[英语][期末]湖南省长沙市望城区2023-2024学年七年级下期末考试试题(解析版)

这是一份[英语][期末]湖南省长沙市望城区2023-2024学年七年级下期末考试试题(解析版)，共16页。试卷主要包含了 What des Ms等内容，欢迎下载使用。

I．听力（共两节，满分20分）
第一节 对话理解 根据所听到的对话，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案回答问题。听每段对话前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。（共15小题，计15分）
听下面五段对话，每听完一段对话后，回答1个小题。
1. What can Peter d?
A. Play the pianB. Play basketball.C. Play the vilin.
【答案】C
【解析】W: I can play the pian. Can yu play the pian Peter?
M: N, I can’t. But I can play the vilin.
2. What des Ms. Brwn ask Mike nt t d?
A. Talk.B. Listen t music.C. Eat fd.
【答案】A
【解析】W：Dn’t talk in the class, Mike. Yu must be quiet.
M：Srry, Miss Brwn.
3. When des Tina usually get up?
A. At 6:30.B. At 6:45.C. At 7:00.
【答案】B
【解析】M: Tina, what time d yu usually get up?
W: I usually get up at a quarter t seven in the mrning. I ften have breakfast ten minutes later.
4. Wh went t the park yesterday?
A. Fred.B. Jane.C. Billy.
【答案】B
【解析】W: Did yu g t the park yesterday, Billy?
M: N, I didn’t, but my sister Jane went there.
5. Why des Mary like hrses?
A. Because they’re friendly.
B. Because they’re lvely.
C. Because they’re beautiful.
【答案】C
【解析】M: I like mnkeys because I think they are friendly and lvely. Hw abut yu Mary?
W: I like hrses. I think they are beautiful.
第二节 听下面6段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有2-3个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项回答问题。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。（共15小题，计15分）
听对话，回答各小题。
6. Where is the supermarket?
A. Next t the htel.
B. Behind the htel.
C. Acrss frm the htel.
7. What is the by watching n TV?
A. A sccer game.
B. A basketball game.
C. A vlleyball game.
【答案】6. B 7. A
【解析】W: Hey, Bb, is there a supermarket arund here?
M: Yes, it is just behind the htel.
W: Wuld yu like t g there with me?
M: Srry, I’m watching a sccer game n TV nw.
听对话，回答各小题。
8. What did Tny d last night?
A. He went shpping.
B. He went camping.
C. He went swimming.
9. What did Tny think f the mvie?
A. It was helpful.B. It was bring.C. It was great.
【答案】8. B 9. C
【解析】W: Where did yu g last night, Tny?
M: We went camping at Munt Yuelu and we had a gd time.
W: What did yu d there?
M: We watched a mvie in the pen air. The mvie was great.
W: Oh, hw fun.
听对话，回答各小题。
10. What is Jenny ding?
A. She’s listening t the music.
B. She’s cleaning her rm.
C. She’s ding her hmewrk.
11. What is difficult fr Jenny?
A. Singing.B. Speaking English.C. Playing the pian.
【答案】10. B 11. B
【解析】M: Jenny, what are yu ding nw?
W: I’m cleaning my rm.
M: D yu want t play vlleyball with Jeff and me after yu finish it? He’s an English speaking student.
W: Sunds great.
M: Okay, please call me after yu finish it.
W: Can yu speak English?
M: Yes, I can. It’s easy fr me.
W: Ww. But it’s difficult fr me.
听对话，回答各小题。
12. Where did Ben have pancakes yesterday?
A. At schl.
B. At the restaurant.
C. At his grandma’s hme.
13. What is Ben’s favrite fd?
A. Ndles.B. Prridge.C. Dumplings.
14. What time will they have dinner?
A. At 5:30.B. At 6:00.C. At 7:00.
【答案】12. C 13. A 14. B
【解析】W: Hw abut having sme pancakes fr dinner, Ben?
M: But I had pancakes at my grandma’s hme yesterday.
W: I see. What abut ndles?
M: Great. They are my favrite.
W: Okay? We will have dinner at six, remember t cme back befre then.
M: f curse, Mm.
听对话，回答各小题。
15. Hw was the weather yesterday?
A. Snwy.B. Cludy and sunny.C. Windy.
16. Wh did Sally g there with?
A. Lisa.B. Paul.C. Tina.
17. What did they d yesterday?
A. They climbed the muntain.
B. They went shpping.
C. They went skating.
【答案】15. B 16. A 17. C
【解析】W: Hi Paul.
M: Hi Sally. Where were yu yesterday?
W: I went ut with my friend Lisa. We had a gd time.
M: Hw was the weather yesterday?
W: At first it was cludy, then it was sunny.
M: What did yu d?
W: Lisa wanted t climb the muntain but it was t ht s we went skating in the shpping center. It was interesting.
M: Sunds gd. I’d like t g skating with yu next time.
听独白，回答各小题。
18. What des Jimmy lk like?
A. He is tall with a rund face and brwn hair.
B. He is tall with a lng face and shrt hair.
C. He is f medium height with a big nse and straight hair.
19. Hw des Danny g t schl?
A. On ft.B. By bus.C. By bike.
20. What is Danny’s favrite subject?
A. Gegraphy.B. Science.C. Maths.
【答案】18. A 19. B 20. A
【解析】My name is Jimmy White. I am furteen years ld. I am a tall by. I have a rund face and brwn hair. Danny is my brther. He is twelve years ld. He is f medium height. He has a big nse and straight hair. He studies in N. 10 middle schl. I am in N. 6 middle schl. He ges t schl by bus and I ride my bike t schl. His favrite subject is gegraphy, but I like science best. We bth like sprts. We ften play sprts after schl.
II．阅读（共两节，满分30分）
第一节 （共11小题；每小题2分，满分22分）
阅读下列材料，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
21. Yu can g t the gym t jin ________.
A. the Reading ClubB. the Swimming ClubC. the Singing Club
22. Fr mre infrmatin abut the Singing Club, yu can call ________.
A. 658-023B. 753-266C. 856-501
23. Hw many clubs can yu g t n weekends?
A. One.B. Tw.C. Three.
【语篇解读】本文是一则广告，介绍了三个俱乐部。
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据“The Swimming Club is in the gym”可知，你可以去体育馆加入游泳俱乐部。故选B。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Are yu gd at can call 856-501 t get mre infrmatin.”可知，想了解更多关于歌唱俱乐部的信息，请拨打856-501。故选C。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Are yu gd at singing? Why nt jin us? Every weekend,...”可知，只有歌唱俱乐部可以在周末去。故选A。
B
In China, there are many different kinds f fd. Sme f them are ppular. Amng (在……之中) them, dumplings are the real Chinese fd.
Everyne in China likes dumplings very much, and there are many different kinds f dumplings. Sme have beef and beans in them, and sme have eggs and carrts in them. But I lve eating dumplings with cabbage and prk (猪肉).
Usually peple make dumplings at hme. When yu have n time t make them, yu can buy them in a supermarket. Then yu take them hme and eat them with vinegar (醋).
The Spring Festival is very imprtant in China. When it cmes, we make dumplings, and usually we put a cin (硬币) in a dumpling. Smene eats the dumpling with the cin in it, and he will be lucky in the new year.
24. What des the writer like dumplings with?
A. Beef and beans.
B. Eggs and carrts.
C. Cabbage and prk.
25. Which f the fllwing is TRUE?
A. Yu must eat dumplings with vinegar.
B. Peple eat dumplings nly in the Spring Festival.
C. Peple can buy dumplings in a supermarket if they’re busy.
26. Why d peple put a cin in a dumpling?
A. Because it is gd fr health.
B. Because they think it is lucky.
C. Because it is a real Chinese fd.
27. Which clumn (专栏) des the text (文本) cme frm?
A. Science.B. Health & Life.C. Travel (旅行).
【语篇解读】本文介绍了最具代表中国特色的食物——饺子。
【答案】24. C 25. C 26. B 27. B
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据“But I lve eating dumplings with cabbage and prk (猪).”可知，作者喜欢吃白菜猪肉馅的饺子 。故选C。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据“When yu have n time t make them, yu can buy them in a supermarket.”可知，如果人们很忙，可以在超市买饺子。 故选C。
【26题详解】
细节理解提。根据“and usually we put a cin (硬币) in a dumpling. Smene eats the dumpling with the cin in it, and he will be lucky in the new year.”可知，人们认为吃到了有硬币的饺子会很幸运。故选B。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。本文主要介绍了最具代表中国特色的食物——饺子，因此可能来自 “健康与生活” 专栏。故选B。
C
A dg usually wags its tail (摇尾巴) t shw that it’s friendly. The dg is saying, “I feel happy!” by wagging its tail.
This dg is having fun. Hw d yu knw that? The dg’s tail is in the air. Its ears are up. It lks like it is smiling.
This dg is frightened. Hw d yu knw that? It is hiding (躲藏). It is saying, “I feel afraid.” Sme dgs use ther ways t shw this kind f feeling. They may make their ears dwn. They may bark (叫). These dgs are als saying, “I feel afraid.”
This dg is angry. Hw d yu knw that? It is making a deep (深的) sund. It is shwing its teeth. And it may bite (咬) yu, s never play with an angry dg.
Nw yu knw hw t watch and listen t a dg. Yu can lk at dgs’ ears and tails. Yu can lk at hw dgs stand. Yu can listen t the sunds dgs make. Nw yu can understand hw dgs “talk”!
28. What des a dg usually d when it feels happy?
A. It wags its tail.
B. It makes their ears dwn.
C. It makes a deep sund.
29. What des the underlined wrd “frightened” mean?
A. 受惊的B. 疲惫的C. 兴奋的
30. Why des the writer tell us never t play with an angry dg?
A. Because it may make a deep sund.
B. Because it may shw its teeth.
C. Because it may bite us.
31. What is the best title f this passage?
A. What d dgs like?
B. What d dgs lk like?
C. Hw d dgs “talk”?
【语篇解读】本文主要讲可以通过观察和聆听来知道狗在表达什么。
【答案】28. A 29. A 30. C 31. C
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据“A dg usually wags its tail (摇尾巴) t shw that it’s friendly. The dg is saying, ‘I feel happy!’ by wagging its tail.”可知，狗狗开心的时候通常会摇尾巴，故选A。
【29题详解】
词义猜测题。根据“It is hiding (躲藏). It is saying, ‘I feel afraid.’ ”可知，狗狗害怕的时候会躲起来，所以单词“frightened”指的是“受惊的，害怕的”，故选A。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据“This dg is angry. Hw d yu knw that? It is making a deep(深的) sund. It is shwing its teeth. And it may bite (咬) yu, s never play with an angry dg.”可知，永远不要和一只愤怒的狗玩，因为它可能会咬我们，故选C。
【31题详解】
最佳标题题。根据“Nw yu knw hw t watch and listen t a dg. Yu can lk at dgs’ ears and tails. Yu can lk at hw dgs stand. Yu can listen t the sunds dgs make. Nw yu can understand hw dgs ‘talk’!”及全文可知，这篇短文主要介绍了狗通过摇尾巴、耳朵的姿态和表情来表达自己的情绪，如友好、开心、害怕和愤怒。所以C项最适合做文章标题。故选C。
第二节（共4小题；每小题2分，满分8分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中一项为多余选项。
Hw t have a happy family?
Peple want a happy family. ____32____ Here are sme gd ways fr yu.
Talk t families
Talking is the key t a happy family. It helps family t shw what they are thinking. ____33____
Spend time tgether (共度时光)
There are many ways t spend time with ur family: making dinner, watching TV, ging fr a walk r cleaning the huse.
____34____
Say thank yu when family help yu. And let them knw that yu thank them fr what they d fr yu. Als yu can buy sme small gifts fr them. A cl hat, a gd bk... They can be very happy.
Say srry
____35____ A gd breakfast fr yur family can shw yu are srry, t.
A. Shw thanks
B. D yu knw why?
C. But what can we d?
D. When yu d smething wrng (错误的), yu shuld say srry.
E. If we ften talk t ur family, we can knw much abut them.
【语篇解读】本文介绍了拥有幸福家庭的方法。
【答案】32. C 33. E 34. A 35. D
【32题详解】
根据“Here are sme gd ways fr yu.” 可知，此处介绍了如何拥有幸福的家庭，选项C “但是我们能做什么呢？”符合语境，引出下文的方法。故选C。
【33题详解】
根据“Talking is the key t a happy family”可知，此处介绍了聊天的重要性，选项E “如果我们经常和家人交流，我们就能更多地了解他们 ” 符合语境。故选E。
【34题详解】
根据“Say thank yu when family help yu.”可知，此处介绍应该向家人表示感谢，且此处为小标题，选项A “表达感谢” 符合小标题。故选A。
【35题详解】
根据小标题 “Say srry”可知，此处强调道歉，选项D “当你做错事的时候，你应该说对不起” 符合语境。故选D。
III．语言运用（共两节，满分25分）
第一节 （共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C三个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
There is a child named Eric. He really lves studying. But ne day, his teacher was angry ___36___ he was late fr schl in the mrning.
The next mrning, Eric was ___37___ again, and the teacher tld him she was ging t talk with his parents. Eric kept quiet.
Tw days later, Eric went t schl n time, but the teacher tld him his hmewrk was ___38___. He had t listen carefully in class. Eric didn’t ___39___ his teacher. He std up frm his chair, tk his schlbag and ___40___ the classrm.
When Eric gt hme, he tld ___41___ t his parents. “Yu shuld respect(尊重) yur ___42___ and fllw the schl’s rules!” said his mm. His parents tld Eric the teacher nly wanted him t d well in schl, and that the teacher was very ___43___.
The by knew ___44___ t d and said srry t his teacher the next day. He prmised(许诺) t study hard.
Frm then n, Eric ___45___ arrived late fr schl and studied harder than befre.
36. A. sB. becauseC. but
37. A. lateB. earlyC. busy
38. A. scaryB. greatC. terrible
39. A. think fB. live withC. listen t
40. A. tkB. leftC. brught
41. A. everythingB. nthingC. smething
42. A. teachersB. classmatesC. parents
43. A. funnyB. angryC. gd
44. A. whatB. hwC. why
45. A. usuallyB. neverC. smetimes
【语篇解读】本文主要讲述了Eric因为连续两次迟到，受到老师的批评，因此他愤然拿起书包离开了教室。回到家后，他把一切告诉了父母。父母教育了他，Eric认识到自己的错误，并向老师道歉，从那以后，他从未迟到过，并且学习比以前更加努力了。
【答案】36. B 37. A 38. C 39. C 40. B 41. A 42. A 43. C 44. A 45. B
【36题详解】
句意：但有一天，他的老师很生气，因为他早上上学迟到了。
s因此；because因为；but但是。空后“he was late fr schl in the mrning”是空前“his teacher was angry”的原因，此处应用because引导原因状语从句，故选B。
【37题详解】
句意：第二天早上，Eric又迟到了，老师告诉他，她要和他的父母谈谈。
late晚的；early 早的；busy忙的。根据“he was late fr schl in the mrning. The next mrning, Eric ”可知，Eric又迟到了，故选A。
【38题详解】
句意：但老师告诉他他的作业很糟糕。
scary恐怖的；great伟大的；terrible糟糕的。根据“He had t listen carefully in class”可知，他的作业做的很糟糕，故选C。
【39题详解】
句意：Eric没有听老师的话。
think f考虑；live with和……生活；listen t听。根据“He std up frm his chair, tk his schlbag classrm.”可知，他没有听老师的话，故选C。
【40题详解】
句意：他从椅子上站起来，拿起书包离开了教室。
tk拿；left离开；brught带来。根据“He std up frm his chair, tk his schlbag classrm.”可知，他离开了教室，故选B。
【41题详解】
句意：当Eric回到家时，他把一切都告诉了父母。
everything一切；nthing没有事情；smething一些事情。根据“Yu shuld respect(尊重) fllw the schl’s rules!”可知，他把学校发生的一切告诉了父母，故选A。
【42题详解】
句意：你应该尊敬老师，遵守学校的规章制度！
teachers老师；classmates同学；parents父母。根据“ Eric didn’ teacher. He std up frm his chair, tk his schlbag classrm.”可知，父母教育他应该尊敬老师，故选A。
【43题详解】
句意：他的父母告诉Eric，老师只想让他在学校表现好，而且老师很好。
funny有趣的；angry生气的；gd好的。根据“the teacher tld him she was ging t talk with his parents.”以及“the teacher tld him his hmewrk had t listen carefully in class.”可知，老师对Eric要求很严格，父母认为老师很好，故选C。
【44题详解】
句意：男孩知道该怎么办，第二天向老师道歉。
what什么；hw怎样；why为什么。根据“The by d and said srry t his teacher the next day”可知，空处作d的宾语，应用what，故选A。
【45题详解】
句意：从那时起，Eric上学从不迟到，学习也比以前更加努力。
usually通常；never从不；smetimes有时。根据“arrived late fr schl and studied harder than befre.”可知，从那之后，他从来没有迟到过，故选B。
第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Cindy Green is a girl. She ____46____ (live) with her parents and three sisters. She likes animals and she can play ____47____ vilin very well. But her family is different frm mst ____48____ (family). Why? ____49____ Cindy and her sisters Anna, Kate and Grace ____50____ (be) identical quads(四胞胎). They were all brn ____51____ 18th February, 2011.
Cindy lves riding. Grace is ____52____ (friend). Kate likes reading and Anna is smart. “____53____ (We) huse is very busy”, says Cindy. “We wuld like ____54____ (help) with husewrk at hme in turn(轮流). Every Mnday I d the husewrk after schl. It’s Tuesday tday. Lk! Anna ____55____ (clean) the rm.”
【语篇解读】本文介绍了辛迪和她的四胞胎姐妹的不同的爱好以及家庭生活等。
【答案】46. lives 47. the 48. families 49. Because 50. are 51. n 52. friendly 53. Our 54. t help 55. is cleaning
【46题详解】
句意：她与父母和三个姐妹住在一起。陈述事实用一般现在时，主语“She”为第三人称单数，故动词要用三单。故填lives。
【47题详解】
句意：她喜欢动物，而且她小提琴拉得很好。play the vilin“拉小提琴”，固定短语。故填the。
【48题详解】
句意：但她的家庭不同于大多数家庭。family“家庭”，名词；由空前的“mst”可知，应用名词复数。故填families。
【49题详解】
句意：因为辛迪和她的姐妹安娜、凯特和格蕾丝是四胞胎。根据“Why?”可知，此处是要解释原因，应用because“因为”；句首首字母大写。故填Because。
【50题详解】
句意：因为辛迪和她的姐妹安娜、玛丽和格蕾丝是四胞胎。根据主语“Cindy and her sisters Anna, Kate and Grace”可知，表示多个人，be动词要用are。故填are。
【51题详解】
句意：他们都出生于2011年2月18日。根据“18th February, 2011”可知，具体的日期前用介词n，故填n。
【52题详解】
句意：格雷斯很友好。friend“朋友”，名词；根据“Grace is ...”可知，此处要用形容词作表语；friendly“友好的”，符合语境。故填friendly。
【53题详解】
句意：我们家很忙碌。根据“huse”是名词可知，应用we的形容词性物主代词ur修饰，句首首字母大写。故填Our。
【54题详解】
句意：我们想轮流在家帮忙做家务。wuld like t d sth“想要做某事”，固定短语，空处用不定式形式，故填t help。
【55题详解】
句意：看！安娜正在打扫房间。根据“Lk!”可知，时态为现在进行时，结构为be ding。故填is cleaning。
IV．读写综合（共两节，满分25分）
第一节 简答（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容回答问题。
These days, “Citywalk” is becming ppular with yung peple. It’s abut walking arund a city and finding unusual things in the city. The walks take yu t places where yu can talk with lcal (当地的) peple, eat at small but authentic (正宗的) restaurants, and knw well abut the city.
Ya Xue, wh these days mved frm Beijing t Shanghai, said “I think Shanghai is a city perfect(完美的) fr Citywalk because there are big trees alng the streets and different beautiful shps.” Ya really enjyed Citywalk. “Last time I walked with tw girls, I didn’t knw them befre but after the walk I made new friends with them. That’s really fun!” she said.
Yi Han, a Chinese teacher in a middle high schl, thught Citywalk can help peple learn mre abut lcal culture (文化). “Peple wh jin in Citywalks usually have the same tastes, and can talk with each ther,” he said.
56. Is Citywalk becming ppular amng yung peple?
_________________________________________
57. What is the Citywalk?
_________________________________________
58. Why des Ya Xue think Shanghai is a city perfect fr Citywalk?
_________________________________________
59. What did Yi Han think f Citywalk?
_________________________________________
60. If yu want t have a Citywalk, which city wuld yu like t g t? Why?
_________________________________________
【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了在中国年轻人中流行的一种活动——城市漫步。
【答案】56. Yes (, it is).
57. It’s abut walking arund a city and finding unusual things in the city.
58. Because there are big trees alng the streets and different beautiful shps.
59. It can help peple learn mre abut lcal culture.
60. Beijing. Because it has a lng histry with many landmarks.（答案不唯一）
【56题详解】
根据“These days, ‘Citywalk’ is becming ppular with yung peple.”可知，如今，“城市漫步”正受到年轻人的欢迎，故填Yes (, it is).
【57题详解】
根据“It’s abut walking arund a city and finding unusual things in the city.”可知，城市漫步是关于在一个城市里散步，发现城市里不寻常的东西。故填It’s abut walking arund a city and finding unusual things in the city.
【58题详解】
根据“I think Shanghai is a city perfect (完美的) fr Citywalk because there are big trees alng the streets and different beautiful shps.”可知，姚雪认为上海是一个完美的城市是因为沿街有大树和各种漂亮的商店，故填Because there are big trees alng the streets and different beautiful shps.
【59题详解】
根据“Yi Han, a Chinese teacher in a middle high schl, thught Citywalk can help peple learn mre abut lcal culture (文化).”可知，易涵认为，城市漫步可以帮助人们更多地了解当地文化，故填It can help peple learn mre abut lcal culture.
【60题详解】
主观题，符合题意即可，故填Beijing. Because it has a lng histry with many landmarks.
第二节 书面表达（满分15分）
61. 假如你是李华，你的英国好友Peter想了解你校近期的外出活动。请用英语写一封邮件，告诉他你们去了哪里，做了什么以及你的感受或收获。
提示词语：park, fly a kite, take phts, exciting/excited
提示问题：
1. When and where did yu g?
2. What did yu d in the trip?
3. Hw did yu feel (感受) r what did yu learn frm it?
Dear Peter,
I’d like t tell yu smething abut the schl trip last week.
_______________________________________________________________________________
D yu have anything fun t share (分享)? Lking frward t (期待) yur reply (回复).
Yurs,
Li Hua
【答案】One pssible versin:
Dear Peter,
I’d like t tell yu smething abut the schl trip last week. On Saturday mrning, the weather was fine. After breakfast, I went t the park with my classmates. We flew kites in the park and tk many phts. We als played sme interesting games. In the afternn, we als wrked as vlunteers t help clean the park. Althugh we were very tired that day, we were very happy and excited. I think we did smething meaningful.
D yu have anything fun t share (分享)? Lking frward t (期待) yur reply (回复).
Yurs,
Li Hua
Reading Club
D yu like reading? We are waiting fr yu in the Reading Club! We have many kinds f bks here. The club is pen frm Mnday t Thursday. Want t jin us? Please call 658-023.
Swimming Club
Can yu swim? D yu want t learn t swim? Jin us! The Swimming Club is in the gym (体育馆). There are 30 students in ur club. Yu can cme every Friday. Call 753-266 t learn mre.
Singing Club
Are yu gd at singing? Why nt jin us? Every weekend, we sing different kinds f sngs. We als tell the stries abut sngs and the singers. Yu can call 856-501 t get mre infrmatin.