【暑假衔接】高中英语 新高三（高二升高三）自学课第15讲 阅读理解-【教师版+学生版】讲义

这是一份【暑假衔接】高中英语 新高三（高二升高三）自学课第15讲 阅读理解-【教师版+学生版】讲义，文件包含暑假衔接高中英语新高三高二升高三自学课第15讲阅读理解-教师版docx、暑假衔接高中英语新高三高二升高三自学课第15讲阅读理解-学生版docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共50页， 欢迎下载使用。

能够快速阅读并能从中获取有用信息并加以处理做出正确选择。
【基础知识】
读文方式
(一)问题→文章→问题 先看问题，然后带着问题去读文章，再答题。这种方式能够节省答题时间，针对性强，适用于解答细节性和事实性的题目。
(二)文章→问题→文章 泛读文章，然后看题目，再精读来答题。这种方式有利于把握文章主旨及作者的观点意图，对文章理解度较深，但速度较慢。
上面两种读文方式无优劣之别，一旦选择了适合自身的方式，就要持之以恒。
化解生词
在此，我们首先强调必须要注意词汇的积累，因为它是提高阅读水平最基础也是最重要的一步。但一般来说，在文章中总会碰到一些生词，这也符合《考试大纲》(允许出现3%的超纲词)的要求。对于生词我们一般可通过以下三种方式来破解：
1．跳过无关紧要的词
高考的阅读理解中出现的生词有相当大的一部分是没必要精准知道词义的，它的具体含义对文章或基本句意的理解不会有什么影响。如，同时出现的几个首字母大写的单词，很可能是专有名词，只需知道它是某个名称即可；再如，斜体的单词很可能是某书、电影等的名称或某个专业术语，只需知道它代表何物即可。对于类似这样的词汇，不必过多纠缠，跳过便是。我们建议在平时练习时，要加强对生词的容忍度并进行跳过技巧的训练，这样临场时才能保证做题的速度和准确率。
2．猜测有影响的词
阅读中有些生词对文章理解至关重要，必须要知道它的准确含义，这类词通常是“词义猜测”类试题的设题重点。对于它的破解我们会在下文“第4讲 词义猜测类”中具体阐述。
3．拆分长难句
阅读中出现的长难句经常是对文章理解的障碍，这是因为它一方面结构复杂，经常多种从句套用，另一方面是因为它分隔现象比较普遍，常将从句隔离开，有时还出现省略、倒装、虚拟等特殊句式用法，这些无疑都增加了理解的难度。长难句的破解关键在于要能找出句子的主干成分，分清从属成分。即将“枝叶”——介词短语、插入语、定语(从句)、状语(从句)、同位语(从句)、非谓语等去掉，留下的便是“主干”。
[典例] Rachel Liang (梁文音), a Taiwanese singer, wh nce cmpeted in a series f Taiwanese singing cntests, such as the Blackie Shw (《我爱黑涩会》), and One Millin Stars (《超级星光大道》), rse t fame while playing Kjima Tmk (小岛友子) in the Taiwanese blck Cape N.7 (《海角七号》)．
去枝叶：同位语(a Taiwanese singer)，定语从句(wh nce cmpeted in a series f Taiwanese singing cntests, such as the Blackie Shw, and One Millin Stars)，状语从句的省略(while playing Kjima Tmk in the Taiwanese blck Cape N.7)；
留主干：Rachel Liang rse t fame. (S＋V)梁文音成名了。
梁文音何许人也(同位语)，经历如何(定语从句)，什么节目中成名(状语从句的省略)。
阅读侧重点
1．首尾处
高考中的阅读理解尤其是说明文和议论文，文章的结构层次都非常规范，逻辑性都很强，这类文章的首尾段经常是文章的主旨要义，而每段的首尾句经常又是该段落的主题句。正因如此，这些地方也就理所当然地成为了命题的重点所在。
2．转折处
文章中的转折处经常是体现作者观点或文章主题的地方，看到这些地方要重点关注并做上标记，以便做题时查找。常见的转折词有：but, hwever, yet, still, in fact, as a matter f fact, n the cntrary等。
3．对比处
文章中作者经常将两个事物、事实或观点进行对比，以论证自己观点的正确性，而命题者常将针对双方的属性进行设题，此类试题多是推理判断题。常见的表示对比的标志性词语有：unlike, by cntrast, (be) cmpared with, in cmparisn等。
4．举例处
一般情况下在议论文和说明文中，作者都会通过例证的方式来说明某事物的功能作用或论证某种观点，这些地方通常是设题的热点区域。要牢记一般举例的前后处即为该例子的论点，找到了论点也就找到了根源，做题也就有了依据。常见的标志性词语有：like, such as, fr example, fr instance, take ... as an example等。
5．因果处
因果关系阐明了两事物的内在联系，是作者进行分析或得出结论的地方。正因如此，命题者对这些地方非常青睐，通常命题者会将因果颠倒。常见的标志性词语有：because, fr, since, as, s, thus, therefre, cnsequently, cause, because f, due t, thanks t, as a result (f), result in/frm, lead t等。需要注意的是，有时候文章中虽未出现表示因果关系的词语，但在逻辑上存在此种关系，此时就要根据实际情况去进行推理判断，理清逻辑。
6．特殊标点处
文章的特殊标点处通常是作者表达特殊意图的地方，也是命题者经常设题处。因此，要对下列特殊标点格外留心：①破折号，其后的内容通常为对前面内容的解释说明或补充，用来表明此处信息至关重要。但两个破折号的作用通常为插入语，一般不会是重点信息所在；②冒号，主要用来对前面内容进行解释或总结。一般情况下，出现冒号重点关注冒号后的内容即可；③括号，需要注意的是英文中的括号不同于中文的用法，中文里可跳过，但英文必须要认真阅读。因为英文括号里的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前的内容，是重点信息所在处。
7．结论处
当文章中出现the research/study indicates, the reprt suggests等结论性表达时，要格外注意。因为命题者通常不考查实验或研究的过程，却关注其结果或结论，而这些地方恰恰是表达结果或结论的所在。
8．观点处
文章的作者及文章中提到的相关人员对某人或事物表达的观点态度通常会是命题的重点区域。做题时要注意dubt, appreciate, hate, be against/fr, in favr f等词语。
考点一细节理解题
1 定位对比破解直接信息题
解题指导 审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文→比对选项与文中细节，得出答案。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅰ·A篇)
Train Infrmatin
All custmers travelling n TransLink services must be in pssessin f a valid ticket befre barding. Fr ticket infrmatin, please ask at yur lcal statin r call 13 12 30.
21．What wuld yu d get ticket infrmatin?
A．Call 13 16 17.
B．Visit
C．Ask at the lcal statin.
D．Check the train schedule.
2 同义互释破解间接信息题
解题指导 审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换(同义或近义词语)→逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。
3 整合推算破解数字计算题
解题指导 审读题干，提取关键信息→定位原文中包含该信息的相关段落→进行推算，得出答案。
[典例] (2018·江苏高考·A篇) ...
Admissin
$25.00 recmmended fr adults, $12.00 recmmended fr students, includes the Main Building and The Clisters (回廊) n the same day; free fr children under 12 with an adult.
...
56．Hw much may they pay if an 11­year­ld girl and her wrking parents visit the museum?
A．$12. B．$37.
C．$50. D．$62.
4 首尾定位破解细节排序题
解题指导 审读题干和四个选项的内容→利用首尾，排除掉部分选项，缩小范围→如排序内容较多，再查看剩余选项的异同处，进一步缩小范围；如排序内容较少，一般即可快速得出答案。
[典例] A schlgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serius allergic (过敏的) reactin which stpped his heart.
Izzy, nine, restarted father Clm's heart by stamping (踩) n his chest after he fell dwn at hme and stpped breathing.
Izzy's mther, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew dctrs wuld never arrive in time t save her father, s decided t use CPR.
Hwever, she quickly discvered her arms weren't strng enugh, s she stamped n her father's chest instead.
Debbie then tk ver with sme mre cnventinal chest cmpressins (按压) until the ambulance arrived.
Izzy, wh has been given a bravery award by her schl, said, “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn't strng enugh t use hands. I was quite scared. The dctr said I might as well be a dctr r a nurse. My mum said that Dad was ging t hspital with a big ftprint n his chest.”
“She's a little star，” said Debbie, “I was really upset but Izzy just tk ver. I just can't believe what she did. I really think all children shuld be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the dctr turned up. Clm had t have mre treatment n the way t the hspital and we've gt t see an expert.”
Truck driver Clm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reactin n Saturday and was taken t hspital, but was sent hme nly fr it t happen again the next day. The secnd attack was s serius that his airway swelled, preventing him frm breathing, his bld pressure drpped suddenly, and his heart stpped fr a mment.
He has nw made a full recvery frm his suffering.
What's the right rder f the events?
①Izzy kicked Clm. ②Debbie called 999.
③Izzy learned CPR. ④Clm's heart stpped.
A．③①②④ B．④②③①
C．③④②① D．④③①②
考点二推理判断题
题型破解
1 逻辑分析推断隐含意义
解题指导 1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；2.整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C篇)
As data and identity theft becmes mre and mre cmmn, the market is grwing fr bimetric (生物测量) technlgies—like fingerprint scans—t keep thers ut f private e－spaces. At present, these technlgies are still expensive, thugh.
Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw－cst device (装置) that gets arund this prblem：a smart keybard. This smart keybard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which ne types and the pressure fingers apply t each key. The keybard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique t each persn. Thus, the keybard can determine peple's identities, and by extensin, whether they shuld be given access t the cmputer it's cnnected t—regardless f whether smene gets the passwrd right.
It als desn't require a new type f technlgy that peple aren't already familiar with. Everybdy uses a keybard and everybdy types differently.
In a study describing the technlgy, the researchers had 100 vlunteers type the wrd “tuch” fur times using the smart keybard. Data cllected frm the device culd be used t recgnize different participants based n hw they typed, with very lw errr rates. The researchers say that the keybard shuld be pretty straightfrward t cmmercialize and is mstly made f inexpensive, plastic－like parts. The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.
28．Why d the researchers develp the smart keybard?
A．T reduce pressure n keys.
B．T imprve accuracy in typing.
C．T replace the passwrd system.
D．T cut the cst f e－space prtectin.
29．What makes the inventin f the smart keybard pssible?
A．Cmputers are much easier t perate.
B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develp fast.
C．Typing patterns vary frm persn t persn.
D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
2 文体特点推断写作意图
解题指导 1.记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开；2.应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言；3.说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，故应找准主题句；4.议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。
[典例] (2020·山东高考·C篇)
In the mid­1990s, Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven mnths, physically brken and having lst his mind. A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.
His visit, hwever, ended up invlving a lt mre than that. Hence this bk, Chasing the Sea: Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia, which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan, where millins f lives have been destryed by the slw drying up f the sea. It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land, and f the peple he meets n his way: Rustam, his translatr, a lvely 24­year­ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia, Oleg and Natasha, his hsts in Tashkent, and a string f freign aid wrkers.
...
Mr Bissell skillfully rganizes histrical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well­runded picture f Uzbekistan, seen frm Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stmach. As the authr explains, this is neither a travel nr a histry bk, r even a piece f reprtage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid descriptin f the purest f Central Asian traditins.
11．What is the purpse f this text?
A．T intrduce a bk.
B．T explain a cultural phenmenn.
C．T remember a writer.
D．T recmmend a travel destinatin.
3 忠于措辞推断观点态度
解题指导 1.注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断；2.牢记观点态度的常见词语：①支持肯定：psitive(积极的)、supprtive(支持的)、ptimistic(乐观的)、humrus(幽默的)、enthusiastic(热情的)、pleasant(愉快的)；②中立：neutral(中立的)、bjective(客观的)、nt mentined(未提及的)、uninterested(不感兴趣的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)；③否定反对：negative(否定的)、suspicius/skeptical(怀疑的)、disgusted(憎恶的)、critical(批评的)、disappinted(失望的)、disapprving(不赞成的)。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅰ·C篇)
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.
Race walkers are cnditined athletes. The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50­kilmeter race walk, which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn. But the sprt's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact (接触) with the grund at all times. It's this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
...
As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt's strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme practice.
31．Which wrd best describes the authr's attitude t race walking?
A．Skeptical. B．Objective.
C．Tlerant. D．Cnservative.
4 语言特色推断出处
解题指导 1.广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点；2.报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活为主；3.杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活；4.产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍；5.药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等；6.网络：文体不限，找到click here, dwnlad, uplad, link, muse, surf等网络标志语。
[典例] (2020·安徽省普通高等学校招生全国统一考试模拟试题)
Researchers in Singapre fund that eating mushrms ver twice per week culd help prevent memry and language prblems later in life.
Accrding t the study, published in the Jurnal f Alzheimer's Disease, there is a unique antixidant (抗氧化物质) present in mushrms that helps prtect certain brain functins.
Researchers bserved 663 Chinese adults aged ver 60 whse diets and lifestyles were tracked frm 2011 t 2017. In the study, the participants were asked hw ften they ate six different types f mushrms: yster, shiitake, white buttn, dried, glden and tinned. The findings shwed that eating mre than tw shares f mushrms per week smehw lwered the chances f mild cgnitive impairment (MCI) by 50% against thse wh ate fewer than ne share.
MCI is a cnditin that can make peple frgetful, affect their memry and cause prblems with language, attentin and finding the exact psitin f bjects in space. Changes in behavir can be nt very nticeable and nt serius enugh t be knwn as dementia (痴呆)．
Participants wh ate mre mushrms were fund t perfrm better in thinking and prcessing exams and als exhibited a faster prcessing speed. The advantage was reprtedly mre apparent in thse wh ate mre than tw shares a week r mre than 300 grams.
The scientists pinted ut, hwever, that they have yet t put up a direct link between the fungi and brain functin.
The researchers als acknwledged that since this study mainly relied n self­reprted infrmatin n mushrm intake and ther dietary factrs (因素), further studies may be required.
Still, the lead study authr Lei Feng is encuraged by their findings.
“This crrelatin is surprising and encuraging”， Lei said.
Mushrms are ne f the richest dietary surces f ergthineine—a matter which humans can't make n ur wn.
31．Frm which is the text mst prbably taken?
A．Scientific fictin. B.An advertisement.
C．A science reprt. D．Adult literature.
5 写作思路推断文章结构
解题指导 1.了解常见写作手法：按事件发展的顺序；按时间顺序；按地点或空间顺序；按内容总分关系；按人物活动内容；2.把握写作思路：在理解全文的基础上对所描述的事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或论证过程中使用的论证方法进行推理判断和分析总结时，准确把握作者的写作思路尤为重要。
[典例] (2016·四川高考·D篇)
A warm drink f milk befre bed has lng been the best chice fr thse wanting a gd night's sleep. But nw a study has fund it really des help peple nd ff—if it is milked frm a cw at night.
Researchers have discvered that “night milk” cntains mre melatnin (褪黑激素), which has been prven t help peple feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers frm Seul, Suth Krea, invlved mice being fed with dried milk pwder made frm cws milked bth during the day and at night.
...
Previus studies have als indicated that milk can be excellent fr helping sleep because f the calcium cntent, which helps peple t relax.
35．Hw des the authr supprt the theme f the text?
A．By giving examples.
B．By stating arguments.
C．By explaining statistical data.
D．By prviding research results.
考点三主旨大意类
题型破解
1 寻找主题句确定文章大意
解题指导 文章由段落组成，段落的中心思想服务于文章的中心思想，因此找到每个段落的主题句，总结概括后便不难得出文章的主旨大意。一般情况下，段落的主题句通常在该逻辑段落的首尾，但也有些难度较大的试题会隐含在段落之中，此时要理解全文结构，找到支撑性细节内容。速读文首文尾、段首段尾，搜索主题线索及信息便可快速找到主题句，以下为找到主题句的5个小窍门：1.段落中出现表转折的词语(hwever, but, in fact, actually, while, n the cntrary, in cntrast等)时，其后的句子通常为主题句；2.首段出现疑问句时，对该句的回答很可能就是主题句；3.作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词(主旨句通常包含关键词)；4.首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后的内容通常为主题句；5.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefre, in shrt, cnclude, cnclusin, thus等词。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ·C篇)
With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin (孤独), mre families are chsing t live tgether.
The drway t peace and quiet, fr Nick Bright at least, leads straight t his mther­in­law, she lives n the grund flr, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their tw daughters.
Fur years ag they all mved int a three­strey Victrian huse in Bristl—ne f a grwing number f multigeneratinal families in the UK living tgether under the same rf. They share a frnt dr and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her wn kitchen, bathrm, bedrm and living rm n the grund flr.
“We flated the idea t my mum f sharing a huse，” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spke mre with Nick because I think it's a big thing fr Nick t live with his mther­in­law.”
And what des Nick think? “Frm my standpint, it all seems t wrk very well. Wuld I recmmend it? Yes, I think I wuld.”
It's hard t tell exactly hw many peple agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising fr sme time. Official reprts suggest that the number f husehlds with three generatins living tgether had risen frm 325,000 in 2001 t 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties f multigeneratinal family are mre cmmn. Sme peple live with their elderly parents; many mre adult children are returning t the family hme, if they ever left. It is said that abut 20% f 25­34­year­lds live with their parents, cmpared with 16% in 1991.The ttal number f all multigeneratinal husehlds in Britain is thught t be abut 1.8 millin.
Stries like that are mre cmmn in parts f the wrld where multigeneratinal living is mre firmly rted. In India, particularly utside cities, yung wmen are expected t mve in with their husband's family when they get married.
31．What is the text mainly abut?
A．Lifestyles in different cuntries.
B．Cnflicts between generatins.
C．A husing prblem in Britain.
D．A rising trend f living in the UK.
2 通过结构或暗示概括段落大意
解题指导 1.根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。2.通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ·B篇)
The creative team behind “Apes” used mtin­capture (动作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that recrds an actr's perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (图像). In this case, ne f a realistic­lking ape.
25．What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut?
A．The cst f making “Apes.”
B．The creatin f digitalized apes.
C．The publicity abut “Apes.”
D．The perfrmance f real apes.
3 三大方法定标题
解题指导 1.最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：①概括精准而简洁；②针对性强，标题外延与文章内容恰好相符；③醒目，能引发读者阅读欲望。2.三大方法：①正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；②方面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；③研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。
[典例] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ·D篇)
I have a special place in my heart fr libraries. I have fr as lng as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, smetimes reading up t three bks a day as a child. Stries were like air t me and while ther kids played ball r went t parties, I lived ut adventures thrugh the bks I checked ut frm the library.
My first jb was wrking at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years ld. It was a dream jb and I did everything frm shelving bks t reading t the children fr stry time.
As I grew lder and became a mther, the library tk n a new place and an_added_meaning in my life. I had several children and bks were ur main surce (来源) f entertainment. It was a big deal fr us t lad up and g t the lcal library, where my kids culd pick ut bks t read r bks they wanted me t read t them.
I always read, using different vices, as thugh I were acting ut the stries with my vice and they lved it! It was a special time t bnd with my children and it filled them with the wnderment f bks .
Nw, I see my children taking their children t the library and I lve that the excitement f ging t the library lives n frm generatin t generatin.
As a nvelist, I've fund a new relatinship with libraries. I encurage readers t g t their lcal library when they can't affrd t purchase a bk. I see libraries as a safe haven (避风港) fr readers and writers, a bridge that helps put tgether a reader with a bk. Libraries, in their wn way, help fight bk piracy (盗版行为) and I think all writers shuld supprt libraries in a significant way when they can. Encurage readers t use the library. Share library annuncements n yur scial media. Frequent them and talk abut them when yu can.
35．Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Reading: A Surce f Knwledge
B．My Idea abut Writing
C．Library: A Haven fr the Yung
D．My Lve f the Library
考点四词义猜测类
题型破解
1 语境分析猜词义
解题指导 词义猜测常用的五种方法：1.基本构词法：根据前后缀、合成及词性转换去猜测词义；2.同义或定义解释法：上下文中以某种方式对其进行解释，如利用r, that is (t say), in ther wrds, namely等词语进行解释，或利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句等进行解释；3.前后对比法：上下文中往往对生词提供一定的对比背景，且常以反义或对照的方式出现，以此可推测出生词的含义；4.因果推断法：结合上下文的因果关系进行猜测；5.语境理解法：要准确猜测出生词的含义大多需要根据上下文语境去分析和推断。
[典例] (2020·山东高考·D篇) ...
Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins (份), it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
13．What des the underlined wrd “beanples” in paragraph 1 refer t?
A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persns.
C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persns.
2 就近原则猜指代
解题指导 猜测代替词的指代内容，要求判断代词(it, ne, they, this, that, these, thse, which等)或助动词(d, des, did等)具体替代什么。可按以下三步进行：返回原文，找到指代词→向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子→将找到的词、词组或句子代入替代该指代词，看意思和逻辑关系是否通顺，从而确定最佳选项。
[典例] (2020·浙江高考·B篇) ...
The traffic signals alng Factria Bulevard in Bellevue, Washingtn, generally dn't flash the same length f green twice in a rw, especially at rush hur. At 9：30 am, the full red/yellw/green signal cycle might be 140 secnds. By 9：33 am, a burst f additinal traffic might push it t 145 secnds. Less traffic at 9：37 am culd push it dwn t 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast­grwing city just east f Seattle, uses a system that is gaining ppularity arund the US: intersectin (十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time t traffic cnditins. These lights, knwn as adaptive signals, have led t significant declines in bth the truble and cst f travels between wrk and hme.
25．What des the underlined wrd “that” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A．Increased length f green lights.
B．Shrtened traffic signal cycle.
C．Flexible timing f traffic signals.
D．Smth traffic flw n the rad.
3 意义吻合猜句意
解题指导 句意猜测要求通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。要注意以下两点： 1.返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系分析。对于需要猜测句意的情形，首先要理解句子的前后特定语境，然后根据语境对此句在文中的意思进行有依据的推理，最后再进行归纳总结，得出答案；2.一般来说，正确选项的意思和原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用其他的词汇或句式来进行了转换表达而已。
[典例] (2019·浙江高考·B篇)
Mney_with_n_strings_attached. It's nt smething yu see every day. But at Unin Statin in Ls Angeles last mnth, a bard went up with dllar bills attached t it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What Yu Can, Take What Yu Need.”
24．What des the expressin “Mney with n strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Mney spent withut hesitatin.
B．Mney nt legally made.
C．Mney ffered withut cnditins.
D．Mney nt tied tgether.
【考点剖析】
He has been called France's yungest leader since Naplen Bnaparte. Emmanuel Macrn, age 39, swept t victry in France's secnd­rund f presidential electin which was held n May 7,2017. He defeated Marine Le Pen by a large margin f 62% f vtes. He was inaugurated (就职) as President.
Bth f Macrn's parents were dctrs, and he attended ne f the mst prestigius (有声望的) schls in France, Lycee Henri Ⅳ. Frm there, he became an investment banker and ecnmy minister. Unlike the ther presidential candidates, he has always wrked utside f the gvernment.
In April 2016, he created his wn plitical mvement, called En Marche! (On the Mve！), recruiting (招募) mre than 20,000 members. His party's ideals were neither right­r left­winged, but mre independent. As his party became mre and mre successful, Macrn began t think abut presidency, smething he'd always been interested in. In Nvember 2016, he annunced his decisin t run in the 2017 electin.
Macrn's campaign relied n his plitical mvement. He struggled t win vtes frm bth parties in France, as well as frm the wrking class. In additin, he was the nly candidate that was pr­EU, r supprtive f Eurpean Unin.
While in ffice, Macrn's biggest fcus will be n imprving the ecnmy. A ttal f 50 billin will be dedicated t jb training and creating green and sustainable energy. Macrn als plans t cut dwn n crprate taxes, imprve the public educatin system, and lwer the unemplyment rate by 2.7%.
Fllwing the electin is the selectin f the president's cabinet (内阁). The Prime Minister psitin was given t Eduard Philippe, mayr f Nrthern Le Havre. Hwever, Macrns cabinet is surprising—ne France has never seen befre: a gender­balanced cabinet. Out f the 22 seats available, 11 will be taken by wmen and 11 will be filled by men. This percentage is much higher than ther Eurpean cuntries.
With each change f leadership cme new ideals and changes t the cuntry. Macrn needs a parliament (议会) that will supprt his hpes and dreams fr the future f France.
4．What did Macrn wrk as befre the electin?
A．A manager. B．A teacher.
C．A dctr. D．A banker.
5．Accrding t the text, Macrn ________.
A．funded his party fr presidency
B．had n interest in plitics befre electin
C．was n behalf f the wrking class
D．was a supprter f EU
6．What is the biggest challenge fr Macrn?
A．Ecnmy.
B．Plitics.
C．The private educatin system.
D．The gender discriminatin.
7．What is special abut Macrn's cabinet?
A．Its members are all frm his party.
B．It has mre wmen members than ther Eurpean cuntries.
C．Mst f its members are men.
D．It has chsen a wman as the prime minister.
【真题演练】
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ·B篇)Returning t a bk yu've read many times can feel like drinks with an ld friend. There's a welcme familiarity—but als smetimes a slight suspicin that time has changed yu bth, and thus the relatinship. But bks dn't change, peple d. And that's what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.
The beauty f rereading lies in the idea that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present mental register. It's true, the lder I get, the mre I feel time has wings. But with reading, it's all abut the present. It's abut the nw and what ne cntributes t the nw, because reading is a give and take between authr and reader. Each has t pull their wn weight.
There are three bks I reread annually. The first, which I take t reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingway's A Mveable Feast. Published in 1964, it's his classic memir f 1920s Paris. The language is almst intxicating (令人陶醉的), an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time. Anther is Annie Dillard's Hly the Firm, her petic 1975 ramble (随笔) abut everything and nthing. The third bk is Juli Crtázar's Save Twilight: Selected Pems, because petry. And because Crtázar.
While I tend t buy a lt f bks, these three were given t me as gifts, which might add t the meaning I attach t them. But I imagine that, while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary, rereading an authr's wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best bks are the nes that pen further as time passes. But remember, it's yu that has t grw and read and reread in rder t better understand yur friends.
24．Why des the authr like rereading?
A．It evaluates the writer­reader relatinship.
B．It's a windw t a whle new wrld.
C．It's a substitute fr drinking with a friend.
D．It extends the understanding f neself.
25．What d we knw abut the bk A Mveable Feast?
A．It's a brief accunt f a trip.
B．It's abut Hemingway's life as a yung man.
C．It's a recrd f a histric event.
D．It's abut Hemingway's friends in Paris.
26．What des the underlined wrd “currency” in paragraph 4 refer t?
A．Debt. B．Reward.
C．Allwance. D．Face value.
27．What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A．He lves petry. B．He's an editr.
C．He's very ambitius. D．He teaches reading.
B
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·D篇)During the rsy years f elementary schl (小学), I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status. I was the queen f the playgrund. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids. They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well­explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries：the likable and the status seekers. The likables' plays­well­with­thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump­start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there's the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence：status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed, Dr Prinstein's studies shw unpleasant cnsequences. Thse wh were highest in status in high schl, as well as thse least liked in elementary schl, are “mst likely t engage (从事) in dangerus and risky behavir.”
In ne study, Dr Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents, scring the least liked, the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys (调查研究). “We fund that the least well­liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates. But s had thse wh were high in status. It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us.”
Dr Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date—sharing, kindness, penness—carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers.
In analyzing his and ther research, Dr Prinstein came t anther cnclusin：Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t. “Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage，” he said.
32．What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?
A．Unkind. B．Lnely.
C．Generus. D．Cl.
33．What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A．The classificatin f the ppular.
B．The characteristics f adlescents.
C．The imprtance f interpersnal skills.
D．The causes f dishnrable behavir.
34．What did Dr Prinstein's study find abut the mst liked kids?
A．They appeared t be aggressive.
B．They tended t be mre adaptable.
C．They enjyed the highest status.
D．They perfrmed well academically.
35．What is the best title fr the text?
A．Be Nice—Yu Wn't Finish Last
B．The Higher the Status, the Better
C．Be the Best—Yu Can Make It
D．Mre Self－Cntrl, Less Aggressiveness
【过关检测】
Apple has filed a patent fr “a wearable electrnic ring” that culd let yu cntrl yur ther devices (设备) withut tuching them. The file includes drawings f the ptential design and lists intend functins like a rechargeable pwer surce (电源). The ring is designed t be wrn n ne finger and desn't appear t be a stand­alne prduct. Instead, it aims t imprve the user experience f bigger devices like iPhne and iPad. Apple als thrws attentin nt the ptential safety functins f the ring by stating that the light given ff by sme tuchscreen devices culd be “inapprpriate in certain scial envirnments r even dangerus if it gives away the psitin f a user wh is in danger”．
The tech giant (巨头) explains in the patent that tuchscreen devices we are using nw can be seen as “burdensme, incnvenient, r useless fr certain tasks and applicatins”. It suggests that hlding an iPhne r iPad fr t lng culd tire sme users and bviusly, Apple can't ignre such situatins! It says the Apple Ring culd be a mre effective way t cntrl thse devices frm a distance.
Apple isn't alne with this “smart ring” idea.
Amazn recently put the Ech Lp n the market, a smart ring that uses Alexa. The device is similar t the smart speaker but is wrn n yur finger instead. It's currently nly available in the US and has an intrductry price f $129.99 (￡100). Ggle recently presented its Pixel 4 smartphne and ne f the tp new functins is called Prject Sli, which prvides a “Mtin Sense” effect. It lets yu cntrl the Pixel 4 withut actually tuching it. Yu can wave yur hands in the air t pause r skip sngs, alarms and phne calls, and mre.
As with all patents, we can't knw fr sure if Apple is ging t bring ut a smart ring device until fficial wrd is given.
12．What can Apple's smart ring d ptentially?
A．Wrk as a mbile phne.
B．Charge itself autmatically.
C．Prmte users wn security.
D．Stp viruses attacking phnes.
13．What made apple develp the wearable prduct?
A．The drawbacks f its tuchscreen devices.
B．The huge marketing ptential f tuchscreens.
C．The fierce cmpetitins frm acrss the cuntry.
D．The intrductin f ther cmpanies' technlgy.
14．What d we knw abut the Ech Lp?
A．It's ppular with users.
B．It's under develpment.
C．It's nt sld internatinally.
D．It's nt accepted by Apple.
15．What is the best title fr the text?
A．The Tech Firms' Smart Rings
B．Apple's New Device Patent
C．The Future f Tuchscreen Devices
D．New Technlgies, New Prducts
Anyne wh has studied bilgy, watched a nature dcumentary, r, fr that matter, simply enjyed time in the utdrs, has likely been amazed by the variety f plant and animal life n ur planet.
T date, abut 1.5 millin species have been frmally described in the scientific literature, mst f them insects. Prprtinally, bacteria make up less than 1% f all described species.
Scientists generally agree that many mre species exist than are frmally described，but they disagree abut hw many there really are. Sme studies have estimated 2 millin r fewer, whereas thers suggest as many as 12 millin. In a new paper published in The Quarterly Review f Bilgy, researchers frm the University f Arizna have estimated that there are rughly 2 billin living species n Earth, ver a thusand times mre than the current number f described species. In cming up with their estimate，the researchers tk advantage f the fact that many estimates nw agree n the prjected number f insect species, arund 6.8 millin. They incrprated new estimates f species bundaries revealed by DNA sequences, which suggest there might be six times as many insect species，increasing the ttal t 40 millin fr insect species alne.
They then reviewed all grups f rganisms assciated with insects as parasites. They fund that each insect species mst likely hsts a unique species f mite (螨), rundwrm, a ne－celled micrspridian (微孢子虫), and a ne－celled rganism called apicmplexan (顶覆虫). Mst imprtantly, the researchers estimated that each insect species is likely t hst at least 10 bacterial species fund nwhere else. Based n these estimates, they cnclude that there shuld be arund 2 billin species n Earth.
9．Hw many bacterial species are frmally described in the scientific literature?
A．Abut 1.5 billin. B．Abut 1.5 millin.
C．Abut 150 thusand. D．Abut 15 thusand.
10．Which f the fllwing d scientists generally agree n?
A．There are many mre species nt included in the scientific literature.
B．There are abut 1.5 millin insects described in the scientific literature.
C．There are abut 12 millin species existing but nt knwn t the scientists.
D．There tire abut 6. 8 millin insect species nt hsting parasites.
11．Which wrd can best explain “hsts” underlined in the last paragraph?
A．Attracts. B．Supprts.
C．Kills. D．Invites.
12．What's the main idea f the passage?
A．A discvery f new bacterial species.
B．Different theries t estimate species.
C．A new estimate f bidiversity n Earth.
D．Different pinins n the number f species.
We all carry fear, and accepting the type f fear yu carry is the first step in pushing past it. S, here's a breakdwn f the fear archetypes (典型) and hw t make them wrk fr yu. We als invited Dr Alicia Hdge t give us her feedback n a few f them.
The prcrastinatr (拖延症患者)
The prcrastinatrs ften bsess (痴迷于) ver the utcme f whatever they're ding and insist n it being perfect. Because f this, they tend t spend t much time planning and researching instead f simply diving_in.
Fr prcrastinatrs, it's imprtant t push past that fear f starting. Hdge suggests setting a deadline fr when yur planning and researching perid will end and when yu'll actually get started.
The peple pleaser
Thse wh have the peple－pleaser archetype struggle with the fear f being judged and wrry mst abut disappinting thers. They have a hard time setting clear bundaries and saying “n.”
“Having bundaries ften sunds scary t smene wh is used t putting thers first” Hdge says. “Remind yurself that yu deserve t be priritized, just as much as ther peple in yur life.”
The self－dubter
This archetype is dminated by the fear f nt being gd enugh. Thse wh self－dubt tend t feel nt cnfident abut their capabilities.
A gd way t vercme self－dubt is t step utside yur cmfrt zne every nce in a while—and take nte f the utcme. Practice being practive abut yur life, yu'll be surprised t see just hw much yu are capable f.
1．What prbably is Dr Alice Hdge?
A．An editr. B．A reprter.
C．A psychlgist. D．A teacher.
2．What is the underlined phrase “diving in” in the secnd paragraph mean?
A．Swimming in. B．Jumping int.
C．Starting ding. D．Escaping frm.
3．Hw t vercme self－dubt?
A．Setting a deadline fr yur wrk.
B．Putting yurself first.
C．Ignring thers' judgement.
D．Taking an active part in life.
Smart TVs and ther Internet­cnnected husehld devices will be made t carry labels setting ut hw secure they are, under prpsals being put frward by the gvernment.
Ministers want the labels intrduced n a vluntary basis at first, but prpse that they are eventually made cmpulsry. The labels will help cnsumers identify which prducts are mre and which are less secure. Under the plans, annunced by the digital minister Margt James n Wednesday, merchants will nly be able t sell prducts that carry the label, which will indicate t cnsumers whether the device bserves the principal three security standards set ut by the gvernment practice in February.
The mve is designed t deal with the prblems caused by insecure cnnected husehld devices, such as TVs, drbells and lcks, which can be hijacked by malicius (恶意的) actrs. There have als been warnings that gvernments culd use them t spy n peple in their hmes. James said, “Many cnsumer prducts that are cnnected t the Internet are ften fund t be insecure, putting cnsumers' privacy and security at risk. Our cde f practice was the first step twards making sure that prducts have safety features built in frm the design stage.”
Prf Alan Wdward, a cybersecurity expert at the University f Surrey, said the prpsals represented a gd start, but added, “The prblem is what happens t thse wh dn't fllw the guidelines. Or, mre imprtantly, wh is ging t check that a device des fllw whatever the eventual guidelines are. ”
Wdward said the gvernment wuld need t “put sme teeth behind whatever standards they set ut”， suggesting a watchdg alng the lines f the Infrmatin Cmmissiner's Office.
The plan will frm part f a wider gvernment cnsultatin int imprving general cybersecurity in the UK, with three key requirements in a cde f practice fr device manufacturers. The requirements include ensuring passwrds f devices are nt resettable t a universal factry setting, and ensuring they prvide a public pint f cntact as part f a plicy fr disclsing any discvered weaknesses. It als calls fr device makers t explicitly state the minimum length f time a device will receive security updates, never making users puzzled.
4．Hw des the gvernment expect the labels t be intrduced at the beginning?
A．On a cmpulsry basis.
B．On a vluntary principle.
C．By making laws.
D．By educating cnsumers.
5．What des the authr mainly want t tell us in the third paragraph?
A．The ptential risks f smart husehld devices.
B．The respnsibilities f the gvernment.
C．The ppularity f illegal Internet access.
D．The measures f aviding being attacked.
6．What can we infer frm what Wdward said?
A．Smart devices need strict and clear guidelines.
B．Related departments are necessary t be set.
C．The gvernment shuld take tugh measures.
D．Sme peple are strngly against the prpsal.
7．What's the meaning f the underlined wrd “explicitly” in the last paragraph?
A．Happily. B．Rughly.
C．Cnfidently. D．Clearly.
细节理解题在阅读理解中所占比重较大，约60%左右，但相对简单。只需根据题干的关键词定位到原文加以对比，便可得出答案。此类试题应力保不失分。
正确项特征
1．同义替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如，将lse ne's jb换成be ut f wrk，将主动语态变为被动语态等。
2．信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文比较分散或复杂的信息，并设置为正确选项。
3．正话反说 即将原文中意思反过来表达并设成正确答案。
干扰项特征
1．扩缩范围：以偏概全或以全概偏。
2．张冠李戴：为原文内容，但非题目要求或要点。
3．无中生有：与原文不符或原文并未提及。
4．偷梁换柱：符合常识但不符合文章内容。
5．颠倒黑白：与原文意思大相径庭或完全相反。
6．正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。
考查角度
1．高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。
2．低频考点：数字计算题；细节排序题。
推理判断题要求在遵循原文意义的基础上去进行分析和逻辑推断，领会作者的言外之意。此类试题在高考中也占有相当大的比重且相对来说难度较大，是易失分点，应重视起来。
正确项特征
1．不是文中直接或明确说明的内容，而是间接表达了除符合文章主旨外，还符合逻辑，但需要推敲的内容。
2．通常正确选项含义深刻，不是常识选项。
干扰项特征
1．夸大事实：对原文信息进行某方面的夸大。
2．无中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息并作为依据进行推断。
3．张冠李戴：作者观点与文中他人的观点混淆。
4．常识干扰：符合常识但不忠于文章内容。
5．推理过度：结论过于绝对化。
6．细节推断：原文的复述，并非推断内容。
考查角度
1．高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。
2．低频考点：推断文章出处、文章结构、目标读者。
主旨大意题要求在理解全文的基础上，从文中提取有效信息进行概括归纳，从而得出文章的主旨要义。此类试题没有明显的解题依据，是对文章深层次的理解，因此成为最易失分的题目。
正确项特征
1．涵盖性强：覆盖全文或全段的中心思想。
2．范围恰当：既不大也不小。
3．精准度高：不改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
干扰项特征
1．以偏概全：只阐述了局部信息或主旨的部分内容。
2．主题过大：概括过于宽泛，超出文章实际讨论的内容。
3．断章取义：以次要事实或细节代替全文主要观点或结论。
4．似是而非：干扰项中的关键词语虽在文中有所谈及，但与文章内容无关。
考查角度
1．主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意)。
2．标题类：标题判断题(选择最佳标题)。
词义猜测题要求根据特定语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知信息或常识来推测某词、短语或句子的含义。
正确项特征
1．含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。
2．上下文逻辑通顺。
3．与原句意思最接近。
干扰项特征
1．与所考词汇形似。
2．如果考的为熟词，含有常规词义的往往不正确。
3．句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项。
考查角度
1．猜测生词或熟词生义。2.猜测短语的意义。3.猜测代替词所替代的内容。4.猜测句意。