高考英语语法复习课件【8】第八讲 非谓语动词

这是一份高考英语语法复习课件【8】第八讲 非谓语动词，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了非谓语动词，专题八│ 考点荟萃，专题八│ 正面解读，专题八 │ 正面解读，专题七 │ 正面解读， ，专题 │ 正面解读，专题八 │ 反面解读，专题八│ 反面解读，专题八 │ 实战演练等内容，欢迎下载使用。

动名词 (-ing)分词不定式 ( t d)
*注意： 1. 非谓语动词有时态和语态的变化 2. 否定形式： nt + 非谓语动词
非谓语动词在句中起n, adj., adv.的作用
现在分词 (-ing)过去分词 ( -ed)
从近几年的高考试题来看，非谓语动词考查特征呈现情景和设问角度的多样化趋势。具体考点如下：现在分词与过去分词的区别；dne, being dne, t be dne的区别；不定式与分词作状语的区别；不定式的时态及疑问词＋不定式形式；谓语动词与非谓语动词的区分；非谓语动词的时态、语态、复合结构以及独立结构的使用。大家在判断使用何种非谓语动词形式时，可遵循以下规律：对比时间：对照谓语动词的时间，确定非谓语动词的时态形式；辨明逻辑：从非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系判断非谓语动词的语态。
一、动词不定式1．动词不定式的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义
如：He seems t knw this.It is imprtant t read English every day.The bridge t be built next year is very lng.I'm srry t have kept yu waiting s lng.His new nvel is said t have been published.She happened t be writing a letter when I passed by.了解不定式各种形式的时态和语态意义对正确理解和使用不定式起着很重要的作用。要结合不定式的句法功能一起掌握，灵活运用。
2．不定式的句法功能，除了谓语外，不定式可以担当句子的任何成分。T see is t believe. 眼见为实。(作主语和表语) T save time is t lengthen life. (不定式短语作主语)Yu shuld cntinue t learn as lng as yu live. 要活到老学到老。(不定式短语作宾语)She usually has a lt f meetings t attend in the evenings. 她晚上经常有很多会要开。(不定式短语作定语)T /In rder t d a gd jb, we must have the right tls. 要干好活工具得用对。(不定式短语作目的状语)He gt up early in rder t/ s as t catch the first bus.(不定式短语作目的状语)I didn't expect yu t arrive s early. 我没想到你来得那么早。(不定式短语作宾语补足语)
3．学习动词不定式应注意的几个问题(1)用不定式作宾语的词语。下列词语常用不定式作宾语：affrd，prmise，refuse，expect， hpe， learn，ffer，wish，want，fail，plan，agree，prefer，decide，manage，arrange，determine，desire等。下列动词后可接“疑问词＋不定式”：teach，decide，wnder，shw，learn，frget，ask，advise，discuss等。He didn’t knw what t d .
(2)理解和使用不定式作宾补。①see，watch，ntice，hear，listen t，bserve，feel，make，let，have 等的宾补用动词原形， 变被动时要加t，此时的不定式就是主语补足语。②常用不定式作宾补的几种情况：主语＋ask/require/tell/rder/frce/get/want/like＋sb. t d sth.主语＋think/judge/suppse/believe/cnsider/imagine＋sb.＋t be/t have dne sth.主语＋call n/depend n/wait fr/ask fr＋sb.＋t d sth.
(3)不定式作定语的特殊用法。①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，wish，right，curage，need，prmise，time，pprtunity，way，the first，the secnd，the last，the nly等。如：He had a gd way t make his lessns lively and interesting. Wh was the first ne t get t the tp f the hill yesterday?②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。如：There is n ne t lk after her.
③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如：I have a lt f wrk t d. 如果不定式是不及物动词，后面应有必要的介词。如：He is lking fr a rm t live in. 但如果及物动词后已有了自己的宾语，其后还应加适当的介词。Here is a bx t put things in. 注意：如果不定式的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语都出现在不定式前面，不定式则用主动形式；若在句中找不到不定式的逻辑主语，则用不定式的被动形式。注意这两句话的区别：I have a letter t write. 我有封信要写。(我写信)
I'm ging t Beijing next week. D yu have anything t be taken t yur friends？……你有什么要(我)带给你的朋友们吗？(被我带而不是你带)(4)不定式作状语的用法。不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示目的、结果、原因。nly t d表示出人意料的结果。如：We hurried t the classrm （ nly ） t find nne there. He hurried t the schl （nly ）t find nbdy there. in rder (nt) t，s as (nt) t用来引导目的状语，但s as t不能用于句首。s…as t d, such ＋ 名词…as t d引导结果状语。如：
The girl was s kind as t help the ld man ff the bus. I'm nt such a fl as t believe that. 不定式还可以作修饰表语形容词或补语形容词的状语。如：He is hard t please / t get alng with. D yu think him easy t wrk with? Please give me a knife t cut with. There is nthing t wrry abut.He is lking fr a rm t live in.注意：此时不定式用主动，而不需用被动。而且不及物动词后的介词不能遗漏。
不定式的完成式的特殊用法。①表示不定式中动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。如：The nvel was said t have been published. I regret t have been with yu fr s many years. seem，appear，be said，be suppsed，be believed，be thught，be knwn，be reprted等常用于上面句型。此外，glad，happy，satisfied，srry，surprised，disappinted后也可接不定式的完成式。
②不定式的完成式还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。(A)wuld like/wuld lve ＋ 不定式的完成式。(B)was/were ＋ 不定式的完成式，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。(C)expect/hpe/mean/prmise/suppse/think/want/wish ＋ 不定式的完成式，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。
(6)不定式的省略。①两个并列的不定式由and或r连接时，省略后面的不定式中的t。如：I want t finish my hmewrk and g hme. I'm really puzzled what t think r say. 特例：T be r nt t be，this is a questin. He is better t laugh than t cry. (表示对比)②句中含有动词d时，but，except，besides等后面的不带t。即“前有d，后省t”。如：He didn't d anything but cmplain.在 cannt but, cannt chse but, cannt help but , culd nt but ,culd nt help but 的后面不带t , 它们的意思都是“只好，只有” ,如： He culd nt but walk hme. / It’s raining hard, I cannt help but stay at hme./ I cannt but admire his curage.
(7)不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或补语的不定式再次出现时，t后的内容常承前省略(只保留t即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动词have或be的任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：Susan is nt what she used t be. I'd like /lve /be happy t. —Yu came late this mrning. Yu ught t have finished yur hmewrk. —I knw I ught t have.
区分：It is brave f yu t d that. It is easy fr yu t d that.
当下列表示人物特征的形容词同f 后的名词或代词关系密切，有意义上的主表关系时，常与 f 搭配。brave, careful, careless, clever, flish, gd, hnest, kind, nice, right, wrng ,rude, stupid, silly, wise, thughtful, etc
It was very kind f yu t cme t help me.= Yu were very kind t cme t help me.
下列表示事物性质的形容词同fr后的名词或代词关系不密切，没有意义上的主表关系，但与句中的不定式结构关系密切，有意义上的主表关系，常与 fr 搭配。easy, hard, heavy, necessary, impssible, pssible, imprtant, difficult, etc.
It’s hard fr him t get rid f his bad habits .= Fr him t get rid f his bad habits is hard.
动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式之分，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
二、动名词动名词和现在分词一样也是由动词+ing 构成，在句中起名词的作用，可作 主语、宾语、表语和定语。否定形式也是nt+ 动名词，有四种时态和语态形式，使用时注意如下内容即可。
1．动名词的基本构成和意义
2.动名词的句法功能(1)作主语动名词作主语表示抽象的概念，通常直接置于句首，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：Climbing muntains is really fun.爬山真有趣。It is n use/n gd crying ver spilt milk.覆水难收。(谚语)
(2)作宾语①作动词的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的动词巧记如下：考虑建议盼原谅(cnsider，suggest/advise, lk frward t, excuse, pardn)承认推迟没得想(admit, delay/put ff, fancy)避免错过继续练(avid, miss, keep/keep n, practise)否认完成停止赏(deny, finish, stp, enjy/appreciate)不禁介意准逃亡(can't help, mind, allw/permit, escape)不准冒险凭想象(frbid, risk, imagine)
②作动词短语的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的动词短语有：think f，depend n，set abut，succeed in，wrry abut，think abut，give up，put ff，burst ut，insist n，can't stand, be/get used t，devte…t，lk frward t，pay attentin t，get dwn t，bject t，feel like，adapt t，dream f等。三、分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词。学习分词要注意下面两大问题：分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义；分词的句法功能。1．分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义
注意：了解分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义， 是正确理解和使用分词的关键。
分词的时态意义和语态意义不同于谓语动词的时态和语态，非谓语的时态意义和语态意义都是相对而言的。具体地说，非谓语动词的时态意义是和主句谓语动词相对而言，例如：如果分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，则可能用现在分词一般式，如果是在主句谓语动词之前发生，则可能用现在分词完成式。而语态意义则和分词的逻辑主语有关，如果分词的动作与其逻辑主语是主动关系，则用现在分词，如果与其逻辑主语是被动关系，则可能用现在分词的被动式，或过去分词。所谓的逻辑主语即句子中与分词形成逻辑关系的名词或代词。例如：分词作状语和表语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。分词作定语，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词。分词作宾语补足语，其逻辑主语就是句子的宾语。
2．分词的句法功能(1)作定语 Mike held a burning stick and Tm carried a gun. (The stick was burning.)Hw I regretted the hurs wasted in the wds and fields(＝that had been wasted …)!Asia is the largest cntinent, cvering ne third f the earth's land area (＝which cvers …). 分词短语作定语有时和它所修饰的名词或代词发生分隔开来的现象。There is a ntice n the blackbard reading “An examinatin will be given next week. (＝which reads…)”
(2)作表语 We were excited at the news. His shes were ld and wrn. (3)作补语包括宾语补足语和主语补足语。常用于see, leave, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后以及with复合结构中。I saw Tm cming ut f the huse. N tricky wrds wuld mve him. He kept his muth tightly clsed. We mustn't leave the wrk unfinished. He std fr sme time with his hand still raised.
(4)作状语分词作状语常表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随或结果、附加说明等。Reading the letter, I culdn't help thinking f my schl life. (时间状语)Being ill, I didn't g t schl yesterday. (原因状语)Nt having dne it as he tld us t, we were sclded. (原因状语)Wrking hard, yu will succeed. (条件状语)He came running all the way. (方式状语)The children headed twards schl, fllwed by their dgs. (伴随状语)
He drpped the plate, breaking it int hundreds f pieces. (结果状语)If the advertising fails, having n effect n sales, the whle prgramme will be reviewed. (附加说明)注意：分词作结果状语往往表示意料中的结果，而不定式作结果状语则表示意料之外的结果。试比较：A terrible strm hit the area, causing great damage t the crps. (表示意料中的结果)He arrived t the statin nly t find the train had already left. (表示意料之外的结果)
分词作状语时有时前面可加有连词。如：Once, while wrking n a new inventin, Edisn made 8,000 tests withut success. I wn't g t his party unless invited. The beggar waited as if expecting mre. (5)作插入语的分词独立结构分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。如：generally speaking一般说来talking f (speaking f)说到strictly speaking 严格地说
judging frm 从……判断all things cnsidered 从整体来看taking all things int cnsideratin全面看来e.g.Judging frm his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Generally speaking, dgs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。(speaking不是dgs的动作)
1．【误】 We dn't allw t smke in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dn't allw smking in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dn't allw peple t smke in the lecture hall.【解析】 考查固定结构。allw ding sth.; allw sb. t d sth.2．【误】 She was the first persn thinking f the idea. 【正】 She was the first persn t think f the idea. 【解析】 当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时，此定语通常由不定式来充当。
3．【误】 The questin being discussed at tmrrw's meeting is a very imprtant ne. 【正】 The questin t be discussed at tmrrw's meeting is a very imprtant ne. 【解析】 being discussed表示动作正在进行，而根据at tmrrw's meeting可判断动作发生在将来，故用t be discussed表示。4．【误】 This by was seen cme late this mrning. 【正】 This by was seen t cme late this mrning. 【解析】 see，watch等动词转换为被动结构时，其后不定式一般需要带t。
5．I've been lking frward t hear frm yu.【答案】 hear 改为hearing。 【解析】 短语lk frward t中，t为介词，所以应用动名词作宾语。6．He admitted t have stlen the car.【答案】 t have改为having。【解析】 admit 后面跟动词的­ing形式作宾语。7．This is a waste f time persuading such a persn t jin us.【答案】 This改为 It。【解析】 作形式主语，代替动词的­ing形式，只能用it。
8．The flwers need being watered. 【答案】 being watered改为watering或者t be watered。【解析】 need, want, require等动词的主语为物时，后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构，表示“……需要被……”。9．现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补语。(1)【误】 I culd see the huse having been beautifully decrated. 【正】 I culd see the huse beautifully decrated.
(2)【误】 The bk having been written lng ag is hard fr us t understand tday. 【正】 The bk written lng ag is hard fr us t understand tday. 10．作状语的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，现在分词与其逻辑主语有主动关系，而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系。(1)【误】 Having fund the cause, the experiment cntinued. 【正】 Having fund the cause, they cntinued the experiment. (Having fund＝After/When they had fund)
(2)【误】 Seeing frm the tp f the hill, the city lks mre beautiful. 【正】 Seen frm the tp f the hill, the city lks mre beautiful. (Seen＝When the city is seen)11．非谓语的否定式中，nt必须放在非谓语的最前面。(1)【误】 Having nt finished his hmewrk, he didn't want t g t bed. 【正】 Nt having finished his hmewrk, he didn't want t g t bed.(2)【误】 Mther warns us t nt play in the street. 【正】 Mther warns us nt t play in the street.
1．The bk mainly deals with the truble students might have _____________ right frm wrng. A．distinguishing B．distinguishedC．t distinguish D．t be distinguished【解析】 A　考查固定搭配have truble (in) ding sth.，只不过此题中的truble提到前面作先行词了。又如：Everyne in the twn knew him s we had n truble in finding his huse.Yu can never imagine what great difficulty I have ______ yur huse.A. fund 　 B. finding C. t find 　 D. fr finding
2. ________ f the truth f the reprts, he tld his clleagues abut it. A．Cnvinced B．CnvincingC．T cnvince D．Having cnvinced【解析】 A　动词cnvince表示“使……确信”；be cnvinced f sth.“确信……，相信”；此处用过去分词作状语。也可说，此处cnvinced f the truth f the reprts是形容词短语作状语，表示原因。 ______ in thught， he almst ran int the car in frnt f him. A. Lsing 　　B. Having lst C. Lst 　　D. T lse
3．— Be careful! Dn't frget yu are n a ladder. — But yu are hlding it fr me, nthing ____________ . A．wrry abut B．t wrry abutC．is wrried abut D．wrrying abut【解析】 B　考查非谓语动词。“小心点。别忘了你在梯子上。”“但是你扶着呢，没什么可担心的。” nthing与不定式短语t wrry abut连用，构成独立主格结构，作补充说明性的状语，相当于But yu are hlding it fr me, s there is nthing t wrry abut/s I have nthing t wrry abut. 其中t wrry abut作后置定语。
4．He lked at me, with an expressin ________ that he felt even mre puzzled. A．indicate B．indicatesC．indicating D．indicated【解析】 C　with an expressin indicating…为with复合结构，其中an expressin为逻辑主语，indicate与这个逻辑主语之间有主动关系，故用现在分词。
5．Yur cusin is said ________ a new cmputer prgramme recently, but d yu knw when he will finish it?A．t design B．t be designingC．t have been designing D．t have designed【解析】 C　本题考查不定式的用法。句意为：你的堂兄最近一直在设计一组电脑程序，你知道他什么时候完成吗？sb be said t d为固定用法，由recently可知，设计程序是从过去一直持续到现在的动作，应用t have been ding结构。
6．When Jhn came t himself, he fund himself ________ in the hspital, but he didn't knw hw that had cme ________. A．staying; arund B．lying; abutC．lied; acrss D．lying; int being【解析】 B　find himself lying…发现他自己正躺在……；cme abut意为“发生，产生”。
7．He claimed ________ in the supermarket when he was ding shpping yesterday. A．being badly treatedB．treating badlyC．t be treated badlyD．t have been badly treated【答案】 D
8．— Why are the students wrking s hard these days?— ________ ready fr the cming entrance examinatin. A．T get B．Get C．Getting D．Gt【解析】 A　本题考查非谓语动词。联系语境可知，这些日子学生们努力学习是为即将到来的考试做准备，动词不定式作目的状语。故A项正确。
9．If water becmes increasingly scarce in decades ________ ，water shrtage will becme a ht issue all ver the wrld. A．cming B．having cmeC．t cme D．t be cming【解析】 C　本题考查非谓语动词。用不定式表示将要到来的。句意为：如果在将来的几十年水资源变得稀少，那么水资源的缺乏将会成为全球比较热门的一个话题。10．The party was a success，but we thught it a pity nt ________ yu. A．t invite B．t be invitingC．t have invited D．t be invited【答案】 C
11．Hearing the 2009 Wrld Winter University Games ________ pen，all the peple in the Harbin Sprts Center Gym burst int cheers. A．declare B．declaredC．declaring D．t be declared【解析】 B　考查过去分词的用法。很显然选项B和其逻辑主语the 2009 Wrld Winter University Games是被动关系，选B。
12．As the light turned green，I std fr a mment, nt ________ and asked myself what I was ging t d. A．mved B．mvingC．t mve D．being mved【解析】 B　mve的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，所以用现在分词，nt mving 作伴随状语。如果不注意分析，很容易受并列的谓语动词std…and asked干扰而误选A。
13．An ffer f a reward has caused many students in ur schl ________ actively in the cmpetitin. A．participate B．participatedC．participating D．t participate【解析】 D　句意为：比赛有奖，这使得我校很多学生积极参加了比赛。cause sb. t d sth. 为固定用法。
14．The by the teachers cnsidered ________ was caught ________ in the exam, which surprised us very much. A．t be the best; cheatingB．as the best student; t cheatC．being the best; cheatingD．as a gd student; t cheat【解析】 A　the teachers cnsidered ________作定语，修饰the by；cnsider…t be意为“把……看作”；catch sb. ding sth. 意为“抓到某人正在干某事”。
15．Turists all ver the wrld cme t visit the Summer Palace in Beijing, ________ the cmbinatin f nature and culture. A．enjyed B．having enjyedC．t have enjyed D．enjying【解析】 D　考查非谓语动词的用法。 enjying 引导的分词短语在句中作伴随状语。
16．— Where is Tm？I have smething imprtant t tell him. — I last saw him ________ in the library reading. A．sit B．seated C．seating D．sat【解析】 B　本题考查非谓语动词。题干句子空白处用seated作宾语补足语，因为seat是及物动词和宾语him之间的逻辑关系是动宾关系。
17．Smething as simple as ________ vegetables in childhd may help t prtect yu against serius illness in later life. A．t eat B．eating C．t be eating D．eaten【解析】 B　考查非谓语动词。空格前的as为介词，其后的动词应用其动名词形式。句意为：童年时像吃蔬菜这样的简单事也许会对你后来预防疾病有好处。
18．Tm wke up late and left hme withut breakfast ________ anther lng and bring day at schl. A．having anticipated(预期)B．anticipatedC．being anticipated D．anticipating【解析】 D　本题考查非谓语动词。句意为：Tm醒得很迟，没有吃早饭就离开家了，在学校又是漫长、枯燥的一天。本句中，应该用现在分词形式作状语,表伴随情况，选D。
19．[2010·江苏卷] The retired man dnated mst f his savings t the schl damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, ________ the students t return t their classrms. A．enabling B．having enabledC．t enable D．t have enabled【解析】 A　本题考查非谓语动词。现在分词短语作谓语动词dnated的结果状语。
20．[2010·江西卷] There were many talented actrs ut there just waiting ________. A．t discver B．t be discveredC．discvered D．being discvered【解析】 B　考查非谓语动词的用法。waiting t be discvered意为“等待被发现”。
21．Mrs. White shwed her students sme ld maps ________　　 frm the library.A．t brrw B．t be brrwedC．brrwed D．brrwing【解析】 C　考查非谓语动词的用法。brrwed短语作后置定语，表示一个被动的、已经完成的动作。22．[2010·上海卷] That is the nly way we can imagine ________ the veruse f water in students' bathrms.A．reducing B．t reduce C．reduced D．reduce【解析】 B　此处考查非谓语动词。the way t d sth.意为“做某事的途径、方式”。we can imagine 作定语，前面省略了that。
23．[2010·陕西卷] ________ frm the tp f the twer，the suth ft f the muntain is a sea f trees. A．Seen B．Seeing C．Having seen D．T see【解析】 A　本题考查非谓语动词。句子的主语和see构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词短语作状语。
24．[2010·辽宁卷] Alexander tried t get his wrk __________ in the medical circles. A．t recgnize B．recgnizing C．recgnize D．recgnized【解析】 D　考查非谓语动词的用法。宾语wrk和recgnize之间存在被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。句意为：亚历山大试图让他的工作在医学界得到认可。
25. [2010·四川卷] The lawyer listened with full attentin, ________ t miss any pint. A．nt trying B．trying ntC．t try nt D．nt t try【解析】 B　考查非谓语动词的用法。主语lawyer和try之间是主谓关系，用现在分词作伴随状语，try nt t d sth. 意为“尽力不做某事”。
26．[2010·四川卷] In many peple's pinin，that cmpany，thugh relatively small，is pleasant _____________. A．t deal with B．dealing with C．t be dealt with D．dealt with【解析】 A　考查非谓语动词的用法。这里用“形容词＋动词不定式”结构，动词不定式主动形式表示被动意义。
27．[2010·山东卷] I have a lt f readings ________ befre the end f this term. A．cmpleting B．t cmpleteC．cmpleted D．being cmpleted【解析】 B　根据动词短语have sth. t d，且本句有时间状语the end f this term，选B。
28．[2010·重庆卷] Many buildings in the city need repairing，but the ne ________ first is the library.A. repaired B. being repairedC. repairing D. t be repaired【解析】 D　考查非谓语动词的用法。这里指 “图书馆将是第一批被修复的建筑物”， t be repaired表示一个将来的、被动的动作
29．Mr Wang made up his mind t devte all he culd ______ his ral English befre ging abrad.A. imprve 　　　　　　B. t imprveC. imprving 　　　　　D. t imprving【解析】 D　考查非谓语动词的用法。 此题中包含固定短语devte…t，其中t为介词，后面应接动名词。动词devte后接的宾语为all，all又为先行词，后又包含一个定语从句he culd (d)。此题很容易以为culd后应接动词原形；而误选A项。答案为D项。