【暑假衔接】专题1.名词(小初考点差异及衔接)-小升初英语暑假衔接资料
展开【小学名词考点聚焦】
考点1.名词的数
写出下列名词的复数形式
1. watch__________ 2.class__________ 3.knife___________4. dg__________
5. dish__________ 6.child___________7. nurse__________ 8.desk__________
9. by____________10. baby__________ 11.tth_________ 12.eye___________
13. sheep_________ 14.tmat_______ 15.library________
二. 小升初常见的不可数名词:
肉类:meat, beef, prk, chicken, 液体类:juice, milk, water, cffee, tea,
食物(总称)类:fd, fruit, bread, rice, 天气类:air, rain, snw, weather,
其他:news, fun, hmewrk, husewrk.
圈出下列单词中的不可数名词
peach water z sister cffee knife snw tea
rain car teacher hmewrk ear juice beef milk
考点2.名词所有格
1.The green sweater is his __________ (brther).
2. The rm is ________.
A. Lucy and LilyB. Lucy’s and LilyC. Lucy’s and Lily’sD. Lucy and Lily’s
3.________ hat is pink. ________ hat is black.
A. Linda; Her mther B. Linda’s; Her mthers’
C. Linda’s; Her mther’sD. Linda ; Her mther’s
4.. — When is ________? — September the tenth.
A. Teacher Day B. the Teacher’s Day
C. the Teachers’ Day D. Teachers’ Day
【初中名词考点聚焦】
考点清单
考点一、可数名词的单复数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,表示一个用单数,两个或两个以上用复数。a用于以辅音音素开头的单数名词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前。可数名词复数形式的构成有规则和不规则变化两种:
1.名词复数的规则变化
(1)一般情况在名词尾加 。如:bk→bks, girl→girls, by→bys, pen→pens, dctr→dctrs等。
(2)以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词加 。如:bus→buses, class→classes. bx→bxes. watch→watches, brush→brushes等。【注意】stmach→stmachs
(3)以辅音母加y结尾的名词, 。如:city→cities, factry→factries, cuntry→cuntries, family→families等。【注意】以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加-s。如:by→bys, day→days等。
(4)以结尾的有生命的名词加 。如:her→heres, negr→negres, ptat→ptates, tmat→tmates可简单记为:黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿。以结尾的无生命的名词加-s。如:radi→radis, pht→phts等。【注意】zer→zers / zeres
(5) 以f或fe结尾的词, ,如:knife→knives, leaf→leaves, half→halves, shelf→shelves, thief→thieves, wife→wives等。【注意】rf→rfs, chief→chiefs, handkerchief →handkerchiefs。
(6)人名、地名的复数直接加 , 字母、符号、数字的复数加 。
There are tw Marys in my class. // There are three e’s in the wrd “temperature”.
2.名词复数的不规则变化
(1)元音或词尾发生变化。如:man→ , wman→ , tth→ , ft→ , child→ , muse→ 等。
(2)单复数形式相同。如:Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish等。
(3)形式为单数意思为复数。如:peple(人们), plice(警察)等。如果要表达单数形式则要使用其他名词。如:①一个人a peple (×);a persn(√) ②一名警察a plice(×);a pliceman/plicewman(√)。
(4)形式为复数意思为单数。如:physics, mathematics/maths, the United States, Niagara Falls, news, falls等。
(5)只有复数形式的名词,如:trusers, clthes, chpsticks, glasses, scissrs, cmpasses等。
(6)集体名词的数。视为整体时,谓语用单数;视为个体时,谓语用复数。如:family, class, team, grup等。
(7)由man和wman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-wmen。如:an Englishman, tw Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans。由man, wman作定语时,它的单复数由它所修饰的名词的单复数决定,如:a man wrker→tw 等。【注意】其他合成名词,只要把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式。如:an apple tree→tw apple trees; a she shp→tw she shps等。
(8)表示某国人的名词单数变复数遵循以下原则:①中日不变,如:Chinese→Chinese, Japanese→Japanese;②英法变,如:Englishman→Englishmen, Frenchman→Frenchmen;③其余把s加后面,如:American→Americans, German→ 。
3. 修饰可数名词复数的词:修饰可数名词复数的词有these, thse, many, (a) few, a number f, the number f, sme, any, a lt f, lts f, several, bth以及不包括“一”的基数词。常用 they, them来替代。
1.He was ne f the mst cheerful (man) in the wrld.
2.Bye added that summer camps are imprtant t bth kids and (parent).
3.At her first cncert, she played in a band with many (adult).
4.One f my (cusin) went ver t her huse and taught her hw t use it.
5.S I had t dwnlad (sentence) nt my phne and I listened and practised them again and again.
6. — It’s said that the tw _________ dctrs have just cme back frm Wuhan.
— Yeah, I knw them. They are bth already in their _________.
A. wman;sixtyB. wmen;sixtiethC. wmen;sixtiesD. wman;sixties
考点二、不可数名词
1. 分类:不可数名词分为物质名词 (表示无法分为个体的物质,如:rice, water, milk等) 和抽象名词 (表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念,如:wrk, time, health等)。初中阶段常见的不可数名词有:advice, bread, beef, chicken (鸡肉), experience(经验), fish (鱼肉), fd, fruit, fun, happiness, hmewrk, infrmatin, juice, meat, milk, music, muttn, news, range (橙汁), paper (纸), prridge, prgress, rice, sugar, salt, sand, tea, time (时间), truble, traffic, water, weather等。
2. 基本用法:不可数名词一般没有复数形式,在句中作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。不可数名词前面不能用不定冠词a/an修饰,但可用定冠词the修饰。如不能说a bread, tw water,但可说a piece f bread, tw glasses f water。
3.既可做可数名词又可做不可数名词的词:有些名词既能用作可数名词,又能用作不可数名词,但意义不同。如:chicken—鸡(可数),鸡肉(不可数);rm—房间(可数),空间(不可数);fish—鱼(可数),鱼肉(不可数);glass—玻璃杯(可数),玻璃(不可数);paper—试卷,报纸(可数),纸张(不可数)。
4. 不可数名词“量”的表达
如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:
(1)表示不定数量时,不可数名词常用much, a little, little, a lt f, lts f, sme, any, a bit f, plenty f等表示,常用it来替代。如:The rich man has a lt f mney. // There is sme milk in the bttle.
Is there any water in the glass? // I dn’t like winter because there’s t much snw and ice.
(2)不可数名词的数量可借助一个量词来表达,其结构为“数词+量词+f+不可数名词”,不可数名词的复数,是通过把量词变成复数来表达。如:
a piece f paper/ wd/bread/news/meat; a bttle/glass f range/water/milk/juice; a cup f tea/cffee; a bag f rice 等。
tw pieces f paper/ wd/bread/news/meat; tw bttles/glasses f range/water/milk/juice; tw cups f tea/cffee; three bags f rice 等。
1.I’ve been lking frward t pening a (汤) kitchen fr many years.
2. Wuld yu send me sme ________f yurs? I miss yu very much!
A. magazinesB. phtsC. mneyD. advice
考点三、专有名词
是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。专有名词大致有以下五类。
1. 人名:有时与表示称呼、称号或职务的普通名词连用。如:
Mr and Mrs Jhnsn 约翰逊夫妇;Dr. Brwn 布朗博士;Lady Green 格林女士。
2. 地名:有些地名常与普通名词连用;有些加定冠词,有些不加定冠词。如:Wall Street 华尔街;Rm 201 201房间;Tian’anmen Square 天安门广场;the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋;the Alps 阿尔卑斯山。
3. 时间名:Sunday 星期日;May 五月;Christmas Day 圣诞节;New Year’s Day 元旦。
4. 报刊名:许多报刊名带定冠词。如:The Saturday Evening Pst《星期六晚邮报》;The Times《泰晤士报》。
5. 单位团体名:单位团体名多含普通名词,有些加定冠词,有些不加定冠词。如:
the United Natins 联合国;Class One, Grade Seven 七年级一班
考点四、名词的所有格
名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有以及所属关系,在句中做主语、定语和宾语,其构成方法如下:
1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加’s,其复数形式是s’。如:
a student’s rm, students’ rms, father’s shes, Teachers’ Day等。
2. 如其结尾不是s结尾的复数形式仍加’s。如:Children’s Day, Wmen’s Day等。
3. 以-s结尾的单数名词或人名后应加’s构成所有格。如:a waitress’s jb, Charles’s address等。
4. 在表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构、长度、重量、价格等名词的所有格加’s。如:
tday’s newspaper, twenty minutes’ walk, China’s capital, ten miles’ jurney, a bat’s length, tw punds’ weight, ten dllars’ wrth等。
5. 如果某物为两人共有,只在后一个词尾加’s,如果不是两人共有,两个名词后都要加’s。如:
Lucy and Lily’s bedrm, Jane’s and Tm’s bks等。
6. 无生命名词的所有格则通常用f结构,如:a map f China, the end f this term, the capital f ur cuntry。
7. 表示“某人的家”、“店铺”等生活、工作场所的所有格后面的名词通常省略。如:
at Mr Wang’s 在王先生家;at the dctr’s在医生诊所;在药店 at the chemist’s等。
8. 既表示所属关系又表示数量时要用双重所有格,结构为“f+名词所有格”或“f+名词性物主代词”。
如:a bk f my father’s我父亲的一本书;a friend f mine=ne f my friends我的一个朋友。
9. 一些其他表示“的”的词,如:t, fr, frm。如:
the answer t the questin, the key t the dr, a ticket fr the cncert, a student frm Guilin等。
1.—Whse jackets are these?
—They said they are ___________. They lst them yesterday.
A. OursB. Li Lei and Li Ta’ sC. Li Lei’ s and Li Ta’ s
2.Lk at the big and clean rm. It’s ________.
A. Lucy’s and Lily’sB. Lucy and Lily’sC. Lucy’s and Lily
考点五 名词的句法作用
1. 作主语:名词作主语时,谓语动词要在人称和数方面和它的主语一致。如:A girl is ver there.
2. 作宾语:I have a cmputer.
3. 作表语:My father is a teacher.
4. 作定语:The schl library was built last year.
(1) 一般情况:名词作定语时要用单数形式。如:an apple tree→tw apple trees。
(2) 特殊情况:man, wman作定语时,它的单复数由它所修饰的名词的单复数决定。如:
a man wrker→tw men wrkers, a wman dctr→fur wmen dctrs等。
(3) sprts 作定语修饰名词时,总是用复数形式。如:a sprts meeting 一次运动会。
(4) 与数词合成形容词作定语。如:ten-minute walk, an 8-year-ld girl, a seven-day hliday。
5. 作宾补:Tm made his brther a kite .
6. 作同位语:We students must study hard.
考点六:名词词义辧析
名词词义辨析主要指考生在不同的语言环境中,通过对上下文的理解或者对一些词义相同的名词准确地掌握其意义,然后作出正确的选择。近年来,这一考点成为了考查名词的主要形式之一。
常用易混名词辨析
1. sprt, game, match, race的用法辨析:sprt通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。
2. jurney, tur, trip, travel的用法辨析:jurney指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tur指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。
3. sund, nise, vice的用法辨析:sund指各种声音;nise主要指“噪音”;vice指人的“嗓音”。
4. prblem, questin的用法辨析:prblem常和困难联系,前面的动词常为think abut, slve, raise;questin常和疑问联系,多和ask, answer连用。
5. family, huse, hme的用法辨析:family指的是家庭成员,一般不涉及房屋;huse是指居住的建筑物;hme是指家庭成员所居住的那种环境或与房屋有关的“家”。
1. A seat belt can help prtect passengers in many car _________. (accident)
2.Abut 1,200 _______wh were brn in Jiangsu attended the first Jiangsu Develpment Summit in Nanjing.(guest)
3.Many ______ have set gd examples fr us t fllw.(her)
4.The _____ faces were a sight, cvered with dust.(by)
5.I dn’t like sap peras because I think they are ____________.(meaning)
6.March 8th is _________ Day. (wman)
7.There are sme _______ and pens n Wang Jun’s desk.(knife)
8.Drivers shuld drive mre slwly n ______ days.(rain)
The skirt is very _________, and Lucy really likes it.(beauty)
I think _________ are really ppular with many peple in ur hmetwn.(ptat)
11.In the ___________ Chinese calendar, each year is given a name f 12 kinds f animals.(traditin)
12.It is said that a ________ bridge will be built ver the river in the muntain village sn.(wd)
13.My classmates like Wang Ta very much because he is __________.(humr)
14.His dream t be an ______ has cme true and he sets a gd example fr us.(art)
15 She ften prvides fd and clthes fr the __________ children.(hme)
16.After tw _____ hliday, we came back t wrk full f energy.(day)
17.Dn’t leave the water running when yu brush yur ______.(tth)
18.Hanzhng is in the _________ part f Shaanxi prvince.(suth)
19. On _________ Day, I bught a red scarf fr my mther and she was glad t get it.(mther)
20.The railway system __________ depended n the plan used in ther cuntries.(success)
1.Peple used it fr fd, clthing, transprtatin, huses and musical (instrument).
2.Every year, it attracts millins f (visitr) frm hme and abrad.
3.With the dllar he bught a bx, three (brush), and sme she plish(鞋油).
4.Jack and Mike are tw plants. They are neighbrs. One day, Jack's (leaf) tuch Mike.
5.He saw that the bus driver was n lnger sitting in the (driver) seat—she had passed ut and cllapsed(晕倒) n the bus stairs.
6.An a is a place where planes take ff and land, with buildings fr passengers t wait in.
7.In ne f his mst ppular (vide), he is making a great wden bridge by using ancient Chinese mrtise and tenn skills(榫卯技术).
8.Just as I caught up with him, he turned arund and raced in the ther (direct).
9.The shpkeeper said he wuld pay ne thusand gld (cin) fr it.
10.The wise man was wrried abut his (sn) future.
11.They went t many kinds f (place) t finish tasks in a shrt time.
12.Students have t study at hme n c r mbile phnes because f COVID-19 these days.
13.Peple dressed up as animals, mnsters and ther creatures, and they tld (stry) thrugh their acting.
14.The United Natins is an internatinal rganizatin, which is meant t encurage (cuntry)t wrk tgether n different pinins withut the use f war.
15.My favrite (发明) are Edisn and Karl Benz.
小学要求
名词的数
名词所有格
初中要求
可数名词的单复数;
不可数名词;
专有名词;
名词所有格;
5、名词的句法作用;
6、名词词义辧析。
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