【暑假衔接】（人教版）新高一英语暑假衔接 第07讲 构词法（学生版+教师版）讲义

这是一份【暑假衔接】（人教版）新高一英语暑假衔接 第07讲 构词法（学生版+教师版）讲义，文件包含暑假衔接人教版新高一英语暑假衔接第07讲构词法教师版docx、暑假衔接人教版新高一英语暑假衔接第07讲构词法学生版docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共25页， 欢迎下载使用。


构词法的分类：
英语中的构词法通常包括六种方法: 合成法、派生法、转化法、混合法、截短法和首尾字母结合法。
一、合成法
将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词，叫做合成词。
方式:1)直接写在一起。 2)用连字符(-)连接。 3)由两个分开的词构成。
1.合成形容词
(1)名词+现在分词如:English-speaking讲英语的，suth-facing朝南的
(2)名词+过去分词如:man-made人造的，water-cvered被水覆盖的
(3)名+形容词如:snw-white雪白的，day-lng整天的
(4)形容词+名词+-ed如:warm-hearted热情的，kind-hearted 好心肠的
(5)形容词/副词+现在分词 如:gd-lking好看的，funny-lking滑稽的
(6)副词+过去分词如:well-knwn 出名的，deep-set(眼睛)深陷的
(7)副词/形容词+名词如:right-hand 右手的，full-time 专职的
(8)数词+名词如:100-meter100米的，millin-pund 百万英镑的
(9)数词+名词+形容词 如:180-ft-high180英寸高的，10-year-ld10岁的
(10)数词+名词+-ed如:fur-fted/legged 四脚的，ne-eyed 独眼龙的
2.合成名词
(1)名词+名词如:weekend 周末，classrm教室，bkshp书店
(2)形容词/介+名词如:gentleman绅士，ludspeaker扬声器
(3)动词+名词如:typewriter 打字机，ckbk 烹调书
(4)名词+动词如:daybreak 破晓，tthpick 牙签
(5)动词-ing形式+名词 如:reading-rm阅览室，sleeping-car卧车车厢
(6)副词+动词如:utbreak 爆发，dwnpur倾盆大雨
(7)名词+动名词如:handwriting 笔迹，sun-bathing日光浴
(8)名词+in/t0+名词如:mther-in-law岳母，brther-in-law姐夫
3. 合成动词
(1)副词+动词如:verthrw推翻，understand 理解
(2)形容词+动词如:bradcast 广播，whitewash 粉刷
(3)名词+动词如:typewrite 打字，sleepwalk 梦游
4. 合成副词
介词+名词如:underft 脚下，befrehand事先
形容词+名词如:htft 匆忙地，smeday有朝一日
形容词+副词如:anywhere任何地方，utwards向外
5. 合成介词:
within 在……之内，withut 没有，inside 在……里边，int 进入
6. 合成代词:
myself我自己，urselves我们自己，anyne任何人， nbdy 没有人，nthing没东西，smebdy有人
二、派生法
所谓派生，即在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词。
前缀
前缀通常只改变词义，不改变词性。
1.表示否定的前缀:
(1)un-构成反义词，表示“不”，如:unfit不合适的，unhappy不高兴的
(2)dis-构成反义词，表示“不”，如:discver发现，disagree不同意的
(3)in-/im-构成反义词，表示“不"，用于以c，b，m，p等开头的词
如:impssible 不可能的，incrrect不正确的
ir-构成反义词，表示“不”，用于以r开头的单词如:irregular不规则的
(5)il-构成反义词，表示“不”，用于以1开头的单词如:illegal不合法的(6)mis-构成反义词，表示“错误”，如:mistake错误，misuse错用
(7)nn- 构成反义词，表示“不”，如:nn-stp不停的，nn-smker非吸烟者
2.表示其他意义的前级。
(1)re-表示“再;又:重”，re-多重读，构成双重读词，如:rewrite 重写
(2)-表示“的"，多构成表语形容词，如:alne 单独的，alike 相像的
(3) tele-表示“远程的”，如:telephne电话，televisin电视
(4)en-表示“使”，构成动词，如:enlarge 扩大，enable使能够
(5)inter-表示“关系”，如:Internet因特网，internatinal国际的
3. 另外一些常用英语前缀:
a- 使，离，向;awake 摇醒，apart使分离
ac-,ad-, af-,ag-,al- 一再,加强 accrd 依照，affect 影响
anti- 反，防止;anti-tank反坦克，anti-Japanese抗日，anti-clckwise逆时针
aut- 自，自动:autmatin自动化，autbigraphy自传
be- 在;beside 在旁，befall 降临
bi- 双;bicycle 自行车，bisexual 两性的
c- 共同，互相:c-exist 共存
cm-,cn- 共同，加强;cmbine 联合，cnfirm 使加强
de- 离，加强，降;detrain 下火车
dif- 分开，否定;differ 区分，difficult困难
dis- 否定，离，完全;disallw 不准，disarrange 搞乱
e- 出，向外;exprt 出口，expand 扩展
en-,em- 在内，用于，使;encage 装入笼子，
in-,im-,il- 无，向内，加强; incrrect不正确，impulse冲动
inter- 在 …… 之间;internatinal 国际，internet 互联网。
interview 采访，interact 互动
kil- 千;kilmetres，kilwatt，kilgrams
micr- 微:micrbe 微生物
mini- 微小;minibus 小巴，miskirt 超短裙，minister大臣部长
neg- 不，非;neglect 忽视，negate 否定
nn- 不，非;nn-party 无党派的，nn-stp 不间断
b-,c-,p- 包围，逆反;bject，ppse 反对，ppsite 对面，ccur出现
ut- 在外，除去;utlaw 逃亡者，utrt 根除
ver- 超出，反转;verweight 超重，verthrw推翻
per- 贯通，遍及;perfrm 完成，perfect完美
pst- 在后;pstwar 战后，pstern后门
pre- 在前;preface 前言，
pr- 向前，拥护:prlgue 序言，pr-American 亲美的
re- 重复，相反;recall 回忆，react 反应
se- 分离;separate 使分离，select 选出
sub-,suc-,sug- 在下，次于:subway 地铁，succeed 继承
sur- 超，外加;surface 表面，surtax附加税
tele- 远;televisin 电视
trans- 超过，透过translate 翻译，transprt 运输
un- 否定;unfair 不公平的
up- 向上;upset 推翻，upstairs 在楼上
uni- 单一;united 联合的，unit 单位
后缀
后缀通常改变词性，构成意思相近的其它词性的词:少数后缀同时会改变词义。
1. 形容词性后缀:
(1)-al 如:natin→natinal民族的，国家的;nature→natural自然的
(2)-able 表示“有能力的”，如:eat→eatable 能吃的
(3)-anian 表示“国家的，国家人的”，如:America→American美国(人)的
(4)-ern表示“方向的”，如:east→eastern东方的，suth→suthern南方的
(5)-ful 如:beauty→beautiful美丽的，care→careful小心的
(6)-less 表示否定，如:care→careless粗心的，use→useless无用的
(7)-ic/ical 如:electricity→electric/electrical电的
(8)-ese表示“人的”，如:China一Chinese中国(人)的
(9)-ly 如:friend→friendly 友好的，year→yearly 每年的
(10)-y表示“天气”等，如:clud→cludy多云的，dust→dusty多尘的
(11)-us 如:famus著名的，cntinuus连续不断的
(12)-ish 如:childish 孩子气的，selfish自私的
(13)-en 如:glden金色的，wden木制的，wlen羊毛的
(14)-ive 如:active 积极的，cllective 集体的
2.动词后缀:
(1)-fy 如:beauty→beautify 美化
(2)-en 如:wide-widen加宽，sharp→sharpen削，lse→lsen 使松散
3. 副词后缀:
(1)-ly 如:bad→badly 坏地，easy→easily容易地
(2)-ward 表示“方向”，如: backward 向后，eastward 向东
4. 名词后缀:
(1) -ment 如:agree→agreement协议，mve→mvement运动
(2) -ness如:happy→happiness幸福，busy→business事务
(3) -tin 如:explain→explanatin 解释，dictate→dictatin听写
(4)-er表示“人”，如:wrk→wrker工人，buy→buyer买主
(5)-r表示“人”，如:act→actr 演员，sail→sailr 海员
(6)-ist表示“人”，如:pian→pianist钢琴家，science→scientist科学家
(7)-ess表示“人或动物”，指阴性，如:actress 女演员，liness 母狮子
(8)-ful 表示“量”，如:muthful一口，handful一把
(9)-th如:true→truth 真理，lng→length长度
5. 数词后缀:
(1)-teen 构成“十几”，如:five→fifteen十五
(2)-ty构成“几十”， 如:nine→ninety九十，five→fifty 五十
(3)-th构成序数词，如:five→fifth第五，six→sixth第六
6. 英语常用后缀:
-ability,-ibility……能力，……性:stability 稳定，sensibility敏感性
-able,-ible 能……的:unable 无能力，terrible可怕的
acy……性质、状态:illiteracy文盲，intricacy错综复杂
-age 动作状态，总称: flwage 泛滥，pstage 邮费
-al 动作，行为，……的:manual手册，central中心的
-an 人，籍贯，…… 的:African，publican旅店主
-ance,-ancy 行为，性质，状态:distance距离，currency流通
-ant,ent 人，……的，助手:assistant助手，excellent优秀的
-ary 地点，人，事物:library 图书馆，military军事
-ate 做，职位，……的:dctrate博士学位，adequate足够的
-atin,-itin 动作，性质，状态:visitatin 访问，additin 附加物
-craft 技巧，工艺:aircraft 飞机，handicraft手艺
cy 形状，状态，职位:secrecy秘密，fancy幻想
-dm 形态，领域:freedm，kingdm
-ed 有……的:cultured，puzzled
-ence,ency 行为，性质，状态:difference 差别，frequency频率
-er,eer.r 人:killer 杀手，engineer工程师，dctr医生
-ern 地点，方位:eastern 东方的，cavern 洞穴
-ese 人，语言，国籍:Chinese，Japanese
-ess 女子，雌性:actress 女演员
-hd 状态，身份:childhd 童年，livelihd 生计
-ic 学术，职业，……的:music 音乐，atmic 原子的
-ice 人，抽象名词:service 服务，nvice 新手 -ics 学术:physics 物理学
-ing 总称:clthing 衣服，building建筑，feeling感觉 -in 物品:cushin 坐垫，expressin表达
-ism 主义，宗教: Scialism，Islamism伊斯兰教
-ist……者:cmmunist共产主义者，dentist牙医，pianist钢琴家
-ive 人，物，……的:native本地人，attractive有吸引力的
-less 无……的:careless 粗心，hmeless 无家可归的，fearless 无畏的。
-lgy 学:zlgy 动物学，bilgy 生物学
-ly……的，……地:daily，friendly，quickly
-ment 状况，物，组织:treatment治疗，develpment 开发展，department部门
-ness 抽象名词:darkness，kindness，happiness
-us 有……的:famus，dangerus 危险
-ship 状况，事物:friendship，leadership，prfessrship，hrsemanship 马术师资格
-sin,-tin 动作，性质，状态:expansin扩展，descriptin描述
-th 状况，第……:yuth，health，fifth
-ty……:specialty 专业，safety安全，fifty
-ure 状况，物:pleasure 快乐，picture,
-y状况，学术，小……的: harmny 和谐，btany 植物学，baby婴儿
三、转化Cnversin
指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。
1.名词和动词之间的转化
telephne电话-打电话，mirrr镜子-像镜子一样反映 drink 喝-饮料，recrd录音--记录
2.转化为动词perfect 完美的--使完善
3.名词转化为形容词(副词)frnt前面--前面的
4.形容词转化为名词chief主要的-首领
四、截短法(缩略法)
截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1.截头
telephne→phneaerplane→planemnibus→bus
2.去尾
mathematics-mathsc-perate-c-pexaminatin→exam
kilgram→killabratry→labtaxicab→taxi
3.截头去尾
influenza→flurefrigeratr→fridgeprescriptin-script
五、混合法(混成法)
混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。如:
news bradcast→newscast 新闻广播televisin bradcast→telecast电视播送
smke and fg→smg 烟雾helicpter airprt→heliprt 直升飞机场
六、首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。
读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音:作为一个单词读音。
very imprtant persn→VIP(读字母音)要人;大人物 televisin→TV(读字母音)电视
Testing f English as a Freign L.anguage→TOEFL 托福
考点一：名词转变为动词变换
1. This develpment was nly pssible with the_________(intrduce) f electric-pwered engines and lifts
2. When they were free frm wrk, they invited us t lcal events and let us knw f an interesting_________(cmpete) t watch, tgether with the stry behind it.
3. Then, handle the mst imprtant tasks first s yu1 feel a real sense f_________(achieve).
考点二：名词和形容词互相变换
1.English is a very__________(use) tl while yu're traveling abrad
2. I'm very __________(please) with my wn cking. It lks nice and smells delicius.
3. Tm sunds very much __________(interest) in the jb, but I'm nt sure whether he can manage it.
4. He is cnstantly cmplaining. I have never met a (nise) persn.
考点二：形容词和副词互相变换
_________ (gradual), little Tm gt used t being the nly child at a table full f adults.
Wrk gets dne ____________(easy) when peple d it tgether.
3.Lk at yu! Yu’re breathing s _______(heavy). We’re nt even halfway there yet.
（2022年全国甲卷语法填空）
by the Belt and Rad Frum fr Internatinal Cperatin held in Beijing, Ca decided t cver the rute by hiking as a tribute (致敬) t the ancient Silk Rad. ___A 64___ friend f his, Wu Fan, vlunteered t be his cmpanin during the trip.
Ca and Wu als cllected garbage alng the rad, in rder t prmte envirnmental ___65___ (prtect). Ca believes this will make the hiking trip even mre ___66___ (meaning). The tw f them cllected mre than 1,000 plastic bttles alng the 40-day jurney.
（2022年全国甲卷短文改错）I felt s clsely t him.
（2022年全国乙卷语法填空）
a main prmter f the Internatinal Tea Day, the birthplace f tea and the largest tea-prducing cuntry, China has a 65 （respnsible）t wrk with ther cuntries t prmte the healthy develpment f the tea industry.
4. （2022年全国乙卷短文改错）We all knw that cycling is a greatly
5. (2022年全国高考新高考I卷语法填空)
The GPNP’s main gal is t imprve cnnectivity between separate ___62___ (ppulatin)and hmes f giant pandas, and ___63___ (eventual)achieve a desired level f ppulatin in the wild.
基础过关检测
1.She has the ___________(able) t run her father's business.
2. Please take care f my mther during my___________(absent).
3. N ne knws that he graduated frm a plice ___________(academic).
4.The remte desert area is ___________（access） nly by helicpter.
5. They were prud f their children's ___________(achieve).
6. Yu can take part in ___________(act) frm caneing t bird watching.
7.T a new envirnment, there will be a prcess f ___________(adapt).
8.She went thrugh a perid f emtinal ___________(adjust) after her marriage brke up.
9.Madnna, in particular, has played an ___________(admire) rle.
10. Miss Parrish recently placed an ___________(advertise) in the lcal newspaper.
11.An ___________(agree) was finally reached between management and emplyees.
12.I was ___________(amaze) at her knwledge f French literature.
13. I fail t see why yu find the jke s ___________(amuse).
14. The bk is an ___________( analyze) f pverty and its causes.
15. He was filled with ___________(angry) at the way he had been treated.
16.If yu're wrried abut yur health, share yur___________(anxiety) with yur dctr.
17. Yu we him an ___________( aplgize ) fr what yu said.
18. She had never been greatly cncerned abut her ___________(appear).
19. Further infrmatin is available n ___________(apply) t the principal.
20. She made an ___________(appint) fr her sn t see the dctr.
21. I had n ___________( appreciate) f the prblems they faced.
22. We had an ___________（argue） with the waiter abut the bill.
23. They had an ___________(arrange) that the children wuld spend tw weeks with each parent.
24. On his___________(arrive), Elaine met him at the bus statin
25. What's yur ___________(assess)f her chances f winning?
高考必考题型练习
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Text 1
（广东省深圳市高级中学2022-2023学年高一上学期11月期中）One's attitude twards life 1 (have) a great impact n his r her life quality. Therefre, if yu want t live a better life, a psitive attitude is 2 must. It is the single biggest thing 3 can make a difference in many aspects. It brings ptimism int yur life, and makes it easier t avid wrries and negative thinking. If yu adpt it as a way f life, it wuld bring cnstructive 4 (change) int yur life, and make yu happier, brighter and mre successful. With a psitive attitude yu see the bright side f life,becme ptimistic, and expect the best 5 (happen). It is 6 (certain) a state f mind that is well wrth develping. A psitive mind can help yu in many ways. It leads t 7 (happy) and success and can change yur whle life. If yu lk at the bright side f life, yur whle life becmes 8 (fill) with light. This light affects nt nly yu and the way yu lk at the wrld, 9 affects yur envirnment and the peple arund yu. S, always keep this 10 mind:Life is very much like a mirrr, if yu smile upn it, it smiles back upn t yu, if yu frwn and lk dubtful n it, yu will get a similar lk in return.
Text 2
（广东省揭阳市惠来县第一中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中考试）As yu grw lder, there 11 (be) certain events that will mark (纪念) yur grwth. 12 (graduate) frm high schl and getting yur first jb are just tw f these. What are sme ther ways in which we mark ur jurney tward adulthd?
In the US, getting yur driver’s license at the age f 16 is viewed 13 a majr cming-f-age ritual (仪式). Yu may have seen kids celebrating their first car in mvies and TV shws. It is the first true taste f 14 (independent) fr mst teenagers. 15 nt every teenager gets a new car right away. 16 (usual), their parents will buy a secnd-hand car 17 them as their first car.
Anther big cming-f-age event is the prm (毕业舞会). Held at the end f the year, the prm is a graduatin celebratin fr senir high schl students. Teenagers wear fancy clthing, ask each ther t dance and vte fr a prm “king” and “queen”. Fr many teenagers, prm is the 18 (big) scial event f the year. It’s time fr them 19 (dress) like 20 adult.
Text 3
（广东省深圳市6校联盟2022-2023学年高一上学期11月期中）It was my first day at my new schl.I was half-excited and half-frightened.On my way t schl I was quite cncerned abut 21 (variety) f questins 22 sme bys wuld ask me and practiced all the answers.I was afraid t be in truble. I als cnsidered if it was a rule fr bys t fight strangers like me, but I was tall fr my age. My strength and height might stp them frm risking it.Everybdy liked gd 23 (behave) s I must pay attentin. There were fifty bys in the class, s I didn’t stand ut (突出) there until the first lessn f the afternn. Mr. Jnes, my teacher, first said t several bys, “Wh knws Dickens’ birthplace?” But n ne guessed right. A by whse name was Brian said, “Timbuktu”, and Mr. Jnes went red in the face. Then he asked me.I said, “Prtsmuth”, and everyne lked at me because Mr. Jnes said I was right.This didn’t make me very ppular, f curse. Brian’s quick respnse was his wrds, “Hw did yu get 24 answer? Yu think yu are clever.”
After that, we went ut t the playgrund where they ften played ftball, I was n Brian’s team, and he 25 (bvius) had Dickens n his mind because he tld me t g in gal (守门). N ne ever wanted t be a galkeeper.“He’s big enugh and useless enugh,” Brian said. When the game was nearly ver, Brian pushed ne f the players n the ther team, and they gt a penalty (点球). As the by kicked the ball hard alng the grund t my right, I threw myself dwn and managed 26 (save) it All my team crwded rund me and they were all prud 27 me. My knees were bleeding but I was nt injured badly. Brian 28 (apprach) me, tk ut a handkerchief and ffered it t me. This match was smewhat 29 (significance) t me.
“Please jin my team again next time.We 30 (play) this Saturday,” he said. At the end f the day, I was n lnger a stranger. And I gradually wn their trust and respect.
目标 1
了解常见前缀和后缀。
目标 2
掌握各个词形之间的转换。