初中英语阅读理解答题技巧

这是一份初中英语阅读理解答题技巧，共15页。试卷主要包含了命题特点，解题方法，推理判断题的解题方法等内容，欢迎下载使用。

细节理解题
阅读理解是中考的必考题型，因为它能全面快速地反映出学生的英语水平。阅读理解题型有很多种，但从命题角度来看，通常可以分为四种：即事实细节题、推理判断题、猜测词义题和主旨大意题。
事实理解题主要考查学生对文章中的细节与具体事实的把握能力，内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果和目的等，属于浅层次的理解题，难度较低。同学们需要在有限的时 间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，发现文章中的细节信息，然后遵循由整体到细节的原则，把握作者的思路，按全文—段落—词语的步骤来解题。
一、命题特点
事实细节题的考点非常明确，主要有以下几处：
1、列举信息处常考。
文章中first…secnd, t begin with, in additin, n ne hand, n the ther hand等并列关系出现的地方，常会要求考生从所列的内容中，选择符合题干要求的选项。
2、举列与打比方之处常考。
考生要对那些引出例子或比喻的标志词，如as, such as, fr example, fr instance等加以注意，因为这些词是作者为使自己的观点更具说服力而用来引出具体事例的，这些事例就是常考的细节处。
3、指示代词出现处常考。
这类考题常用来考查学生是否真正了解上下文句子之间的逻辑关系。
4、引用人物论断处常考。
作者为正确表达自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常会引用某些权威人士的论断或采纳其重要的发现。
5、特殊标点符号后的内容常考。
因为特殊标点符号后的内容往往是对前面内容的进一步解释或说明，同学们注意到这些标点，也就注意到了细节。这些特殊符号包括表示解释的破折号、括号和冒号以及表示引用的引号等。
另 外，事实细节题的选项也很有特点：通常正确答案不是照搬的原文；干扰选项则正好相反，有的来自原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；有的符合常识，但不符合原 文内容；有的与原句内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动；有的与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；也有的是部分正确或部分错误。
二、解题方法
1. 跳读查找法
这 个方法的要点在于先看题干，带着问题读文章。以what, wh, where, when, why, hw 提问的问题，可以从文章中直接找到答案。同学们做这类题时可以边读边做记号，能加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率，节省宝贵的时间，这是做事实细节题最 基本也是最常用的方法。一般来说，细节题主要考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解，同学们若能根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便 可确定最佳答案。
另外，运用跳读查找法解题时，同学们要特别注意试题以及选项与原文之间的适当变换。根据近几年的中考题情况来看，很少有直接用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的，通常要进行一定的处理，而这种“处理”主要就是进行语义转换，其中包括同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实等。
例：I had the meanest (最刻薄的) mther in the whle wrld. While ther kids ate candy fr breakfast, I had t have prridge, eggs r tast. When thers had Ckes and candy fr lunch, I had t eat a sandwich. But at least I wasn’t alne when I was sad. My sister and tw brthers had the same mean mther as I did.
1. Hw many children des the writer’s mther have?
A. Fur. B. Tw. C. Three. D. Six.
2. 排除法
排序题也属于事实细节题的一种题型，它通常出现在说明文中。这类文章有明显的信息词，如first, t begin with, after that, afterwards, later, next, secnd, third, then, finally等。按照信息词的提示阅读，可以加快理解的进程。在做细节排序题时，首先要确定首或尾的答案，通常四个选项中会有两个选项的顺序类似，正确答案往往在这两个选项中选择，找到两者的不同之处，回到原文，进行核对，一旦确定，后面的排序就不用再比较了。
例：A tpiary gardener shuld make a drawing first. The drawing shws the final shape that the gardener likes. The gardener then chses a bush fr the tpiary. It may be ne that just planted r ne that is already in place.
In June f the plant’s first year, the gardener lks fr new leaves. When the leaves grw, it’s time t shape (给……造型) the bttm f the bush. It needs abut five years. The tp is nt trimmed during this time. In the fifth year, the bush grws tall enugh fr shaping. Then the gardener begins t shape the whle bush.
2. Put the fllwing in the right rder accrding t the passage.
a. The gardener chses a bush fr the tpiary.
b. The whle bush grws tall enugh fr shaping.
c. The gardener begins t shape the bttm f the bush.
d. The gardener draws the shape f a tpiary.
A. d→a→b→c B. b→c→a→d C. a→d→c→b D. d→a→c→b
3. 简单计算法
数字计算题也是事实细节题的一种，要求对文章中提到的数据进行简单的加减乘除运算，以便得出符合题目要求的数据。解答这类题目时，考生首先要弄清题干的要求是什么，然后找到与它相关的数字，再对它们进行分析、整合，最后计算出正确答案。
例：When we cut dwn the rainfrests, we destry these frest peple, t. In 1900, there were 1,000,000 frest peple in the Amazn frest. In 1980, there were nly 200,000.
3. The number f the peple living in the Amazn frest in 1980 was ________f that in 1900.
A. half B. ne-third C. tw-fifths D. ne-fifth
细节题占阅读理解的比例很大，阅读时要特别注意以下几点：
第一，阅读时，利用这类关键词和词组that is t say, abve all, especially, mainly等，把握文章的思路和脉络。另外在问题的选项中表示绝对意义的词first （第一），least （最不），always （总是），never（永不），all（所有），nne（一个也不），any（任何）和表示唯一性的词汇nly（只有） , just（仅仅），往往是命题的陷阱，因此要多加注意。
第二，阅读时，必须以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为依据，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点、看法混为一谈。
第三，文章中的数字、日期、时间都是设题的重点，此类题目很少是文章中表层出现的数字或日期，通常需要做简单的计算。
阅读能力的提高非一朝之功，需要一个过程。同学们应该持之以恒，进行有计划、有目的的阅读实践，提高阅读能力。
推理判断题
推理判断题是每年中考的必考题型之一，也是英语阅读理解中难度较大的题型，属于深层理解题。它要求学生对文章中的内容及作者的思路做出合理的判断和推理，也就是要运用逻辑推理能力推论出蕴含在文章中却没有明说的事实及暗示的含义，即英语中所说的“read between the lines”。因此，学生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理，在已知和未知信息之间搭起桥梁，透过字里行间，体会“弦外之音”，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。
一、推理判断题常见提问方式
1. The writer/authr/passage implies/suggests (暗示)that __________.
2. It can be inferred（推断）frm the passage that __________.
3. Which f the fllwing can be cncluded frm this passage?
4. What des the authr cnclude abut?
5. The passage is intended t __________.
6. The first paragraph f this passage is t __________.
7. Hw des the authr seem t feel abut this issue?
8. Frm the passage, we can learn/cnclude that __________.
9. Which f the fllwing might happen later?
10. The passage may be a/an __________.
11. Which f the fllwing is TRUE/ NOT true?
二、选项特点分析
命题人在设置选项时，会遵循一定的特点和规律，因此学生了解了推理判断题选项的特点，对提高选项的正确率会有很大帮助。
1．正确选项的特点
（1）正确答案一般含义比较丰富，具有一定的综合性和概括性；
（2）正确答案的表述一般不会太绝对，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如ften, usually, smetimes, sme, may, might, can, culd, pssibly, prbably等；
（3）正确答案有的时候反而是与通过常识判断得出的结论相反，要特别注意。
2．干扰选项的特点
（1）只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出的结论；
（2）看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符；
（3）根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点；
（4）虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头、概括过度；
（5）有部分选项的内容纯属编造。
三、推理判断题的解题方法
做 推理判断题要注意两点:一是推理，二是判断，而且两者密不可分。推理是为了判断，判断依赖于推理。推理判断题要求学生根据原文，经过推理，进行判断，从而 得出结论，所以推理判断题的答案不能在文中直接找出。但是，推理时务必要忠实于原文，在文章中寻找可推论的依据，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观 点。下面结合2011年各省市的中考题，就考试中常用的四种推理方法进行一一说明。
1. 抓住特定关键信息进行正向或逆向推理
做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用正向推理或逆向思维，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
例：Mark Wellman shwed that if yu set yur heart and mind n smething, n wall is t high, n dream impssible.
1. What can we learn frm the passage?
A. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
B. Dreams will cme true in the end.
C. Each step is imprtant t success.
D. Nthing can stp a strng will.
2. 利用作者的思想感情进行推断
作者在写作时，自然而然会渗透自己的喜怒哀乐。通过一些表达感情色彩或思想倾向的措辞，领会作者的思想感情，一些考查观点态度的题目就迎刃而解了。
例：My whle life I have depended n the kindness f many strangers, I feel regretful that I cannt find them and say thank yu. I d nt even remember what the man’s face lked like, but he taught me a lessn — peple are mre imprtant than things.
2. Accrding t the passage, which wrd can best describe the man?
A. Rude. B. Funny. C. Silly. D. Kind.
例：I had t arrive in Vienna at 7:15 in time t catch the 7:25 train t Paris, but there was n hpe f that nw. …It was almst 7:25 when we stpped utside the statin. I paid the driver quickly, tk hld f my bags quickly and hurried inside. “Paris train” was all I had time t say t the fficial (铁路职工) I saw. Yu can guess hw I feel when he pinted t a train that was just mving ut f the statin.
3. Hw did the writer feel at Vienna statin?
A. He felt lnely. B He felt angry. C. He felt surprised D. He felt sad.
3. 根据上下文的逻辑关系得出结论
不同的文章有不同的写作方法和文章结构。但是，在任何一篇文章中，段与段之间、句与句之间都存在着某种逻辑关系。抓住了这种逻辑关系，也就把握住了作者的写作思路和写作意图。
例：2011年北京卷
My summer hls wr CWOT. B4, we usd 2 g 2 NY 2C my br, his CF & thr 3:-@ kids FTF, ILNY, its gr8.
Can yu understand this sentence? If yu can’t, dn’t feel t bad: neither culd the middle schl teacher in England wh received this as hmewrk. This is Netspeak: …
4. What is the main purpse f the first paragraph?
A. T give an example f a freign language.
B. T shw an example f creative methds.
C. T express wrries abut using Netspeak.
D. T lead in the tpic f Netspeak.
4. 结合常识进行推断
有些文章，如科普类说明文、记叙类时政要闻等文体具有一定的背景知识。因此解答此类文章的题目，除了把握相关文段的细节外，还应注意充分运用自己的常识，结合题目去分析推理。
例：BEIJING (Xinhua) — Chinese have started t enjy cars at lw prices after the cuntry became a member f the Wrld Trade Organizatin (WTO). At the same time, cmpetitin between peple has becme strnger. Accrding t the China’s Ministry f Persnnel (人事部), abut 170 millin peple will lse their jbs after the cuntry has jined the WTO.
5. This passage is prbably _____.
A. a stry B. a nte C. a letter D. a news reprt
以 上分别从四个方面讲解了如何对文章隐含信息进行推理判断，但有时候题目的设计不一定这么层次分明，需要同时从不同角度对文章的信息进行综合分析、推理和判 断。例如方法三中的例子，需要综合考虑上下文逻辑关系以及文章的感情色彩，才能做出正确的判断。因此，在阅读的过程中，需要考生在熟练掌握的基础上灵活运 用这些方法。
中考英语阅读主旨大意题解题技巧
命题形式主要有：
常见的主旨大意题的考查形式：
The text is mainly abut ____.
The main idea/The general idea/The main purpse is ______.
What’s the main pint the writer is trying t make in the last/xx paragraph?
What wuld be the best title /headline fr the text?
This article mainly tells abut the stry f ____.
What is the tpic f the text?
The subject discussed in this text is ____.
What des the secnd paragraph discuss?
The paragraph (passage) deals with _____.
What is mainly discussed in the text?
解题技巧。
1.先看问题，看是否有和主旨相关的题目，了解题目类别和提问方式。
2.再看文章首尾和各段开头，找出主题句或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨。
3.以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气或意图等其他深层次问题。
4、这类题目需要对文章有整体性的把握，建议最后做
文章或者某段落的主旨大意——主题句定位法：通过分析篇章结构，找出每一小段的主题句，然后通过寻找共同点，找出整个文章的主题句。
主题呈现的方式：
开门见山式：主题句出现在文首。
In mdern sciety there is a great deal f argument abut cmpetitin. Sme value it highly, believing that it is respnsible fr scial prgress and prsperity. Others say that cmpetitin is bad，that it sets ne persn against anther; that it leads t unfriendly relatinship between peple.
题目：What des this passage mainly talk abut？
A.Cmpetitin helps t set up self-respect.
B.Opinins abut cmpetitin are different amng peple.
C.Cmpetitin is harmful t persnal quality develpment.
D. Failures are necessary experience in cmpetitin.
藏头露尾式：主题句出现在文尾
On the Internet, we can read news at hme and abrad and get as much infrmatin as we can. We ften send e-mails r make telephne calls t ur families as well as t ur friends by Internet. What’s mre, we can g t schl n the net, read a lt f bks and even teach urselves freign languages. We als enjy music, watch ball matches n the net and play cmputer games. With the help f the net, we can d shpping even withut leaving ur hmes. The Internet is playing a mre and mre imprtant part in ur daily life.
题目：What’s the main idea f the passage？
A. Keep away frm the Internet.
B. Surf the net.
C. The Internet is playing an imprtant part in ur daily life.
D. We can entertain urselves n the Internet.
3.首尾呼应式：
在有些文章中，为了突出主题，作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出主题。值得注意的是，前后两个主题句不是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。
Lacrsse(曲棍球) is a ppular sprt in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it t train fr war. They invented this game befre Clumbus arrived in the New Wrld.
Peple play lacrsse utdrs. The lacrsse field is seven meters lng. At each end f the field there is a gal. The gal is…
There are many lacrsse clubs and lacrsse teams all ver Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrsse games n TV r listen t the lacrsse games ver the radi.
At ne time lacrsse was the natinal summer sprt in Canada. Tday it is still ppular with Canadians.
题目：The passage is mainly abut .
A. Hw t Play Lacrsse
B. Lacrsse in Canada
C. The Histry f Lacrsse
D. Lacrsse—A Ppular Game in Canada
4.抛砖引玉式：
文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似正确的观点，而真正的主题则是通过对问题的解析和引申，或是通过责问和驳论的方式导出主题。
Hw culd we pssibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural envirnments－mstly fr entertainment purpses－is fair and respectful？
Z fficials say they are cncerned abut animals. Hwever, mst zs remain “cllectins” f interesting “things” rather than prtective habitats (栖息地). …
Zs claim (声称) t educate peple and save endangered species(物种), but visitrs leave zs withut having learned anything meaningful abut the animals’ natural behavir, intelligence, r beauty….
…
Actually, we will save endangered species nly if we save their habitat and put an end t the reasns peple kill them. Instead f supprting zs, we shuld supprt grups that wrk t prtect animals’ natural habitats.
题目： What des the authr try t argue in the passage？
A.Zs are nt wrth the public supprt.
B.Zs fail in their attempt t save animals.
C.Zs shuld treat animals as human beings.
D.Zs use animals as a means f entertainment.
藏龙卧虎式：
即主题句隐含在全文当中，没有明确的主题句。具体方法是：首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点,然后加以归纳形成主题。
Handshaking, thugh a Eurpean practice is ften seen in big cities f China. Nbdy knws exactly when the practice started in Eurpe. It is said that lng lng ag in Eurpe when peple met, they shwed their unarmed(无武器的) hands t each ther as a sign f gdwill. As time went n and trade in cities grew rapidly, peple in cities began t clap each ther’s hands t make a deal r t reach an agreement. This practice was later changed int shaking hands amng friends n meeting r leaving each ther. “Let’s shake (hands) n it” smetimes means agreement reached.
题目：The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.
A. where handshaking was first practiced
B. hw handshaking came abut
C. abut the relatinship between handshaking and trade
D. abut the practice f handshaking bth in Eurpe and in China
二、选择最好的标题——选帽原则：像帽子一样，大小合适才行。另外，标题要简洁、突出、新颖。标题是文章的点睛之笔，所以它还要具有醒目的特点，能吸引读者。
He wishes the hliday seasn wuld end already. His back aches, his red suit feels like a spacesuit, his cheeks have gne tight frm smiling fr 12 hurs …
The questins frm children these days are harder than ever. Nw, with thusands f children expecting a father r mther serving in Iraq r Afghanistan, the questins are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable. Fr example, “Can yu please bring Daddy hme frm the war in time fr Christmas mrning？”
Santas als have a pretty gd chance f getting sued (指控)…
题：What wuld be the best title fr the passage？
A．Christmas: Nt a Gd Festival fr Santas
B．Is Santa Claus Really Alive？
C．A Christmas Stry
D．What Des Santa Claus D fr Children？
Next time a custmer cmes t yur ffice, ffer him a cup f cffee. And when yu’re ding yur hliday shpping nline, make sure yu’re hlding a large glass f iced tea. The physical sensatin（感觉） f warmth encurages emtinal warmth, while a cld drink in hand prevents yu frm making unwise decisins—thse are the practical lessn being drawn frm recent research by psychlgist Jhn A. Bargh.
Psychlgists have knwn that ne persn’s perceptin（感知） f anther’s “warmth” is a pwerful determiner in scial relatinships. Judging smene t be either “warm” r “cld” is a primary cnsideratin, even trumping evidence that a “cld” persn may be mre capable. Much f this is rted in very early childhd experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ cnceptual sense f the wrld arund them is shaped by physical sensatins, particularly warmth and cldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlw, published in 1958, shwed mnkeys preferred t stay clse t a clth “mther” rather than ne made f wire, even when the wire “mther” carried a fd bttle. Harlw’s wrk and later studies have led psychlgists t stress the need fr warm physical cntact frm caregivers t help yung children grw int healthy adults with nrmal scial skills.
Feelings f “warmth” and “cldness” in scial judgments appear t be universal. Althugh n wrldwide study has been dne, Bargh says that describing peple as “warm” r “cld” is cmmn t many cultures, and studies have fund thse perceptins influence judgment in dzens f cuntries.
T test the relatinship between physical and psychlgical warmth, Bargh cnducted an experiment which invlved 41 cllege students. A research assistant wh was unaware f the study’s hyptheses（假设）, handed the students either a ht cup f cffee, r a cld drink, t hld while the researcher filled ut a shrt infrmatin frm: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked t rate the persnality f “Persn A” based n a particular descriptin. Thse wh had briefly held the warm drink regarded Persn A as warmer than thse wh had held the iced drink.
“We are grunded in ur physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.
56. Accrding t Paragraph 1, a persn’s emtin may be affected by ______.
A. the visitrs t his fficeB. the psychlgy lessns he has
C. his physical feeling f cldnessD. the things he has bught nline
57. The authr mentins Harlw’s experiment t shw that ______.
A. adults shuld develp scial skillsB. babies need warm physical cntact
C. caregivers shuld be healthy adultsD. mnkeys have scial relatinships
58. In Bargh’s experiment, the students were asked t ______.
A. evaluate smene’s persnality
B. write dwn their hyptheses
C. fill ut a persnal infrmatin frm
D. hld cffee and cld drink alternatively
59. We can infer frm the passage that ______.
A. abstract thinking des nt cme frm physical experiences
B. feelings f warmth and cldness are studied wrldwide
C. physical temperature affects hw we see thers
D. capable persns are ften cld t thers
60. What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Drinking fr Better Scial Relatinships
B. Experiments f Persnality Evaluatin
C. Develping Better Drinking Habits
D. Physical Sensatins and Emtins
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尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。
5、“傻瓜”原则。
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