高中英语学业水平测试复习题型Ⅱ专题1细节理解题课件

这是一份高中英语学业水平测试复习题型Ⅱ专题1细节理解题课件，共26页。

题型Ⅱ　阅读理解阅读是我国考生学习和使用外语最主要的途径，因此，阅读理解在试卷中占比较大。该部分要求考生读懂有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：1.理解主旨要义；2.理解文中具体信息；3.根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；4.根据所读内容做出判断和理解；5.理解文章的基本结构；6.理解作者的意图、观点和态度。★三种阅读方法灵活运用以下三种有效的阅读方法，可以大大提高阅读速度和解题速度。
1．略读(skimming)——了解文章大意。以最快的速度跳跃式地浏览文章的标题、首尾段、每段的首尾句，以及表示句、段关系的连接性词语(特别是hwever，but，therefre等)后的内容等重要部分，以了解文章的主旨大意或段落大意。2．查读(scanning)——寻找所需信息。也叫寻读，就是带着问题，特别是带着一两个特征词(如专有名词、缩写、数字等)，寻找到我们所需要的信息在文中的位置，进行信息定位。
3．研读(study reading)——理解深层含义。通过略读了解文章主旨和通过查读找到相关信息之后，在相关范围内逐句、逐词地阅读，不仅要理解其字面意思，而且要结合语境，通过分析、比较、综合、联想等方法，并结合自己已有的知识和经验进行推理、判断，来理解文章的深层含义，以及作者的立场、观点、态度和意图等。
★五个解题步骤解题步骤或顺序，有人先文后题，有人先题后文，因人而异，无优劣之分，应根据自己的习惯来决定。我们推荐以下步骤：1．抓大意：用略读法了解文章及各段的大意，便于快速信息定位。2．读题干：了解题目问什么，并在题干中找出便于定位的特征词。
3．定位信息：带着问题和特征词，用查读法到文中找到相关句段。了解命题的顺序性和考点分布的均匀性原则，对迅速定位信息非常有用！4．研读：理解所找到的相关句段，有的还要根据背景常识进行简单的推理或判断，对比各选项，做出选择。5．综合：考虑各题所选选项，看是否切合全文主旨。
专题1　细节理解题——细读比对，定位替换细节理解题相对比较简单，但在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重。细节理解题常分为直接信息题、间接信息题、数字计算题、细节排序题和正误判断题。分析近几年的高考题可知：直接信息题和间接信息题为高频考点，其他都为低频考点。[常见的设问方式]1．特殊疑问句形式。以when，where，what，which，wh，hw much/many等疑问词引出的问题。
2．判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE，NOT URUE或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如nt，never等。3．以“Accrding t...”开头的提问形式。4．填空形式。如The biggest challenge fr mst mthers is frm ________．[选项特征]1．正确选项的特征(1)同义替换。指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lse ne's jb换成了be ut f wrk。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把imprtant变换成f imprtance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
(2)信息归纳。用精练的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。(3)正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。2．干扰选项的特征(1)张冠李戴。是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。(2)无中生有。符合常识，但不是文章的内容。(3)曲解文意。与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。(4)颠倒是非。在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。(5)正误参半。部分正确，部分错误。
[解题技法]技法一　直接信息题——定位比对找答案直接信息题常以应用文的形式出现在考题中，涉及的话题有：广告类、活动安排类、书籍或电影介绍类、演出信息类等。设问方式多为以5W1H(what，wh，when，where，why和hw)等开头的特殊疑问句。解此类试题常用“定位比对”法，快速找出答案，解题流程如下：第一步：先通过题干信息来选择定位词。定位词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词等，即问题的核心信息。第二步：在原文中查找定位词或定位词的近义词，找出相关的句子。第三步：分析这些句子和选项，得出正确答案。
技法二　间接信息题——同义转换定答案此类试题相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。做间接信息题时，要做到“两关注”“一防范”。“两关注”是指关注正确选项的两个特征：一是同义词替换或释义，即把文中的语言(词汇和结构)改头换面，来表达相同的意思；二是对文章信息的归纳。“一防范”是指防范干扰选项的逼真性，稍有不慎就会落入命题人设置的陷阱中。间接信息题常见的设问方式有：1．Accrding t the authr/passage，．What can we learn 解此类试题常用“同义转换”法，找出答案，解题流程如下：第一步：阅读题干，确定关键词，锁定原文相关信息；第二步：定位题干关键词的转换形式；第三步：分析选项特征，确定答案。
Passage 1Last night's meter(流星)shwer left many peple in the cmmunity dissatisfied and demanding answers.Accrding t Gabe Rthschild，Emerald Valley's mayr，peple gathered in the suburbs f the city，carrying heavy telescpes，expecting t watch the brightly burning meters passing thrugh the sky.What they fund instead was a sky s brightened by the city's lights that it darkened the light f the meters passing verhead.“My family was s frustrated，”admitted twn resident Duane Csby.“We wanted t make this an unfrgettable family uting，but it turned ut t be a huge disappintment.”
Astrnmers—scientists wh study stars and planets—have been cmplaining abut this prblem fr decades.They say that light pllutin prevents them frm seeing bjects in the sky that they culd see quite easily in the past.They call n peple and the gvernment t take measures t fight against it.There is yet a ppulatin besides prfessinal and amateur star bservers that suffers even mre frm light pllutin.This ppulatin cnsists f birds，bats，frgs，snakes，etc.Fr example，utdr lighting severely affects migrating (迁徙的)birds.Accrding t the Internatinal Dark­Sky Assciatin，“100 millin birds a year thrughut Nrth America die in crashes with lighted buildings and twers.”
Cuntless mre animal casualties(伤亡) result frm the use f artificial lighting.Clearly，peple enjy the benefits f lighting their evenings，but sme scientists think it can be harmful fr humans，t. They wrry that expsure t light while sleeping can increase a persn's chances f getting cancer.Emerald Valley is nly ne cmmunity that is becming aware f the negative effects f light pllutin.Fr years，Flagstaff，Arizna，has enfrced lighting regulatins in its city in rder t assist astrnmers at the Lwell Observatry.Similar effrts have been made wrldwide，and a mvement is underway t remind us t turn ff lights when we are nt using them，s that ther creatures can share the night.
1．It happened last night that ________．A．the city's lights affected the meter watchingB．the meters flew past befre being nticedC．the city light shw attracted many pepleD．the meter watching ended up a scial uting 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇科普文，主要介绍了城市的光污染对日常生活、天文学家的工作以及动物的生活都产生了消极的影响。在Flagstaff，Arizna已经采取了灯光管理措施。A　根据第一段最后一句“ brightened by the city's lights that it darkened the light f the meters passing verhead.”可知，昨天晚上由于城市的灯光太亮，影响了人们观看流星。故选A。
2．What d the astrnmers cmplain abut?A．Meter shwers ccur less ften than befre.B．Their bservatin equipment is in pr repair.C．Light pllutin has remained unslved fr years.D．Their eyesight is failing due t artificial lighting.C　根据第三段“ been cmplaining abut this prblem fr decades.They say that light pllutin prevents them frm...”可知，天文学家多年来一直在抱怨光污染问题未解决。故选C。
3．What is the authr cncerned abut accrding t Paragraph 4?A．Birds may take ther migratin paths.B．Animals' living habits may change suddenly.C．Varieties f animals will becme sharply reduced.D．Animals' survival is threatened by utdr lighting.D　根据第四段第一、二句“ suffers even mre frm light pllutin.This ppulatin cnsists f birds，bats，frgs，snakes，etc.”以及本段最后一句“...'100 millin birds a year thrughut... die in crashes with lighted buildings and twers.'”可知，作者第四段主要叙述的是动物也受到了光污染的影响，甚至它们的生存也受到了影响。故选D。
4．Lighting regulatins in Flagstaff，Arizna are put int effect t________．A．lessen the chance f getting cancerB．create an ideal bservatin cnditinC．ensure citizens a gd sleep at nightD．enable all creatures t live in harmnyB　根据第六段第二句“ enfrced lighting regulatins in its city in rder t assist astrnmers at...”可知，这条规定是为了给天文学家的工作创造理想的观察条件。故选B。
5．What message des the authr mst want t give us?A．Saving wildlife is saving urselves.B．Great effrts shuld be made t save energy.C．Human activities shuld be envirnmentally friendly.D．New equipment shuld be intrduced fr space study.C　根据整篇文章的叙述可知，作者主要描述了城市的光污染对人们生活、工作以及动物的生存造成的影响，因此作者在文中呼吁我们人类的活动应该对环境有利。故选C。
Passage 2Studying vlcanes is a demanding prfessin.Hazel Rymer frequently has t struggle thrugh rainfrests，climb t the tp f muntains，then climb 200 metres int the crater f active vlcanes.But the 38­year­ld vlcanlgist des her best t make it sund less alarming than it is.“Driving t wrk is mre risky，”she insists.“And the deepest I g int the crater f a vlcan is abut 300 metres，”she adds，trying t make it all sund as rdinary as taking the dg fr a walk.Hazel has been studying vlcanes fr a lng time，s it's nt surprising she is used t the danger.Her interest in vlcanes began at schl.A teacher gave her a bk abut Pmpeii.“I remember reading
abut the eruptin f Vesuvius and the destructin f the city，”she explains.“The thught f all thse peple just frzen in time had quite an effect n me and I am still excited by their dangerus beauty tday.”
Nwadays，vlcanes are getting mre and mre unpredictable. There have been many changes in sea level caused by glbal warming and melting ice caps.These have resulted in sme drmant vlcanes erupting，s studying them is mre dangerus than ever befre.Hazel says that althugh she desn't take any unnecessary risk，she has had sme frightening mments.Her wrst experience was n the slpes f Munt Etna in Sicily，when she was slwly surrunded by lava.“I had a chice f walking ten hurs t get arund the lava flw r just
walking acrss it，”she explains.She chse t pick a path acrss the cler rcks in the lava stream.“I guess it was five metres.The flw was 1，000°C，s if yu hesitated，yur bts wuld begin t melt.It was scary，but it really was a practical decisin—there wasn't time t d anything else.”And what abut the future？“I haven't been t the vlcanes in Indnesia yet.And I wuld lve t spend sme time wrking in the Antarctic，”she says.“I wuld als like t knw why quiet lava flws erupt frm sme vlcanes and why ther vlcanes g bang.” In ther wrds，Hazel Rymer wn't be exchanging her vlcanes fr the relative safety f driving t wrk just yet.
1．Hazel's claim that“driving t wrk is mre risky”than explring vlcanes shws that ________．A．peple have exaggerated the dangers f vlcanes in the pastB．Hazel des nt really understand the dangerus situatins she puts herself inC．there are many bad drivers in the place where Hazel livesD．Hazel is being mdest and understating the dangers she faces 【语篇解读】　 本文主要介绍了火山学家Hazel Rymer的一些关于火山的研究活动。尽管研究火山充满不可预测的风险，但是Hazel也不会改变自己的选择。D　由此句话的前一句“But the 38­year­ld vlcanlgist des her best t make it sund less alarming than it is.”以及此句话可知，Hazel Rymer说开车上班比对火山进行研究更危险可推断出，她是以一种谦虚的说法淡化其面临的危险。
2．When did Hazel first becme interested in vlcanes?A．When she was visiting Italy.B．When she was at schl.C．When she was twenty.D．When she saw Vesuvius.B　由第二段第二句“Her interest in vlcanes began at schl.”可知她在读书时就对火山感兴趣。
3．The underlined wrd“These”(in Paragraph 3) refers t“______”．A．melting ice capsB．vlcanic eruptinsC．changes in sea levelD．higher temperaturesC　由画线词的前一句话“There have been many changes in sea level caused by glbal warming and melting ice caps.”可知画线词应该指的是海平线的变化。
4．When Hazel was n Munt Etna，she had t ______．A．take a dangerus ruteB．take an unnecessary riskC．leave her bts behindD．walk fr ten hurs arund the muntainA　由第三段最后几句“'I had a chice f walking ten hurs t get arund the lava flw r just walking acrss it，'she explains.She chse t pick a path acrss the cler rcks in the lava stream.'I guess it was five metres.The flw was 1，000 ℃，s if yu hesitated，yur bts wuld begin t melt.It was scary，but it really was a practical decisin —there wasn't time t d anything else.'”可知她选择了从熔岩流中走过，而这是一条危险的路。