E and ChatGPT. Sme experts warn that businesses shuld carefully cnsider pssible harms t custmers, sciety, and their wn cmpanies befre chsing t use AI tls in the wrkplace.
Claire Leibwicz is with The Partnership n AI, a nnprfit grup. The grup recently released recmmendatins fr cmpanies prducing AI-generated images, audi and ther media. “I want peple t think deeply befre deplying this technlgy,” Leibwicz said. “They shuld play we shuld als think, what purpse are these tls serving in the first place?”
While text generatrs like ChatGPT can make the prcess f writing emails and marketing dcuments faster and easier, they als appear t present misinfrmatin as fact. And image generatrs like DALL-E are trained in cpying widely available digital art and phtgraphy. This has raised cncerns frm the creatrs f thse wrks.
“It is safer t use AI tls as a ‘thught partner’ but still peple as the creatr f final prducts,”said Anna Gressel, wh is with the law firm Debevise & Plimptn.
4．What des Paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut AI tls?
A．Their target users.B．Their majr functins.
C．Their increasing ppularity.D．Their creative service.
5．What can we say abut the Cca-Cla cmpany?
A．It calls n its staff t use AI tls.B．It hesitates t use AI tls.
C．It accepts the risks f using AI tls.D．It has been warned by experts.
6．What des the underlined wrd “deplying” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A．Using effectively.B．Prmting successfully.
C．Questining publicly.D．Presenting cnfidently.
7．What can be inferred frm Anna Gressel’s wrds?
A．Cpyright cncerns are unnecessary.B．AI tls shuld just be humans’ assistants.
C．A business shuld partner with a law firm.D．The use f AI tls is an pen questin.
真题感知
1. [2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷]
D
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the“wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases,the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent,the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist(转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they“shared arguments and reasned tgether.”Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
( )32.What is Paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A.The methds f estimatin.
B.The underlying lgic f the effect.
C.The causes f peple’s errrs.
D.The design f Galtn’s experiment.
2.【2023年1月·浙江卷】C
A machine can nw nt nly beat yu at chess, it can als utperfrm yu in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisc, a sftware prgram called Prject Debater beat its human ppnents, including Na Ovadia, Israel’s frmer natinal debating champin.
Brilliant thugh it is, Prject Debater has sme weaknesses. It takes sentences frm its library f dcuments and prebuilt arguments and strings them tgether. This can lead t the kinds f errrs n human wuld make. Such wrinkles will n dubt be irned ut, yet they als pint t a fundamental prblem. As Kristian Hammnd, prfessr f electrical engineering and cmputer science at Nrthwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knws what it’s talking abut.”
What Hammnd is referring t is the questin f meaning, and meaning is central t what distinguishes the least intelligent f humans frm the mst intelligent f machines. A cmputer wrks with symbls. Its prgram specifies a set f rules t transfrm ne string f symbls int anther. But it des nt specify what thse symbls mean. Indeed, t a cmputer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, als wrk with symbls. But fr humans, meaning is everything. When we cmmunicate, we cmmunicate meaning. What matters is nt just the utside f a string f symbls, but the inside t, nt just hw they are arranged but what they mean.
Meaning emerges thrugh a prcess f scial interactin, nt f cmputatin, interactin that shapes the cntent f the symbls in ur heads. The rules that assign meaning lie nt just inside ur heads, but als utside, in sciety, in scial memry, scial cnventins and scial relatins. It is this that distinguishes humans frm machines. And that’s why, hwever astnishing Prject Debater may seem, the traditin that began with Scrates and Cnfucius will nt end with artificial intelligence.
31．What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
A．Scial interactin is key t understanding symbls.
B．The human brain has ptential yet t be develped.
C．Ancient philsphers set gd examples fr debaters.
D．Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
3.D【2020·全国I】
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn，Ohi，fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. ＂We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants grw(发光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by，is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn tree int self-pwered street lamps.
in the future，the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(电源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(传输).
Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.316
32．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A．A new study f different plants.
B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D．Benefits frm green plants.
4. B【2020·全国新课标III】
When "Rise f the Planet f the Apes" was first shwn t the public last mnth, a grup f excited animal activists gathered n Hllywd Bulevard. But they weren’t there t thrw red paint n fur-cat-wearing film stars. Instead, ne activist, dressed in a full-bdy mnkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks fr nt using real apes (猿)!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used mtin-capture (动作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that I recrds an actr’s perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (图像). In this case, ne f a realistic-lking ape.
Yet "Apes" is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately. One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n mre than 2,000 prductins this year. Already, a number f films, including "Water fr Elephants," "The Hangver Part Ⅱ" and "Zkeeper," have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated prperly.
In sme cases, it’s nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it’s the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the Sates.241
25. What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut?
A. The cst f making "Apes."
B. The creatin f digitalized apes.
C. The publicity abut “Apes."
D. The perfrmance f real apes.
5.D【2022·新高考I卷】
Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,“ said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
12. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
13. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D. Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
15. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
6.D【2022·全国甲卷】
Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. Then, ne after anther, Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there — brad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse ppulatin. But it is the harbr that makes the city.
Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilts Sydney ferrybats fr a living. I spent the whle mrning shuttling back and frth acrss the harbr. After ur third run Andrew shut dwn the engine, and we went ur separate ways — he fr a lunch break, I t explre the city.
“I’ll miss these ld bats,” he said as we parted.
“Hw d yu mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. But that’s prgress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and prgress are the watchwrds (口号), and traditins are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. “Sydney is cnfused abut itself,” she said. “We can’t seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne. It’s a cnflict that we aren’t getting any better at reslving (解决).”
On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. “Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry,” he tld me. “What peple frget is that the Italians, when they came t Australia, brught 2000 years f their culture, the Greeks sme 3000 years, and the Chinese mre still. We’ve gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry. It’s a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture.B. The cultural diversity f Sydney.
C. The key t Sydney’s develpment.D. Sydney’s turist attractins in the 1960s.
33. What can we learn abut Andrew Reynlds?
A. He ges t wrk by bat.B. He lks frward t a new life.
C. He pilts catamarans well.D. He is attached t the ld ferries.
34. What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney?
A. It is lsing its traditins.B. It shuld speed up its prgress.
C. It shuld expand its ppulatin.D. It is becming mre internatinal.
35. Which statement will the authr prbably agree with?
A. A city can be yung and ld at the same time.
B. A city built n ancient cultures is mre dynamic.
C. mdernity is usually achieved at the cst f elegance.
D. Cmprmise shuld be made between the lcal and the freign.
7.2021年全国乙卷之B篇
When almst everyne has a mbile phne, why are mre than half f Australian hmes still paying fr a landline（座机）?
These days yu’d be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn’t wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter （29%） rely nly n their smartphnes accrding t a survey （调查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it’s nt really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
Mre than half f Australian hmes are still chsing t stick with their hme phne. Age is naturally a factr（因素）— nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh’ve perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years. Age isn’t the nly factr; I’d say it’s als t d with the makeup f yur husehld.
Generatin Xers with yung families, like my wife and I, can still find it cnvenient t have a hme phne rather than prviding a mbile phne fr every family member. That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents, t the pint where we play a game and guess wh is calling befre we pick up the phne（using Caller ID wuld take the fun ut f it）.
Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries?
24. What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?
A. Their target users.B. Their wide ppularity.
C. Their majr functins.D. Their cmplex design.
25. What des the underlined wrd “cncede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit.B. Argue.
C. Remember.D. Remark.
26. What can we say abut Baby Bmers?
A. They like smartphne games.B. They enjy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phnes.D. They are attached t their family.
27. What can be inferred abut the landline frm the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall ut f use sme day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as imprtant as the gas light.
8.2021年6月浙江卷之C篇
If yu ever get the impressin that yur dg can "tell" whether yu lk cntent r annyed, yu may be nt smething. Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces, accrding t a new study
Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images(图像)f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face. During the training stage, each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn's face. The researchers then tested the dgs' ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn's face n images ttally different frm the nes used in training. The researchers fund that the dgs were able t pick the angry r happy face by tuching a picture f it with their nses mre ften than ne wuld expect by randm chance.
The study shwed the animals had figured ut hw t apply what they learned abut human faces during training t new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule ut that the dgs simply distinguish between the pictures based n a simple cue, such as the sight f teeth," said study authr Crsin Muller. "Instead, ur results suggest that the successful dgs realized that a smiling muth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies t an angry muth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With ur study, we think we can nw cnfidently cnclude that at least sme dgs can distinguish human facial expressins," Muller tld Live Science.
At this pint, it is nt clear why dgs seem t be equipped with the ability t recgnize different facial expressins in humans. "T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins," and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them, Muller said.
8. The new study fcused n whether dgs can_________.
A. distinguish shapesB. make sense f human faces
C. feel happy r angryD. cmmunicate with each ther
9. What can we learn abut the study frm paragraph 2?
A. Researchers tested the dgs in randm rder.
B. Diverse methds were adpted during training.
C. Pictures used in the tw stages were different
D. The dgs were phtgraphed befre the lest.
10. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A. A suggestin fr future studies.B. A pssible reasn fr the study findings.
C. A majr limitatin f the studyD. An explanatin f the research methd.
9.2020年新课标Ⅰ卷之D篇
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn，Ohi，fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. ＂We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants grw(发光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by，is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn tree int self-pwered street lamps.
in the future，the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(电源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(传输).
Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
33. What is the functin f the sensrs printed n plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. T detect plants’ lack f water
B. T change cmpsitins f plants
C. T make the life f plants lnger.
D. T test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect f the glwing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy prductin.
B. They may transmit electricity t the hme.
C. They might help reduce energy cnsumptin.
D. They culd take the place f pwer plants.
35. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
10.2019年全国卷I之D篇
During the rsy years f elementary schl(小学), I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status. I was the queen f the playgrund. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids. They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies shw unpleasant cnsequences. Thse wh were highest in status in high schl, as well as thse least liked in elementary schl, are “mst likely t engage(从事)in dangerus and risky behavir.”
In ne study, Dr. Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents, scring the least liked, the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys(调查研究). “We fund that the least well-liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates. But s had thse wh were high in status. It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us."
Dr. Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date-sharing, kindness, penness — carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers.
In analyzing his and ther research，Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin: Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t. "Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?
A. Unkind.B. Lnely.C. Generus.D. Cl.
33. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut？
A. The classificatin f the ppular.
B. The characteristics f adlescents.
C. The imprtance f interpersnal skills.
D. The causes f dishnrable behavir
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find abut the mst liked kids?
A. They appeared t be aggressive.
B. They tended t be mre adaptable.
C. They enjyed the highest status.
D. They perfrmed well academically.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Be Nice-Yu Wn’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-Yu Can Make It
D. Mre Self-Cntrl, Less Aggressiveness
11.2019年北京卷之D篇
By the end f the century，if nt sner，the wrld's ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate，accrding t a new study.
At the heart f the phenmenn lie tiny marine micrrganisms(海洋微生物)called phytplanktn. Because f the way light reflects ff the rganisms，these phytplanktn create clurful patterns at the cean surface. Ocean clur varies frm green t blue，depending n the type and cncentratin f phytplanktn. Climate change will fuel the grwth f phytplanktn in sme areas，while reducing it in ther spts，leading t changes in the cean's appearance.
Phytplanktn live at the cean surface，where they pull carbn dixide(二氧化碳)int the cean while giving ff xygen. When these rganisms die，they bury carbn in the deep cean，an imprtant prcess that helps t regulate the glbal climate. But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth，since they need nt nly sunlight and carbn dixide t grw，but als nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center fr Glbal Change Science，built a climate mdel that prjects changes t the ceans thrughut the century. In a wrld that warms up by 3℃，it fund that multiple changes t the clur f the ceans wuld ccur. The mdel prjects that currently blue areas with little phytplanktn culd becme even bluer. But in sme waters，such as thse f the Arctic，a warming will make cnditins riper fr phytplanktn，and these areas will turn greener. “Nt nly are the quantities f phytplanktn in the cean changing. ”she said，“but the type f phytplanktn is changing. ”
42. What are the first tw paragraphs mainly abut?
A. The varius patterns at the cean surface.
B. The cause f the changes in cean clur.
C. The way light reflects ff marine rganisms.
D. The effrts t fuel the grwth f phytplanktn.
43. What des the underlined wrd“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Sensitive.B. BeneficialC. SignificantD. Unnticeable
44. What can we learn frm the passage?
A. Phytplanktn play a declining rle in the marine ecsystem.
B. Dutkiewicz's mdel aims t prject phytplanktn changes
C. Phytplanktn have been used t cntrl glbal climate
D. Oceans with mre phytplanktn may appear greener.
45. What is the main purpse f the passage？
A. T assess the cnsequences f cean clur changes
B. T analyse the cmpsitin f the cean fd chain
C. T explain the effects f climate change n ceans
D. T intrduce a new methd t study phytplanktn
12.2019年江苏卷之B篇
In the 1960s，while studying the vlcanic histry f Yellwstne Natinal Park，Bb Christiansen became puzzled abut smething that，ddly，had nt trubled anyne befre:he culdn't find the park's vlcan. It had been knwn fr a lng time that Yellwstne was vlcanic in nature — that's what accunted fr all its ht springs and ther steamy features. But Christiansen culdn't find the Yellwstne vlcan anywhere.
Mst f us，when we talk abut vlcanes，think f the classic cne(圆锥体)shapes f a Fuji r Kilimanjar，which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up. These can frm remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised t see smke rising frm a small part f his land. In ne week he was the cnfused wner f a cne five hundred feet high. Within tw years it had tpped ut at almst furteen hundred feet and was mre than half a mile acrss. Altgether there are sme ten thusand f these vlcanes n Earth，all but a few hundred f them extinct. There is，hwever，a secnd les knwn type f vlcan that desn't invlve muntain building. These are vlcanes s explsive that they burst pen in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hle，the caldera. Yellwstne bviusly was f this secnd type，but Christiansen culdn't find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided t test sme new high-altitude cameras by taking phtgraphs f Yellwstne. A thughtful fficial passed n sme f the cpies t the park authrities n the assumptin that they might make a nice blw-up fr ne f the visitrs' centers. As sn as Christiansen saw the phts，he realized why he had failed t spt the caldera; almst the whle park-2.2 millin acres—was caldera. The explsin had left a hle mre than frty miles acrss—much t huge t be seen frm anywhere at grund level. At sme time in the past Yellwstne must have blwn up with a vilence far beynd the scale f anything knwn t humans.
58. What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellwstne？
A. Its cmplicated gegraphical features.
B. Its ever-lasting influence n turism.
C. The mysterius histry f the park.
D. The exact lcatin f the vlcan.
59. What des the secnd-paragraph mainly talk abut？
A. The shapes f vlcanes.
B. The impacts f vlcanes.
C. The activities f vlcanes.
D. The heights f vlcanes.
60. What des the underlined wrd "blw-up" in the last paragraph mst prbably mean？
A. Ht-air balln.B. Digital camera.
C. Big phtgraph.D. Bird's view.
13.2019年浙江卷之C篇
Califrnia has lst half its big trees since the 1930s, accrding t a study t be published Tuesday and climate change seems t be a majr factr(因素).
The number f trees larger than tw feet acrss has declined by 50 percent n mre than 46, 000 square miles f Califrnia frests, the new study finds. N area was spared r unaffected, frm the fggy nrthern cast t the Sierra Nevada Muntains t the San Gabriels abve Ls Angeles. In the Sierra high cuntry, the number f big trees has fallen by mre than 55 percent; in parts f suthern Califrnia the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factrs cntributed t the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an eclgist wh was the lead authr f the study. Wdcutters targeted big trees. Husing develpment pushed int the wds. Aggressive wildfire cntrl has left Califrnia frests crwded with small trees that cmpete with big trees fr resurces(资源).
But in cmparing a study f Califrnia frests dne in the 1920s and 1930s with anther ne between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his clleagues dcumented a widespread death f big trees that was evident even in wildlands prtected frm wdcutting r develpment.
The lss f big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shrtage. The researchers figured ut water stress with a cmputer mdel that calculated hw much water trees were getting in cmparisn with hw much they needed, taking int accunt such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness f sil, and the timing f snwmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factrs driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees t lse mre water t the air, and earlier snwmelt, which reduces the water supply available t trees during the dry seasn.
27. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A. The seriusness f big-tree lss in Califrnia.
B. The increasing variety f Califrnia big trees.
C. The distributin f big trees in Califrnia frests.
D. The influence f farming n big trees in Califrnia.
28. Which f the fllwing is well-intentined but may be bad fr big trees?
A. Eclgical studies f frests.
B. Banning wdcutting.
C. Limiting husing develpment.
D. Fire cntrl measures.
29. What is a majr cause f the water shrtage accrding t Mclntyre?
A. Inadequate snwmelt.B. A lnger dry seasn.
C. A warmer climate.D. Dampness f the air.
30. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Califrnia's Frests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gne?
B. Cutting f Big Trees t Be Prhibited in Califrnia Sn
C. Why Are the Big Trees Imprtant t Califrnia Frests?
D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grw Mre Big Trees in Califrnia
14.2018年江苏卷之B篇
In the 1760s, Mathurin Rze pened a series f shps that basted(享有) a special meat sup called cnsmmé. Althugh the main attractin was the sup, Rze's chain shps als set a new standard fr dining ut, which helped t establish Rze as the inventr f the mdern restaurant.
Tday, schlars have generated large amunts f instructive research abut restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves abut 20 percent mre pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their fd. When a dark-clred cake was served n a black plate rather than a white ne, custmers recgnized it as sweeter and mre tasty.
Lighting matters, t. When Berlin restaurant custmers ate in darkness, they culdn't tell hw much they'd had: thse given extra-large shares ate mre than everyne else, nne the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready fr dessert.
Time is mney, but that principle means different things fr different types f restaurants. Unlike fast-fd places, fine dining shps prefer custmers t stay lnger and spend. One way t encurage custmers t stay and rder that extra rund: put n sme Mzart(莫扎特).When classical, rather than pp, music was playing, diners spent mre. Fast music hurried diners ut.
Particular scents als have an effect: diners wh gt the scent f lavender(薰衣草) stayed lnger and spent mre than thse wh smelled lemn, r n scent.
Meanwhile, things that yu might expect t discurage spending—"bad" tables, crwding. high prices — dn't necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next t the kitchen dr, say — spent nearly as much as thers but sn fled. It can be cncluded that restaurant keepers need nt "be verly cncerned abut ‘bad’ tables," given that they're prfitable. As fr crwds, a Hng Kng study fund that they increased a restaurant's reputatin, suggesting great fd at fair prices. And dubling a buffet's price led custmers t say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
58. The underlined phrase "nne the wiser" in paragraph 3 mst prbably implies that the custmers were .
A. nt aware f eating mre than usual
B. nt willing t share fd with thers
C. nt cnscius f the fd quality
D. nt fnd f the fd prvided
59. Hw culd a fine dining shp make mre prfit?
A. Playing classical music.
B. Intrducing lemn scent.
C. Making the light brighter,
D. Using plates f larger size.
60. What des the last paragraph talk abut?
A. Tips t attract mre custmers.
B. Prblems restaurants are faced with.
C. Ways t imprve restaurants' reputatin.
D. Cmmn misunderstandings abut restaurants.
考点
题型
段落大意
阅读理解
2023
试卷类型
设问
考点
2023浙江1月高考
C篇31．What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
段落大意
2023·新高考I卷
D篇32.What is Paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
段落大意
2022
2022·新高考I卷
阅读D14. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
段落大意
2022·全国甲卷 D
阅读D32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
段落大意
2021
2021年全国乙卷
B篇24. What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?
段落大意
2021年6月浙江卷
C篇10. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
段落大意