【暑假衔接】人教版新高二英语 暑假衔接讲义 第19讲 阅读理解之议论文（教师版+学生版）

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1．了解议论文的解题方法与技巧。
2．进行议论文真题训练。
议论文是英语中的重要文体，在阅读理解中占有一定的比例。相对于其它文体，议论文阅读要难一些，因此要多加重视。
议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解和推理判断为主，偶尔考查文章的主旨大意和作者的情感态度。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
【考情分析】
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解和推理判断为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
一、文体特点与阅读策略
1. 语言与结构特点
议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。议论文通常采用三段论式的结构，即“提出问题（引论）—分析问题（本论）—解决问题（结论）”。由此可见，要理解议论文有两个关键点，一是要弄清文章的论点是什么、采用了哪些论据、如何论证；二是要理清其基本结构——三段论式结构。
2. 答题误区
议论文阅读理解题易错点往往在于事实与观点的区分以及观点本身。解题时，一要弄清哪些是所引述的事实，哪些是作者的观点以及引述中不同人物的观点；二要弄清作者真正的观点是什么，既要考虑全文，又要重视结论部分，谨防将文章中引述的某人的观点和作者的观点混为一谈。
解题技巧
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea f this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly abut?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1. What wuld be the best title fr the text?
2. Which f the fllwing is the best / mst suitable title fr this text?
3. The best / mst suitable title fr this text wuld be __________.
2. 事实细节型
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, wh, which, where, hw, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which f the fllwing statements is true?
②Which f the fllwing is nt mentined in the text?
③The authr (r the passage) states that __________.
④Accrding t the passage, when (where, why, hw, wh, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：prbably, pssibly, may, usually, might, mst f, mre r less, relatively, be likely t, nt necessary, althugh, yet, in additin, tend t等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, nly, cmpletely, nne, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与wh, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，hwever，therwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The wrd ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)Frm the passage, we can infer that the wrd/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers t /means…
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或r，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。
反义法：如ht and cld, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can cnclude (得出结论) frm the passage that _________.
(3)Which f the fllwing can be inferred (推论)?
(4)What is the tne (语气) f the authr?
(5)What is the purpse (目的) f this passage?
(6)The passage is intended t _________.
（2023春·河南信阳·高二统考期中）ChatGPT is a new AI system that sunds s human in cnversatins that it culd hst its wn radi prgrams. Reading between its instantly generated, perfectly grammatical lines, peple see different visins f the future. Withut dubt, ChatGPT is impressive.
Sme cmpare the emergence f ChatGPT t the impact f the iPhne, but that desn’t d it justice. ChatGPT, as well as the generative AI that will fllw and utsmart it, is disruptive. And yet, that desn’t necessarily mean the end f the wrld is upn us. On the cntrary, ChatGPT, I wuld argue, might serve t make us mre aware f ur irreplaceable human qualities.
Take the creative act, writing in particular, as an example. If yu want it t, the AI-pwered chatbt (聊天机器人) always prduces smething because it has the whle wrld f nline data t draw frm. But unlike us, it lacks the cnsciusness. Thinking is hard, critical thinking even harder, and ChatGPT isn’t gd at either. It just restates what has already been said; it is ne big recycling machine.
There is anther bvius limitatin f ChatGPT. Philspher Harry Frankfurt nce claimed: the difference between a bullshitter (胡说八道的人) and a liar is that the liar knws what the truth is but decides t take the ppsite directin; a bullshitter, hwever, has n regard fr the truth at all. The AI schlar Gary Marus applies this distinctin t ChatGPT. He believes that we have reached a critical pint where “the price f bullshit reaches zer and peple wh want t spread misinfrmatin, either plitically r just t make a prfit, start ding that plentifully”. Unfrtunately, ChatGPT will reprduce misinfrmatin frm any f its input surces — it is nt an intelligent system that tries t balance r weigh different perspectives. In this sense, everything that ChatGPT writes is bullshit.
This is why the s-called AIQ is critical. It is actually an extensin and a measurement f ur human IQ: ur verall knwledge f AI tls, ur mastery f clues, and ur ethical awareness. ChatGPT is ging t change everything — and nthing. Creativity, imaginatin and ethics — these will all remain unique human range. It is the AI’s very limitatins that will make us appreciate ur wn.
1．What can we learn abut ChatGPT frm the passage?
A．It generates immediate language respnses.
B．It prvides instructins n writing skills.
C．It helps generate an artificial vice.
D．It ffers a service fr language learning.
2．What des the underlined wrd “disruptive” in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A．Evil.B．Revlutinary.C．Prfitable.D．Reliable.
3．Why des the authr cnsider ChatGPT as a bullshit generatr?
A．It makes up lies cnstantly.
B．It always takes a neutral standpint.
C．It ften makes unfair judgement.
D．It can’t tell right frm wrng.
4．What’s the passage mainly abut?
A．ChatGPT shuld be treated like a ty, nt a tl.
B．ChatGPT is causing panic nw.
C．ChatGPT makes us realize the unique human features.
D．ChatGPT is bund t generate bullshit.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，论述了与人类相比，新型人工智能ChatGPT的优点和缺点，从而赞美了只有人类所具有的创造力、想象力和道德这些独特品质。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Reading between its instantly generated, perfectly grammatical lines, peple see different visins f the future.(在即时生成的、语法完美的字里行间阅读，人们看到了对未来的不同愿景。)”可知，ChatGPT可以即时生成文字。再结合第三段中的“If yu want it t, the AI-pwered chatbt(聊天机器人) always prduces smething because it has the whle wrld f nline data t draw frm.(如果你愿意，这个人工智能聊天机器人总是会产生一些东西，因为它有整个世界的在线数据可供借鉴。)”可知，ChatGPT是一个人工智能聊天机器人，它可以借鉴全球在线数据来和人类聊天。由此可以看出，ChatGPT可以即时生成语言回复。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中disruptive所在句的后一句“And yet, that desn’t necessarily mean the end f the wrld is upn us.(然而，这并不一定意味着世界末日即将来临。)”可推断出，ChatGPT及未来的人工智能对世界可能带来极大的改变，disruptive意为“破坏性的”，在此处可引申为“颠覆性的”。evil邪恶的；revlutinary革命性的，突破性的；prfitable盈利的；reliable可依靠的。B项意思与其最为接近。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“But unlike us, it lacks the cnsciusness. Thinking is hard, critical thinking even harder, and ChatGPT isn’t gd at either.(但与我们不同的是，它缺乏意识。思考很难，批判性思维更难，而ChatGPT也不擅长。)”和倒数第二段中的“Unfrtunately, ChatGPT will reprduce misinfrmatin frm any f its input surces — it is nt an intelligent system that tries t balance r weigh different perspectives.(不幸的是，ChatGPT将从其任何输入来源复制错误信息——它不是一个试图平衡或权衡不同观点的智能系统。)”可知，ChatGPT缺乏人类所具有的意识，无法评判不同的观点。由此可推断，它“胡说八道”的原因是它没有区分对错的能力。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章首先描述了ChatGPT的非凡能力，接着第二段最后一句“On the cntrary, ChatGPT, I wuld argue, might serve t make us mre aware f ur irreplaceable human qualities.(相反，我认为，ChatGPT可能有助于让我们更加意识到我们不可替代的人类品质。)”点明主题：ChatGPT会让我们关注自身所拥有的独特品质。接下来作者讲述了ChatGPT在创造性上的不足和不分对错的局限。作者并在最后一段提到“Creativity, imaginatin and ethics — these will all remain unique human range. It is the AI’s very limitatins that will make us appreciate ur wn.(创造力、想象力和道德——这些都将仍是人类独有的领域。正是人工智能的局限性让我们欣赏自己的局限性。)”，点明了人类品质的重要性。故选C。
（2023秋·广东揭阳·高二统考期末）What des music mean t yu? D yu use it t help relieve stress, anxiety and fall asleep t? Fr many, the value f music is endless, and scientists and Nbel winners are n exceptin. Frm seeing prblems in a new way t develping discipline (自律), expressing creativity t wrking as a team, music has helped many winners in bth wrk and life.
Music has ften helped Nbel winners think and prcess scientific infrmatin in a new way. Albert Einstein was influenced by his mther wh taught him t play the vilin at a very early age. He was especially fnd f Mzart, Bach and Schubert. Fr Einstein, music wrked as a brainstrming technique t help him reflect n his theries and slve difficulties he met with. Einstein’s scientific ideas were ften firstly created in the shape f images and intuitin (直觉), which music later helped t turn int mathematics, lgic (逻辑) and wrds.
Besides helping them reflect n scientifically cmplex prblems, music has helped Nbel winners learn discipline and the imprtance f a creative mind. Fr Thmas Südhf’s awarded the 2013 Nbel Prize in Physilgy r Medicine, music gave him imprtant inputs and ideas. Südhf mstly enjys classical music by masters like Mzart, which requires a creative mind as well as great discipline. It is said that these tw factrs shaped Südhf’s develpment as a scientist.
Furthermre, the cperatin between the members f a music band can be cmpared with the team effrt fund within a research grup. Accrding t Medicine winner James Allisn, it is necessary in bth fields t build a team where each individual makes their wn cntributin t the verall wrk. Hwever, it is imprtant that the cmmunicatin between the members wrk s smthly that each individual als knws what needs t be dne t achieve breakthrughs. As James Allisn states, “Every nw and then my lab has been as well tuned—it feels like a really gd band”—the cncept f great team wrk leading t great success can be applied t bth science and music.
5．What des the passage mainly tell us?
A．Music inspires a team t wrk tgether.
B．Music helps t relieve stress and anxiety.
C．Scientists wrked tgether with the help f music.
D．Music helps scientists t achieve scientific success.
6．What did Einstein and Südhf have in cmmn?
A．They bth valued discipline.
B．They bth liked classical music.
C．They studied the same area f science.
D．Intuitin ften came first t their mind.
7．What des the underlined part in the last paragraph mean?
A．The lab members enjy music.
B．The lab has made breakthrughs.
C．The lab wrks thrugh great teamwrk.
D．The lab members understand each ther.
8．Hw did the authr prve his r her pinin?
A．By cmparing different ideas.B．By giving supprting examples.
C．By ding musical experiments.D．By referring t famus sayings.
【答案】5．C 6．B 7．C 8．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了音乐对科学家团队协作的作用
5．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Fr many, the value f music is endless, and scientists and Nbel winners are n exceptin. Frm seeing prblems in a new way t develping discipline (自律), expressing creativity t wrking as a team, music has helped many winners in bth wrk and life.(对许多人来说，音乐的价值是无穷无尽的，科学家和诺贝尔奖得主也不例外。从以新的方式看待问题到发展纪律，从表达创造力到团队合作，音乐帮助了许多工作和生活中的成功者)”可知，本文主要介绍了音乐对科学家们团队合作的重要作用。故选C项。
6．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Albert Einstein was influenced by his mther wh taught him t play the vilin at a very early age. He was especially fnd f Mzart, Bach and Schubert. Fr Einstein, music wrked as a brainstrming technique t help him reflect n his theries and slve difficulties he met with.(阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦在很小的时候就受到母亲的影响，母亲教他拉小提琴。他特别喜欢莫扎特、巴赫和舒伯特。对爱因斯坦来说，音乐是一种头脑风暴的技巧，帮助他反思自己的理论，解决遇到的困难)”以及第三段“Südhf mstly enjys classical music by masters like Mzart, which requires a creative mind as well as great discipline.( Südhf主要喜欢莫扎特等大师的古典音乐，这需要创造性的思维和良好的纪律)”可知，Einstein和Südhf都喜欢古典音乐。故选B项。
7．词义猜测题。根据“it feels like a really gd band(感觉就像一支很棒的乐队)”可知，James Allisn的实验室就像真正的乐队一样，那说明实验室的人都能和乐队成员一样配合得很好，有良好的团队合作。故选C项。
8．推理判断题。根据文章第二、三、四段可知，文章主要通过Einstein、Südhf和James Allisn等人的例子来论证作者观点。故选B项。
（2023春·辽宁朝阳·高二校联考阶段练习）Cntrary t “ppular pinin”, the scientific pursuit fr knwledge is nt a predictable prcess. T make new discveries, researchers need the freedm t be creative, fail, and learn by chance. This aspect is similar t art. This is why Wageningen scientists lk t artists fr inspiratin and exchange ideas abut hw t increase creative freedm.
“Science and art are tw different ways t make smething understandable. They bth prvide a perspective n reality,” says Bichemistry Prfessr Dlf Weijers. “Frm the utside, the research prcess lks very frmal and the artistic prcess lks smewhat messy. But the scientific prcess can als unfld in an unpredictable way.”
“Scientists can learn a lt frm artists,” says Weijers. “Assciatin and creativity are central t art. Thse aspects require mre attentin in science as the creative prcess is the key f science.”
“As a scientist, yu use different methds, but it is equally abut hw yu visualize yur understandings f reality and the cnnectins between them. This is smetimes just as visual as art,” says Weijers. One example is a recent special prject in which Weijers and his clleague Jris Sprakel, prfessr f Physical Chemistry and Sft Matter, measured the frces that act n plant cells. A mlecular (分子的) sensr was used t visualize the different frces. They shwed the results in clrful images, each representing a different frce.
What science and art als have in cmmn is that they are tpics f discussin in sciety. There are peple wh say that they d nt value art and peple wh mistrust science. Weijers says, “It ften creates the wrng impressin because nly the results f scientific studies are presented, and peple d nt have any insight int the prcess leading t discvery. As a scientist, yu are dubted if yu say smething that is different a few years later. Then yu are viewed as unreliable. But what is ften prly understd is that there are n final results in science. What we scientists can achieve in the cming perid is t prvide mre chances fr peple t fcus n the prcess. Persnally, I think that the cnnectin with art can help t lead the fcus n the prcess than the result.”
9．What des Dlf Weijers think f science prcess?
A．It is always serius.B．It can’t be accidental.
C．It desn’t allw failures.D．It can be unexpected.
10．What des the underlined sentence “This is smetimes just as visual as art” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Visualizing is a must fr science.
B．Science can be visualized like art.
C．Science shuld be understd by visualizing.
D．Visualizing is as easy in science as in art.
11．Why d cmmn peple mistrust science in Dlf Weijers’ pinin?
A．Scientists usually draw unreliable cnclusins.
B．Scientists dn’t use visualizing t shw the results.
C．The scientific prcess is unknwn t them.
D．The scientific results are cmplex fr the public.
12．Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Differences Between Science and Art
B．Similarities Between Science and Art
C．Scientists and Artists Cntribute t the Wrld
D．Science and Art Are Tls t Understand the Wrld
【答案】9．D 10．B 11．C 12．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了艺术创作和科学研究之间的关系。
9．细节理解题。 根据第二段的“But the scientific prcess can als unfld in an unpredictable way.(但科学过程也可能以一种不可预测的方式展开)”可知，Dlf Weijers认为科学过程是不可预料的。故选D。
10．词句猜测题。根据画线句前“‘As a scientist, yu use different methds, but it is equally abut hw yu visualize yur understandings f reality and the cnnectins between them.’(作为一名科学家，你使用不同的方法，但同样重要的是你如何将你对现实的理解以及它们之间的联系可视化)”可知，不管使用什么方法，重要的是要将科学家对现实的理解以及它们之间的联系可视化。由此猜测，画线句句意为“科学能够像艺术一样视觉化”。故选B。
11．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“It ften creates the wrng impressin because nly the results f scientific studies are presented, and peple d nt have any insight int the prcess leading t discvery.(它往往会造成错误的印象，因为只有科学研究的结果被呈现出来，而人们对导致发现的过程没有任何见解)”可知，Dlf Weijers认为普通大众不了解科学过程，所以他们通常不信任科学研究。故选C。
12．主旨大意题。 通读全文，并结合第一段的“T make new discveries, researchers need the freedm t be creative, fail, and learn by chance. This aspect is similar t art. This is why Wageningen scientists lk t artists fr inspiratin and exchange ideas abut hw t increase creative freedm.(为了做出新的发现，研究人员需要有创造性、失败和偶然学习的自由。这方面与艺术相似。这就是为什么瓦赫宁根的科学家们向艺术家寻求灵感，并就如何增加创作自由交换想法)”可知，本文主要论述了科学研究与艺术创作之间的相似之处。因此B项“科学和艺术的相似之处”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选B。
（2023春·黑龙江哈尔滨·高二哈九中校考阶段练习）In mdern sciety there is a great deal f argument abut cmpetitin. Sme value it highly, believing that it is respnsible fr scial prgress and prsperity. Others say that cmpetitin is bad; that it sets ne persn against anther; that it leads t unfriendly relatinship between peple.
I have taught many children wh held the belief that their self-wrth relied n hw well they perfrmed at tennis and ther skills. Fr them, playing well and winning are ften life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit f success, the develpment f many ther human qualities is sadly frgtten.
Hwever, while sme seem t be lst in the desire t succeed, thers take an ppsite attitude. In a culture which values nly the winner and pays n attentin t the rdinary players, they strngly blame cmpetitin. Amng the mst vcal are yungsters wh have suffered under cmpetitive pressure frm their parents r sciety. Teaching these yung peple, I ften bserve in them a desire t fail. They seem t seek failure by nt trying t win r achieve success. By nt trying, they always have an excuse: “I may have lst, but it desn’t matter, because I didn’t try.” What is nt usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lst, that wuld mean a lt. Such a lss wuld be a measure f their wrth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that f the true cmpetitrs wh try t prve themselves. Bth are based n the mistaken belief that ne’s self-respect relies n hw well ne perfrms in cmparisn with thers. Bth are afraid f nt being valued. Only as this basic and ften trublesme fear begins t disslve can we discver a new meaning in cmpetitin.
13．What des this passage mainly talk abut?
A．Cmpetitin helps t set up self-respect.
B．Cmpetitin is harmful t persnal quality develpment.
C．Failures are necessary experiences in cmpetitin.
D．Opinins abut cmpetitin are different amng peple.
14．What des the underlined phrase “the mst vcal” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Thse wh are against cmpetitin mst strngly.
B．Thse wh try their best t win.
C．Thse wh value cmpetitin mst highly.
D．Thse wh rely n thers mst fr success.
15．What is the similar belief f the true cmpetitrs and thse with a “desire t fail”?
A．One’s success in cmpetitin needs great effrts.
B．One’s wrth lies in his perfrmance cmpared with thers’.
C．One’s success is based n hw hard he has tried.
D．One’s achievement is determined by his particular skills.
16．Which pint f view may the authr agree t?
A．Every effrt shuld be paid back.
B．Winning shuld be a life-and-death matter.
C．Fear f failure shuld be remved in cmpetitin.
D．Cmpetitin shuld be encuraged.
【答案】13．D 14．A 15．B 16．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述的是人们对竞争的态度。有的人认为竞争推动了社会的进步，有些人认为竞争很糟糕。真正的竞争者和那些想要失败的人的相似点是认为一个人的价值取决于他在比赛中的表现。
13．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In mdern sciety there is a great deal f argument abut cmpetitin. Sme value it highly, believing that it is respnsible fr scial prgress and prsperity. Others say that cmpetitin is bad; that it sets ne persn against anther; that it leads t unfriendly relatinship between peple.”（在现代社会有很多关于竞争的争论。一些人高度重视它，认为它是社会进步和繁荣的原因。也有人说竞争不好；它使一个人与另一个人对立；这会导致人与人之间不友好的关系）可知，本文主要讲述了人们对竞争有不同的看法。故选D项。
14．词义猜测题。根据第三段中“In a culture which values nly the winner and pays n attentin t the rdinary players, they strngly blame cmpetitin.”（在一种只重视赢家而不关注普通运动员的文化中，他们强烈指责竞争）以及划线单词句中的“…yungsters wh have suffered under cmpetitive pressure frm their parents r sciety.”（是那些饱受父母或社会竞争压力之苦的年轻人）可猜测，划线词组the mst vcal指的是“那些最强烈反对竞争的人”，结合选项A项Thse wh are against cmpetitin mst strngly.（最强烈反对竞争的人。）意思一致。故选A项。
15．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Bth are based n the mistaken belief that ne’s self-respect relies n hw well ne perfrms in cmparisn with thers. Bth are afraid f nt being valued.”（两者都基于一个错误的信念，即一个人的自尊取决于他与他人相比的表现如何。两者都害怕不被重视）可知，真正的竞争对手和那些“渴望失败”的人的相似之处是认为一个人的价值在于他与他人相比的表现。故选B项。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Clearly, this belief is the same as that f the true cmpetitrs wh try t prve themselves. Bth are based n the mistaken belief that ne’s self-respect relies n hw well ne perfrms in cmparisn with thers. Bth are afraid f nt being valued. Only as this basic and ften trublesme fear begins t disslve can we discver a new meaning in cmpetitin.”（显然，这种信念与那些试图证明自己的真正的竞争者是一样的。两者都基于一个错误的信念，即一个人的自尊取决于他与他人相比的表现如何。两者都害怕不被重视。只有当这种基本的、经常令人烦恼的恐惧开始消解时，我们才能发现竞争的新意义）可推知，作者可能同意的观点是在竞争中应该消除对失败的恐惧。故选C项。
（2023秋·山东青岛·高二青岛二中校考期末）N business wuld welcme being cmpared t gambling (赌博)Yet that is what is happening t makers f vide games. Fr years parents have cmplained that their children are “addicted” t their vide games and smartphnes. Tday, hwever, even mre dctrs are using the term. On January I this year, “gaming disrder”—in which games are played uncntrllably, despite causing harm—gained recgnitin frm the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO).
Are games really addictive? Psychlgists have different pinins. Thse wh dn’t think s say that this is just anther mral panic. Similar warnings have been given abut televisin, rck’n’rll, jazz, cmic bks, nvels and even crsswrd puzzles, but it turns ut that they are nt as harmful as expected.
Hwever, supprters argue that game develpers have the mtivatin and the means t design their prducts t make them extremely attractive. Fr ne thing. the business-mdel has changed. In the ld days, games were bught nce and fr all. But these days, games are free and mney is earned frm purchases f in-game gds, which ties playtime directly t revenue (收益). Fr anther, game-makers cmbine psychlgical thery and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphnes and mdern vide game machines use their permanent Internet cnnectins t send gameplay data back t develpers. In this way prducts are cnstantly adjusted t encurage players’ spending. The biggest spenders are knwn as “whales”, a term that riginated in casins(赌场).
The gaming industry shuld realize that, in the real wrld, it has a prblem, and that prblem is grwing Nw that gaming addictin cmes with an fficial WHO recgnitin, diagnses will becme mre cmmn. Anyway, being put tgether with gambling in the public mind, fairly r nt, will nt d the industry any gd.
17．What d we knw frm Paragraph 1?
A．It is nt suitable t cmpare vide games t gambling
B．Parents cmplain abut their children’s addictin t gambling
C．Mre dctrs are against the use f the term “addicted”.
D．Gaming addictin was fficially recgnized as a disease.
18．What des the underlined wrds “mral panic” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Wrng judgment n hw harmful smething is.
B．Truble caused by smene’s immral behavir.
C．Unexpected scial prgress caused by science and technlgy.
D．Panic due t the gap between the ld and the yung
19．What d games develpers d t make games attractive?
A．They dn’t charge players fr in-game gds.
B．They adjust prducts based n received data.
C．They keep players’ vide game machines updated.
D．They reward big spenders with a unique title.
20．In the last paragraph, the authr aims t _________.
A．ffer a suggestinB．make a predictin
C．give a warningD．put frward a slutin
【答案】17．D 18．A 19．B 20．C
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章讨论了“视频游戏是否会上瘾”。随着世界卫生组织的官方承认，“游戏成瘾”的诊断将变得更加普遍，且将它与赌博放在一起，无论公平与否，都不会给游戏行业带来任何好处。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“On January I this year, “gaming disrder”—in which games are played uncntrllably, despite causing harm—gained recgnitin frm the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO).(今年1月1日，“游戏失调症”得到了世界卫生组织的认可。“游戏失调症”指的是在游戏中不受控制地玩游戏，尽管会造成危害。 )”可知，游戏成瘾被官方认定为一种疾病。故选D项。
18．词句猜测题。根据前文“Are games really addictive?(游戏真的会上瘾吗?)”和后文“Similar warnings have been given abut televisin, rck’n’rll, jazz, cmic bks, nvels and even crsswrd puzzles, but it turns ut that they are nt as harmful as expected.(对于电视、摇滚乐、爵士乐、漫画书、小说甚至填字游戏，人们也给出了类似的警告，但事实证明，这些警告并没有想象的那么有害。)”可知，人么恐慌的是“游戏会让人们过度成瘾”。因此“mral panic”指的故选是对某物（文中指游戏）有害程度的错误判断。故选A项。
19．推理判断题。根据第三段的第五、六句“Smartphnes and mdern vide game machines use their permanent Internet cnnectins t send gameplay data back t develpers. In this way prducts are cnstantly adjusted t encurage players’ spending. (智能手机和现代电子游戏机利用它们的永久互联网连接将游戏玩法数据发回给开发者。通过这种方式，产品会不断调整以鼓励玩家消费。)”可知，游戏开发者根据接收到的数据调整产品，以使游戏更具有吸引力。故选B项。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The gaming industry shuld realize that, in the real wrld, it has a prblem, and that prblem is grwing Nw that gaming addictin cmes with an fficial WHO recgnitin, diagnses will becme mre cmmn. Anyway, being put tgether with gambling in the public mind, fairly r nt, will nt d the industry any gd.(游戏行业应该意识到，在现实世界中，它有一个问题，这个问题正在增长，随着世界卫生组织的官方承认，游戏成瘾的诊断将变得更加普遍。无论如何，在公众心目中与赌博放在一起，无论公平与否，都不会给这个行业带来任何好处。)”可知，作者在最后一段，针对游戏行业出现的问题做出了提醒和警示。故选C项。
（2023春·江苏南通·高二海安高级中学校考期中）At its annual general assembly in Vienna last mnth, the Eurpean Gesciences Unin (EGU) did smething unusual. The chair f its awards cmmittee, Thmas Blunier, presented a breakdwn, by gender, f prize nminees (被提名者) and nminatrs (提名者) since 2014. The data were revealing. Althugh wmen make up 37% f the sciety’s members, they made just 20% f nminatins suggesting that wmen are less likely t nminate than men. The data als shwed that peple tend t favur their wn gender when making nminatins-with men mst likely t nminate ther men.
This is clearly a prblem, but awareness f the situatin pens the dr t fixing it. Althugh wmen are still under-represented in EGU nminatins, their share f awards is nw appraching their representatin amng EGU members, thanks t crrective measures taken by the rganizatin? s awards cmmittee. The EGU is distinct frm mst ther scientific scieties that d nt make nminatin data public, thugh it is necessary fr the fairness amng prizewinners.
Sme ther effrts are under way t make prizes fairer. In mathematics, fr example, the Internatinal Mathematical Unin has intrduced guidelines t make nminatrs and award-cmmittee members aware f uncnscius bias. Many prize nminatin frms nw include statements encuraging nminatrs t cnsider diversity. The cmmittees that award Nbel prizes have tld Nature that they are attempting t increase diversity in nminees and that the prprtin f wmen nminated is rising.
Prize-givers need t widen their nminatin pls. In 2019, Nature suggested that award rganizers might cast their nets wider when seeking nminatins by appraching netwrks that include academies f science in lw and middle-incme cuntries. This is still nt happening n the scale that it needs t.
Sadly, these measures will nt make science prizes match glbal diversity, at least nt straight away. Many prizes are based n wrk carried ut decades ag, when the barriers t entering science were even higher than they are tday fr peple frm under-represented grups and cuntries. At the very least, prfessinal scieties must ensure that their nminatin pls are representatives f their cmmunities. Greater transparency and a wider, mre diverse pl f nminees increase the chance f awards rewarding excellence, rather than enlarging existing netwrks f fame.
21．What is the purpse f shwing the data frm the EGU?
A．T shw the gender balance amng its members.
B．T encurage females t nminate ther females.
C．T reflect that wmen have been ignred in awards.
D．T reveal the significant impact frm gender awareness.
22．What effrts have been made t prmte the fairness amng the prizewinners?
A．Publicizing the nminatin data.
B．Widening the applicatin pls by nminees.
C．Intrducing guidelines n increasing diversity.
D．Casting the nets wider when seeking nminatins.
23．What des the authr hld in the last paragraph?
A．Existing nminatin pls are nt transparent.
B．Prfessinal scieties must make a difference.
C．The barriers t entering science will nt be higher.
D．Science has kept up with the glbal trend f diversity.
24．Which f the fllwing might be the best title fr this text?
A．Eurpean Gesciences Unin: An Nntraditinal Mdel
B．Diversity in Science Prizes: Why is Prgress S Slw?
C．Prgress in Science: Nminatin Shws Justice fr All
D．The Way t Gender Diversity: Difficult, Delicate but Destined
【答案】21．C 22．A 23．B 24．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。我们真的足够了解科学奖项的公平性和合理性吗?在科学奖项的遴选过程中，不公布提名细节，这使得女性和弱势群体在获奖中未得到充分代表。
21．细节理解题。根据关键词 EGU定位到第一段中的“Althugh wmen make up 37% f the sciety’s members, they made just 20% f nminatins suggesting that wmen are less likely t nminate than men. The data als shwed that peple tend t favur their wn gender when making nminatins-with men mst likely t nminate ther men.(尽管女性在协会成员中占37% ，但她们只获得了20% 的提名，这表明女性获得提名的可能性低于男性。数据还显示，人们在提名时往往偏爱自己的性别，而男性最有可能提名其他男性)”可知，女性比男性更不可能被提名，即女性在奖项中被忽略了。故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The EGU is distinct frm mst ther scientific scieties that d nt make nminatin data public, thugh it is necessary fr the fairness amng prizewinners.(EGU 不同于其他大多数科学协会，这些科学协会都不公开提名数据。尽管它对于获奖者之间的公平是必要的)”可知，EGU会把获奖者的提名数据公开，这样做对于获奖者之间的公平是必要的。故选A。
23． 推理判断题。根据最后一段“At the very least, prfessinal scieties must ensure that their nminatin pls are representatives f their cmmunities. Greater transparency and a wider, mre diverse pl f nminees increase the chance f awards rewarding excellence, rather than enlarging existing netwrks f fame.(至少，专业协会必须确保他们的提名名单代表它们的社区。更大的透明度和更广泛、更多样化的提名人群，增加了奖励优秀人才的机会，而不是扩大现有的名人网络)”可知，作者认为，在提名方面，专业协会要有所作为，即要保证提名名单代表它们的社区，要有更大的透明度和更广泛、更多样化的提名人群，增加了奖励优秀人才的机会。故选B。
24．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段提到上个月在维也纳举行的年度大会上，欧洲地球科学联盟委员会主席托马斯•布卢尼耶（Thmas Blunier）公布了自2014年以来按性别分列的获奖者和提名者名单，名单显示女性在奖项提名中被忽略了。进而在下面的文章中提到为了使得奖项的设置更公平化，许多的团体已经做出了努力。遗憾的是，这些措施不会使科学奖项与全球多样性相匹配，至少不会马上匹配。因而文章的标题可以为科学奖的多样性：为什么进展如此缓慢？故选B。
（2022春·重庆荣昌·高二重庆市荣昌永荣中学校校考期末）It is a cmmn questin t ask yurself: What d yu want t be when yu grw up?
In the past it has generally been accepted that a persn will fllw ne career path, but an emerging grup f peple have changed this idea. By pursuing jbs acrss several walks, this grup has cme t be knwn as “slashers (斜杠青年)”.
There are many reasns why this has becme ppular, particularly amng thse under the age f 30. In mdern cmpetitive sciety, having multiple incme streams (多种收入来源) is ne f the best ways t create financial security.
Zha Sichen is ne fllwer f the slasher mvement. The 34-year-ld is an English teacher at Tsinghua University High Schl. Outside the classrm, Zha als wrks as prject manager in charge f educatin prgrams at the Internet tech cmpany NetEase.
In additin t prviding a sense f jb security, becming a slasher reduces bredm and prevents becming burned ut n (不再热衷) fcusing n a single path.
Accrding t the Guardian, “Entrepreneurs (创业者) are a typical example f a grup that expects t spread their careers acrss multiple areas.” Erin Albert is a typical slasher in the UK. Apart frm having written bks, Albert is an assistant prfessr, an entrepreneur and a law student. Albert ften asks his students t think abut, “why they can’t bth take an immediate jb ffer they are nt sure abut as well as wrk tward their ‘dream’ jb”.
Technlgy has als prmted this chice. Online tls and platfrms have allwed peple t pursue different interests and career paths as they have prmted the ability t wrk remtely. Never has it been easier fr thse wh have interests in a variety f careers t pursue them at the same time. It seems that right nw the sky is the limit fr thse wh are cnsidering what they want t d in the future.
25．What d we knw abut slashers?
A．They are mstly 30 years ld.B．They fllw ne career path.
C．They change jbs frequently.D．They tend t wrk several jbs.
26．Which f the fllwing is NOT the reasn fr the ppularity f slasher mvement?
A．It gives peple mre free time t relax.
B．It helps peple gain financial security.
C．It gets peple t pursue their dream.
D．It makes peple feel less bred in a single jb.
27．What des the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?
A．Technlgy allws peple t wrk remtely.
B．Ding mre than ne jb might be encuraged.
C．Mst peple will wrk several jbs at the same time.
D．It has becme mre cmmn fr peple t pursue multiple jbs.
28．What’s the best title f this passage?
A．Pursuing Yur Dreams.B．Slashers in China.
C．Slashing thrugh Jbs.D．Chsing Multiple Jbs.
【答案】25．D 26．A 27．C 28．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了“斜杠青年”的兴起和原因，并提出了“斜杠青年”发展的未来趋势。
25．细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“By pursuing jbs acrss several walks, this grup has cme t be knwn as ‘slashers’.(通过在不同行业寻找工作，这个群体被称为“斜杠青年”。)”可知，“斜杠青年”会从事几个不同行业的工作。故选D项。
26．细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容“In mdern cmpetitive sciety, having multiple incme streams is ne f the best ways t create financial security.(在现代竞争社会中，拥有多种收入来源是创造金融安全的最佳途径之一。)”和第五段内容“In additin t prviding a sense f jb security, becming a slasher reduces bredm and prevents becming burned ut n fcusing n a single path.(除了提供一种工作安全感，成为一名“斜杠青年”还能减少无聊感，防止专注于一条道路而筋疲力尽。)”可知，“斜杠青年”受欢迎是因为这种工作方式可以带来经济安全感，以及减少工作中的无聊感，同时结合第六段内容“why they can’t bth take an immediate jb ffer they are nt sure abut as well as wrk tward their ‘dream’ jb(为什么他们不能立刻接受一份自己不确定的工作，同时朝着自己“梦想”的工作努力呢)”可知，这种工作方式还可以有助于追逐梦想。A项“It gives peple mre free time t relax.(它给人们更多的自由时间来放松。)”并未提及。故选A项。
27．词句猜测题。分析前后文语境可知，划线句为该段的末尾总结句。结合前文“Technlgy has als prmted this chice. Online tls and platfrms have allwed peple t pursue different interests and career paths as they have prmted the ability t wrk remtely.(技术也促进了这种选择。在线工具和平台促进了远程工作的能力，使人们能够追求不同的兴趣和职业道路。)”可知，对于想要追求不同的兴趣和职业道路的人来说，距离已经不是问题了，因为可以通过在线工具和平台进行远程工作，由此可推知，划线句“It seems that right nw the sky is the limit fr thse wh are cnsidering what they want t d in the future.(对于那些正在考虑未来想做什么的人来说似乎是没有什么限制了。)”作为该段总结句，呼应主旨，应是表达想找工作的人不会受到限制，因为同时从事多个工作已经可以实现，暗指“大多数人将会同时做几份工作。”故选C项。
28．主旨大意题。通读文章内容可知，文章第二段内容“…but an emerging grup f peple have changed this idea. By pursuing jbs acrss several walks, this grup has cme t be knwn as ‘slashers’.(但一个新兴的群体已经改变了这种想法。通过跨行业寻找工作，这一群体被称为“斜杠青年”。)”提出了文章的核心话题“斜杠青年”，跨行业从事多个工作的新兴群体，并在后文分析了其原因和前景。选项C“Slashing thrugh Jbs.(穿梭在不同工作中的“斜杠青年”)”贴合主题。故选C项。
（2023秋·江苏连云港·高二统考期末）I am an Africa wildlife filmmaker. But wildlife filmmakers frm Africa are rarer than muntain grillas(大猩猩). T understand why there are s few, we need t remember ur recent histry.
When the clnialists(殖民者) ruled Africa, they seized cntrl f the cntinent’s wildlife and ther natural resurces. They saw African wildlife as “big game” and the cntinent’s first prtected natural areas were game reserves created by driving away lcals fr the benefit f white hunters. Later, game reserves were renamed natinal parks and big game hunting gave way t wildlife turism. But African wildlife was still there fr White peple’s enjyment and benefits.
That lcals culd have an interest in preserving wildlife fr its wn sake was rarely cnsidered. Africans -like me wh tried t get invlved in wildlife cnservatin were made t feel ut f place. When I was first interviewed by a British film crew, my interview was cut at the editing stage and replaced by a white man, just because I was an African.
Africa was the setting fr sme f the mst ppular films abut wildlife, but these films were made by western-wned prductin cmpanies fr Western audiences, and mst Africans never even gt t see them. What Africa needed was t see themselves and their view pints in the films. We urgently needed wildlife films made by Africans, abut Africans and fr Africans. As prducer f the dcumentary TV series “Wildlife Warrirs”, I set ut t find African cnservatin heres wh culd play a rle in the dcumentary. I sn discvered that we had sme talented African filmmakers acrss the cntinent.
Tday things are changing fast. Cmpanies like Natinal Gegraphic and the BBC are leading the way with new appraches t glbal strytelling that deliver diversity and equality. Our African wildlife filmmakers’ missin is t draw n the pwer f lcal strytelling t inspire ur peple t save ur cntinent’s rich wildlife.
29．Why are African wildlife filmmakers rare?
A．They lack the talent in making films.B．They live in the shadw f westerners.
C．They are still clnized by the westerns.D．They aren’t interested in filming wildlife.
30．What message des the cut f my interview cnvey?
A．The strictness f the crew.B．The preference fr the British.
C．The prejudice against Africans.D．The benefits f lcal cmmunities.
31．What can we learn frm paragraph 4?
A．The lcals enjy wildlife films set in Africa.
B．Africans play a leading rle in wildlife film-making.
C．Films made by westerners are the mst ppular nes.
D．Africans lng fr having a say in wildlife film-making.
32．What is the purpse f the authr writing the text?
A．T intrduce hw African wildlife are prtected.
B．T urge peple t better preserve African wildlife.
C．T shw that the authr was ignred by westerners.
D．T explain why mre African filmmakers are needed.
【答案】29．B 30．C 31．D 32．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文解释了从历史角度看非洲野生动物制片人以及拍摄者遭受到西方社会的偏见，同时指出在当今快速发展的时代，非洲野生动物电影人应该不断崛起，利用本地特色的故事资源，讲好非洲大陆的故事，呼吁非洲本地人民拯救我们大陆丰富的野生动物。
29．推理判断题。根据第二段中“When the clnialists ruled Africa, they seized cntrl f the cntinent’s wildlife and ther natural resurces. They saw African wildlife as “big game” and the cntinent’s first prtected natural areas were game reserves created by driving away lcals fr the benefit f white hunters.(当殖民主义者统治非洲时，他们控制了非洲大陆的野生动物和其他自然资源。他们视非洲野生动物为“大买卖”，非洲大陆的第一个自然保护区是为了白人猎人的利益而赶走当地人而建立的野生动物保护区。)”可知，考虑到历史因素，非洲大陆的野生动物和其他的历史资源在西方人眼中是巨大的利益，而当地非洲人保护野生动物的兴趣很少被考虑到，因为非洲野生动物电影拍摄者很少是因为非洲摄影者很少被西方人所考虑到即西方人掌控者拍摄非洲动物的主动权。故选B。
30．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Africans -like me wh tried t get invlved in wildlife cnservatin were made t feel ut f place. When I was first interviewed by a British film crew, my interview was cut at the editing stage and replaced by a white man, just because I was an African.(像我这样试图参与野生动物保护的非洲人会感到格格不入。当我第一次接受英国摄制组的采访时，我的采访在剪辑阶段就被剪掉了，取而代之的是一个白人，就因为我是非洲人。)”可知，就是因为作者是非洲人因此在采访的影片中被剪掉了，由此体现出对非洲人的偏见。故选C。
31．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Africa was the setting fr sme f the mst ppular films abut wildlife, but these films were made by western-wned prductin cmpanies fr Western audiences, and mst Africans never even gt t see them.(非洲是一些最受欢迎的野生动物电影的取景地，但这些电影是由西方公司为西方观众制作的，大多数非洲人甚至都没有机会看到它们。)”以及“We urgently needed wildlife films made by Africans, abut Africans and fr Africans. (我们迫切需要由非洲人制作、关于非洲人、为非洲人拍摄的野生动物电影。)”可知，非洲人渴望在野生动物电影制作中拥有发言权。故选D。
32．推理判断题。根据第一段中“I am an Africa wildlife filmmaker. But wildlife filmmakers frm Africa are rarer than muntain grillas(大猩猩). T understand why there are s few, we need t remember ur recent histry.(我是一名非洲野生动物制片人。但来自非洲的野生动物电影人比山地大猩猩还罕见。为了理解为什么它们如此之少，我们需要记住我们的近代史。)”以及最后一段中“Our African wildlife filmmakers’ missin is t draw n the pwer f lcal strytelling t inspire ur peple t save ur cntinent’s rich wildlife.(我们非洲野生动物电影人的使命是利用当地讲故事的力量，激励我们的人民拯救我们大陆丰富的野生动物。)”可知，本文解释了从历史角度看非洲野生动物制片人以及拍摄者遭受到西方社会的偏见，同时指出在当今快速发展的时代，非洲野生动物电影人应该不断崛起，利用本地特色的故事资源，讲好非洲大陆的故事，呼吁非洲本地人民拯救我们大陆丰富的野生动物。故文章的目的是解释为什么需要更多的非洲电影人。故选D。
（2022秋·河北沧州·高二任丘市第一中学校考期中）Faster, cheaper, better--technlgy is ne field many peple rely n t expect a brighter future. But as the 2020s dawn, ptimism is in shrt supply. The new technlgies seem t be making things wrse. Scial media were suppsed t bring peple tgether, but they are better knwn fr leaking privacy. E-cmmerce, ride-hailing (网约车) and the gig ecnmy (零工经济) may be cnvenient, but they are blamed fr underpaying wrkers, wrsening inequality and blcking the streets with vehicles.
Tday’s pessimistic(悲观的) md is centered n smart phnes and scial media, which tk ff( 兴起) a decade ag. Yet cncerns that particular technlgies might be ding mre harm than gd have happened befre. The 1920s saw a criticism( 批判) against cars, which had earlier been seen as an answer t the prblems caused by hrse-drawn vehicles. And industrializatin was criticized in the 19th century by Rmantics wh wrried abut the replacement f skilled wrkers, the rbbing f the cuntryside and the suffering f factry hands.
Hwever, that pessimism(悲观) can be verdne(过头). T ften, peple fcus n the disadvantages f a new technlgy. A further danger: Luddites (反对技术进步者) try t avid the shrt-term csts f a new technlgy, and thus give up its lng-term benefits--smething that Carl Benedikt Frey, an Oxfrd prfessr, calls a “technlgy trap”, which will lead t the slwdwn r even stp f the develpment f a new technlgy. Fr example, fears that rbts will steal peple’s jbs may discurage their use. Yet in the lng term, nearly all cuntries will need mre rbts, nt fewer.
Any pwerful technlgy can be used fr gd r ill. It is peple’s chices abut it that shape the wrld. Perhaps the real surce f anxiety is nt technlgy itself, but grwing dubts abut the ability f scieties t hld this debate, and cme up with gd answers. S as the decade turns, put aside the pessimism fr a mment. T be alive in the tech-bsessed 2020s is t be amng the luckiest peple wh have ever lived.
33．What phenmenn is described in Paragraph 1?
A．The seriusness f scial inequality.
B．The rapid develpment f technlgy.
C．Prblems brught by persnal privacy leaks.
D．Wrries abut the influence f new technlgies.
34．Which wrd can best describe Rmantics’ cncern ver industrializatin?
A．Negative.B．Uncertain.C．indifferent.D．ptimistic.
35．What might be a result f a “technlgy trap”?
A．A lack f gd jbs in the jb market.
B．An increase in the number f Luddites.
C．A decrease in the number f skilled wrkers.
D．An interruptin t the advancement f a new technlgy.
36．What is the best title fr the text?
A．2020s: The Age f TechnlgyB．Technlgy vs Civilizatin
C．Pessimism vs PrgressD．Rbts: Our Future Caretakers
【答案】33．D 34．A 35．D 36．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。科技给人们带来了便利的同时，也给人们带来了很多的困扰，并针对这些问题提出如何选择和使用科技才能让科技促进社会进步。
33．细节理解题。根据首段中的“E-cmmerce, ride-hailing (网约车) and the gig ecnmy (零工经济) may be cnvenient, but they are blamed fr underpaying wrkers, wrsening inequality and blcking the streets with vehicles.(电子商务、网约车和零工经济可能很方便，但它们被要对工人工资过低、不平等加剧和车辆封锁街道负责。)”可知，本段描述了对新科技带来的影响的担心。故选D项。
34．推理判断题。根据第二段中的尾句“And industrializatin was criticized in the 19th century by Rmantics wh wrried abut the replacement f skilled wrkers, the rbbing f the cuntryside and the suffering f factry hands.(工业化在19世纪受到浪漫主义者的批评，他们担心熟练工人的替代，对农村的掠夺和工厂工人的痛苦)”可推断，浪漫主义者对工业化持消极态度。故选A项。
35．细节理解题。根据第三段中“A further danger: Luddites (反对技术进步者) try t avid the shrt-term csts f a new technlgy, and thus give up its lng-term benefits--smething that Carl Benedikt Frey, an Oxfrd prfessr, calls a “technlgy trap”, which will lead t the slwdwn r even stp f the develpment f a new technlgy.(另一个危险是：反对技术进步者试图避免新技术的短期成本，从而放弃其长期利益——牛津大学教授卡尔·贝内迪克特·弗雷称之为“技术陷阱”，这将导致新技术的发展放缓甚至停止。)”可知，技术陷阱的结果就是阻碍了科技的发展。故选D项。
36．主旨大意题。根据尾段中的“Any pwerful technlgy can be used fr gd r ill. It is peple’s chices abut it that shape the wrld.(任何强大的技术都可以有好有坏。正是人们对它的选择塑造了世界。)”和“S as the decade turns, put aside the pessimism fr a mment.(因此，随着十年的过去，暂时搁置悲观情绪。)”可知，新技术有其优点也会带来问题，如何让科技促进社会进步，需要人们做出选择。故C项“悲观和进步”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选C项。
（2022秋·山东淄博·高二山东省淄博实验中学校联考期中）In the rainfrest,thusands f species sing and call, frming sund layers s rich that the human mind can be verwhelmed.Drp a hydrphne(水听器)int an cean and yu will hear similar richness, but it is freign t ur air-adapted ears. Hundreds f thusands f ther vcal(发声的)wnders ring ut acrss the wrld. Every vcal species has a distinctive sund and every place n the glbe has a vcal character.We live in a wrld f vcal wnder,yet this richness is being damaged wrldwide.
In sme places, vcal lss is caused by the destructin f habitats,frm destryed frests t verfished ceans. Hwever, in habitats such as thick rainfrests r ceans, sund is the nly way fr mst animals t cmmunicate even ver shrt distances. This cmmunicatin mating sngs, cperative signals abut fd, cries that indicate scial, status and alarm calls allw cmplex animal life t bm. Elsewhere, nise is als the prblem. Machines pump s much sund int water and air that ther species can’t hear ne anther. The prblem f nise is mst serius in the ceans, where earthquake explratin, shipping and snar(声呐)create a deafening sund that is uninhabitable, r nearly s, fr many species.
Mankind is als affected by envirnmental nise, with cmplaints abut nise pllutin dating t the very first cities, recrded n clay walls frm Babylnia. This nise is n mere incnvenience: It may cause diseases r deaths. The Eurpean Envirnment Agency estimates that envirnmental nise in Eurpe causes 12,000 untimely deaths and 48,000 new cases f heart disease per year.
What can be dne t address these prblems? Perhaps amng the scientific studies f trends in vcal lss, activism t advcate (提倡) fr justice and plicy-making t reduce nise pllutin and habitat destructin, we’d better als find space t listen. Just as we g ut with friends t hear a cncert, might we d the same fr the birds in a city park? In this simple act, we might find inspiratin and a direct cnnectin t ur mre than-human neighbrs.
37．What’s the main idea f paragraph 2?
A．Reasns cntributing t nise.
B．Necessity f prtecting nature.
C．Factrs leading t vcal lss.
D．Significance f sund diversity.
38．Why des the authr list the figures in paragraph 3?
A．T stress the threat f nise.
B．T advcate remving nise.
C．T aruse peple’s health awareness.
D．T criticize the develpment f cities.
39．What des the authr imply in the last paragraph?
A．Make practical plicies.
B．Cnduct mre scientific study.
C．Seek inspiratin frm a cncert.
D．Build bnds with ther creatures.
40．Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A．Can Yu Hear What I Hear?
B．Where Is the Sund Taking Us?
C．Can Yu Smell Smething in Nature?
D．Hw Can We Prtect the Envirnment?
【答案】37．C 38．A 39．D 40．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了人类所在的世界的声音多样性遭到破坏的原因及噪音对人类的危害，并倡导人类与生物建立联系，倾听它们的声音。
37．主旨大意题。根据第二段“In sme places, vcal lss is caused by the destructin f habitats, frm felled frests t verfished ceans.(在一些地方，声音的丧失是由栖息地的破坏引起的，例如森林被砍伐、海洋被过度捕捞。)”和“Elsewhere, nise is als the prblem.(在其他地方，噪音也是一个问题。)”可知，第二段主要说明了破坏声音多样性的因素：栖息地被破坏以及人类制造的噪音。故选C。
38．推理判断题。根据第三段数字所在句子前的“This nise is n mere incnvenience: It creates physilgical burdens that sicken and kill.(这种噪音不仅仅是带来了不便：它造成了令人患病和死亡的生理负担。)”可知，作者引用数字是为了强调噪音给人类带来的威胁。故选A。
39．推理判断题。根据最后一段“we’d better als find space t listen. Just as we g ut with friends t hear a cncert, might we d the same fr the birds in a city park? In this simple act, we might find inspiratin and a direct cnnectin t ur mre than-human neighbrs.(我们最好也能找到倾听的空间。就像我们和朋友出去听音乐会一样，我们会对城市公园里的鸟儿做同样的事情吗？在这个简单的行为中，我们可能会找到灵感和与我们的超人类邻居之间的直接联系。)”可知，作者在最后一段想告诉读者要像和朋友建立联系一样与其他生物也建立联系。故选D。
40．主旨大意题。文章首先说明人类生活在一个充满各样声音的世界里，然而丰富的声音却遭到了破坏，接着介绍了声音遭到破坏的原因：各种生物的栖息地被破坏以及人类制造的噪音，并表明人类的身心健康也受到了噪音的威胁，最后倡导人类与生物建立联系，倾听它们的声音。结合最后一段的建议“Just as we g ut with friends t hear a cncert, might we d the same fr the birds in a city park? In this simple act, we might find inspiratin and a direct cnnectin t ur mre than-human neighbrs.(就像我们和朋友出去听音乐会一样，我们可以为城市公园里的鸟儿做同样的事情吗？在这个简单的行为中，我们可能会找到灵感以及与我们超越人类的邻居的直接联系。)”因此推断A项“Can Yu Hear What I Hear?(你能听到我听到的吗？)”为最佳标题，以问题的方式概括主旨。故选A。