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专题04 阅读理解D篇（说明文）-2023年高考英语真题题源解密（新高考卷）
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（2023·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇）
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
32. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A. the crwds were relatively smallB. there were ccasinal underestimates
C. individuals did nt cmmunicateD. estimates were nt fully independent
34. What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A. The size f the grups.B. The dminant members.
C. The discussin prcess.D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Dubtful.D. Apprving.
语篇解读
主旨概要
本文是一篇说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
原文出处
语言知识
词汇默写
1. statistician 2. illustrate 3. estimatin
4. accurate 5. capitalize 6. verestimate
7. underestimate 8. Averaged9. crrelate
10. phenmenn 11. btain 12. significantly
13. dminant 14. reasn 15. limitatin
16. ptential17. implicatin 18. enrmus
词汇答案
1. statistician n. 统计学家；统计员
2. illustrate vt. 说明；（为书）作插图；图解vi. 举例说明；发亮
3. estimatin n. 判断；估计；尊重
4. accurate adj. 准确的；精确的
5. capitalize vt. 以大写字母写；使 ... 资本化；估价vi. 利用
6. verestimate v. 过高估计；过高出价n. 估计过高；评价过高；出价过高
7. underestimate n. 低估v. 低估
8. averaged adj. 平均的；中和的
9. crrelate vt. 使相互关联vi. 关联n. 相关物
10. phenmenn n. 现象；奇人；奇事
11. btain vt. 获得；得到vi. 流行；通用；存在
12. significantly adv. 意味深长地；意义深远地；重要地；较大地
13. dminant adj. 主要的；占优势的；显性的n. 主宰者；显性基因
14. reasn n. 原因；理由；理智；理性v. 理论；论证；推理；劝说
15. limitatin n. 限制；限度；缺点
16. ptential adj. 潜在的；可能的n. 潜力；潜能n. 电位；电势
17. implicatin n. 牵连；含意；暗示；卷入
18. enrmus adj. 巨大的；庞大的
重点短语
1. tend t 倾向于
2. result in 导致
3. fr whatever reasns 不论理由是什么
长难句分析
1. On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect.
句意为：1907年3月7日，英国统计学家弗朗西斯•高尔顿(Francis Galtn)发表了一篇论文，阐述了所谓的“群体智慧”效应。
句型分析：该句为复合句，主干为“the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper”，其中定语从句“which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect”修饰名词paper，在定语从句中，包含了一个由what引导的宾语从句“what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect”，作illustrated的宾语。
2. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
句意为：他进行的估计实验表明，在某些情况下，大量独立估计的平均值可以相当准确。
句型分析：该句式复合句，句子主干为“The experiment f estimatin shwed that”，其中定语从句“he cnducted”省略引导词that，修饰前面的名词experiment，宾语从句“that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate”作shwed的宾语。
3. This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same.
句意为：这种效应利用了这样一个事实: 当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。
句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为“This effect capitalizes n the fact”，其中同位语从句“when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same”作fact的同位语，对其进行解释说明。
4. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals.
句意为：这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。
句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为“The key finding f the study was”，其中表语从句“that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals.”，在表语从句中，定语从句“that were allwed t have a discussin”修饰前面的名词grups。
5. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
【答案】 32. B 33. D 34.C 35. D
【32题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t
always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and cme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs
are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and
tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f
crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple s errrs becme crrelated
r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，
这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，
它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互
抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得
相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差
平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确
的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be
independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding f
the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin,
the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals.
Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre
accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划
分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五
人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的
情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也
是可以做到的。故选D。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better
sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident 句意为：虽然纳瓦哈斯领导的研究有局限性，仍然存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。
句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为“the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus”，由althugh引导的让步状语从句“Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain”，其中非谓语结构“led by Navajas”作后置定语修饰前面代名词studies。
abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? ( 在一项针对100名大学生的后
续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估
计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了
解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins
remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.(尽管Navajas领导的研
究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas
领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的
研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
（2023·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇）
As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves.”
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
32. What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?
A. Pcket parks are nw ppular.B. Wild nature is hard t find in cities.
C. Many cities are verppulated.D. Peple enjy living clse t nature.
33. Why did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?A. T cmpare different types f park-gers.B. T explain why the park attracts turists.
C. T analyze the main features f the park.D. T find patterns in the visitrs’ summaries.
34. What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way t gain access t nature.
B. Yung peple are t busy t interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different frms.
D. The nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
35. What shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?
A. Language study.B. Envirnmental cnservatin.
C. Public educatin.D. Intercultural cmmunicatin.
全文大意
随着城市的扩大，居住在城市地区的人们越来越难以找到接近大自然的机会。如果你幸运的话，可能会有一个附近的小型公园，但在城市中找到相对原始的地方是不太常见的。
过去的研究发现，接触大自然对人类的健康和福祉有益，但一项新研究表明，在城市地区，野生环境对人类的福祉非常重要。
研究团队专注于一个大型城市公园。他们对几百名公园游客进行了调查，要求他们在线上提交与公园中大自然的有意义互动的书面摘要。然后研究人员对这些提交进行了分析，将经验编码为不同的类别。例如，一个参与者的经历“我们坐在海滩上听了一会儿海浪声”被归类为“坐在海滩上”和“聆听海浪声”。
在这320份提交中，研究人员发现了一种被称为“自然语言”的类别模式逐渐浮现。在对所有提交进行编码后，有六个类别最常被认为对游客来说最重要。其中包括遇到野生动物、沿水边行走以及沿着已建好的小径行走。
给每个自然体验命名创造了一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最令人满意和有意义的活动。例如，沿水边行走的体验对于一个周末在公园远足的年轻职业人士来说可能是令人满意的。在工作日的市区，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，体验更具家居感的互动形式。
“我们正在努力创造一种语言，帮助将人与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活。为了实现这一点，我们还需要保护自然，以便我们可以与之互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩表示。
语言知识
词汇默写
1. balln 2. access 3. relatively 4.urban 5.survey
6. park-ger 7. cde 8. categry 9.participant 10.submissin
11. emerge 12. nte 13.encunter 14. edge 15.establish
16. usable 17. satisfying 18. prfessinal 19. dmestic 20.interactin
21.funtain 22.generate 23.senir
词汇答案
N气球; V 膨胀2. N 机会，权利，通道 V 访问 进入 使用 3.相对地 4.城市的 5.调查
6.逛公园的人 7. N代码 V 归类 8.类别 9.参与者 10.提交
【答案】32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。11.出现 12. 标记，注意 13.遇到 14.边缘 15.建立
16.可用的 17.满意的 18.专业的 19.家庭的 20.互动
21.喷泉 22.生成 23.高级
重点短语
take part in 参与 2. be meaningful t sb 对...有意义 3. pcket park 袖珍公园
4. fcus n 集中于，聚焦于5. the edge f•••的边缘 6 lunch break 午休 7.interact with 与⋯⋯相处8. gain / get access (t sth） 进入（某地），见到（某人或某物）
9.envirnmental cnservatin 环境保护
长难句分析
They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary
nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park.
句意为：他们对几百名公园游客进行了调查，要求他们在线上提交与公园中大自然的有意义互动的书面摘要。
句型分析：这是一个主谓宾结构的简单句，主谓宾分别为they;surveyed;park-gers。Asking为非谓语动词做伴随状语的用法，该伴随状语的主干为：ask them t submit。A summary 做t submit的宾语。Of a meaningful interactin做summary的后置定语。They had 是省略关系词which和that的定语从句。
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize
and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them.
句意为：为每种自然体验命名可以创造出一个可用的语言，它有助于帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。
句子成分：主语Naming each nature experience 谓语 creates 宾语a usable language; which 引导定语从句，先行词为 language，定语从句中还包含另一个定语从向that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them，先行词为activities。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
【命题意图】
试卷所选阅读语篇围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题语境。所选阅读素材，考查整体阅读与深度阅读的能力，需要从头到尾理解文章，而不单单从字面搜寻信息。2023年新课标I卷阅读D篇介绍“群体智慧效应”，（wisdm f crwds）题型分布较为稳定，以推理判断题和主旨大意题这种高阶思维题为主；涉及到了组织行为学，心理学和社会学的概念，提及到了实验模型，以及群体实验中，人们犯错被高估、低估以及错误足够多回归均值的规律。还分析了实验结果与样本容量以及群体特点之间的关系。2023年新课标II卷阅读D篇说明文，随着城市化进程的发展，人们与自然接触的机会越来越少。研究发现，城市中自然场所的存在对居民的健康至关重要，研究人员也正试图创建一种“语言”，帮助人们更好地与自然互动。该语篇旨在引导学生形成爱护自然、热衷环保的生态理念。
【考查要点】
2023年新课标I卷阅读D篇题型分布较为稳定，以推理判断题和主旨大意题这种高阶思维题为主；细节理解题1道小题，推理判断题2道, 主旨大意题1道。2023年新课标II卷阅读D篇，。主要考查学生细节理解能力和推理判断能力、把握主旨大意能力。细节理解题1道小题，推理判断题3道。
【课标链接】
依据新课程标准阅读理解部分试题考查的就是对语篇重要细节信息和关键信息的理解和推断能力。高考阅读四大题型（细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨要义）均有涉及，但D篇细节理解题减少，侧重推理判断题。需指出的是虽然D篇阅读素材比较难，涉及到了很多长难句和专业词汇，但题目设置还是符合以往的高考命题形式的，这就要求我们要加强英语思维的能力，重视推理判断题，平时要多加训练。此外，2023年新高考卷也出现了一些高难度的词汇，如hands-n, far-reaching, shrt-lived, unidentifiable, vlume, interactive, battery-pwered, interactin等。这些是几年的重大突破，这就要求学生在平时的备考中多关注合成词的运用以及熟词生义。
【1】（2022·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇）
Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,“ said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
32. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
33. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D. Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
35. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
【解析】
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and "v", were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.（30多年前，学者Charles Hckett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard t prduce labidentals，which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure , making it easier t prduce such sunds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Mran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Mran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
【2】（2022·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇）
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in prcessing xygen as it used t be. In mst peple the first signs shw up in their 50s r early 60s. And amng peple wh dn’t exercise, the changes can start even sner.
“Think f a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer fr 20 years and it will becme dry and easily brken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University f Texas. That’s what happens t the heart. Frtunately fr thse in midlife, Levine is finding that even if yu haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape nw may help imprve yur aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected vlunteers aged between 45 and 64 wh did nt exercise much but were therwise healthy. Participants were randmly divided int tw grups. The first grup participated in a prgram f nnaerbic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week. After tw years, the secnd grup saw remarkable imprvements in heart health.
“We tk these 50-year-ld hearts and turned the clck back t 30-r 35-year-ld hearts,” says Levine. “And the reasn they gt s much strnger and fitter was that their hearts culd nw fill a lt better and pump (泵送) a lt mre bld during exercise.” But the hearts f thse wh participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spt in life t start exercising, if yu haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-lds thrugh a yearlng exercise training prgram, and nthing happened t them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Gldberg, a spkeswman fr the American Heart Assciatin, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs t be repeated with far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which aspects f an exercise rutine make the biggest difference.
32. What des Levine want t explain by mentining the rubber band?
A. The right way f exercising.B. The causes f a heart attack.
C. The difficulty f keeping fit.D. The aging prcess f the heart.
33. In which aspect were the tw grups different in terms f research design?
A. Diet plan.B. Prfessinal backgrund.
C. Exercise type.D. Previus physical cnditin.
34. What des Levine’s research find?
A. Middle-aged hearts get yunger with aerbic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is mre suitable fr the yung.
C. It is never t late fr peple t start taking exercise.
D. The mre exercise we d, the strnger ur hearts get.
35. What des Dr. Nieca Gldberg suggest?
A. Making use f the findings.B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Cnducting further research.D. Clarifying the purpse f the study.
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Think f a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer fr 20 years and it will becme dry and easily brken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University f Texas. That’s what happens t the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first grup participated in a prgram f nnaerbic exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week. After tw years, the secnd grup saw remarkable imprvements in heart health.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We tk these 50-year-ld hearts and turned the clck back t 30-r 35-year-ld hearts,” says Levine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs t be repeated with far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which aspects f an exercise rutine make the biggest difference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。
【3】（2021·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇）
Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intelligence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
32. What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.B. It helps t exercise a persn’s mind.
C. It includes a set f emtinal skills.D. It refers t a persn’s psitive qualities.
33. Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. T explain a rule.B. T clarify a cncept.
C. T present a fact.D. T make a predictin.
34. What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
35. What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A. Its appeal t the public.B. Expectatins fr future studies.
C. Its practical applicatin.D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. (医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. …The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。
【4】（2021·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇）
An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a prfessr at the University f Sydney, sees rbts as necessary given hw cattlemen are aging. He is building a fur-wheeled rbt that will run n slar and electric pwer. It will use cameras and sensrs t mnitr the animals. A cmputer system will analyze the vide t determine whether a cw is sick. Radi tags (标签) n the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture (质地) f grass. That way, cattlemen will knw whether they need t mve their cattle t anther field fr nutritin purpses.
Machines have largely taken ver planting, watering and harvesting crps such as cm and wheat, but the mnitring f cattle has gne thrugh fewer changes.
Fr Texas cattleman Pete Bnds, it's increasingly difficult t find wrkers interested in watching cattle. But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry - and failed attempts t use technlgy - have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse. Bnds, wh bught his first cattle almst 50 years ag, still has each f his cwbys inspect 300 r 400 cattle daily and lk fr signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see mre prmise in rbts. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft. Cattle tend t be kept in remte places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
32. What is a prblem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Sil pllutin.B. Lack f wrkers.
C. Aging machines.D. Lw prfitability.
33. What will Sukkarieh's rbt be able t d?
A. Mnitr the quality f grass.B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Mve cattle t anther field.D. Predict weather changes.
34. Why des Pete Bnds still hire cwbys t watch cattle?
A. He wants t help them earn a living.B. He thinks men can d the jb better.
C. He is inexperienced in using rbts.D. He enjys the traditinal way f life.
35. Hw may rbts help with cattle watching accrding t Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value f cattle.B. Bring dwn the cst f labr.
C. Make the jb mre appealing.D. Keep cattle frm being stlen.
【答案】32. B 33. A 34. B 35. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture (质地) f grass.（通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry - and failed attempts t use technlgy - have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。
【35题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。
分析近三年的高考试题，可以发现阅读理解D篇都是考查说明文，话题涉猎广泛，如：2022·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇，主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。2022·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇，文章主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。2021·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇，文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。2021·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇，讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。对于2024年高考D篇预测，很可能仍然会是说明文，话题可能涉及到哲学、心理学、经济学等前沿领域，需重点关注这些方面内容信息。
【1】（2023年5月江苏苏州高三调研试题）
Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed(安装)has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven’t given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
“Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs,” says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment(InSPIRE)prject. “They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs(传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. “These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that’s ging n in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32. What d slar develpers ften ignre?
A. The decline in the demand fr slar energy.
B. The negative impact f installing slar panels.
C. The rising labr cst f building slar farms.
D. The mst recent advances in slar technlgy.
33. What des InSPIRE aim t d?
A. Imprve the prductivity f lcal farms.
B. Invent new methds fr cntrlling weeds.
C. Make slar prjects envirnmentally friendly.
D. Prmte the use f slar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4?
A. T cnserve pllinatrs.B. T restrict slar develpment.
C. T diversify the ecnmy.D. T ensure the supply f energy.
35. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Pllinatrs: T Leave r t StayB. Slar Energy: Hpe fr the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Slar Farms: A New Develpment
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. A 35. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land.(InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。
【2】（2023年5月重庆市高三第三次诊断调研试题）
Making day-t-day activities mre intense fr a few minutes — such as briefly stepping up the pace f a walk — culd ffer peple wh dn’t exercise sme f the health benefits that exercisers enjy, accrding t a new study f rughly 25, 000 adults wh reprted n exercise in their free time.
Thse wh include three ne- t tw-minute bursts f intense activity per day saw a nearly a 40 percent drp in the risk f death frm any cause cmpared with thse withut such activity. The risk f death frm cancer als fell by nearly 40 percent, and the risk f death frm cardivascular (心血管的) disease drpped almst 50 percent, researchers reprt nline December 8 in Nature Medicine.
“This study adds t ther literature shwing that even shrt amunts f activity are beneficial,” says Lisa Cadmus-Bertram, a physical activity epidemilgist (流行病学家) at the University f Wiscnsin-Madisn. “S many peple are daunted by feeling that they dn’t have the time, mney, mtivatin, transprtatin, etc. tg t a gym regularly r wrk ut fr lng perids f time,” she says. “The message we can take is that it is abslutely wrth ding what yu can.”
The researchers were lking fr bursts f intense activity that met a definitin determined in a labratry study, like reaching at least 77 percent f maximum heart rate and at least 64 percent f maximum xygen cnsumptin. In real life, the signs that smene has reached the needed intensity level are “an increase in heart rate and feeling ut f breath” in the first 15 t 30 secnds f an activity, Stamatakis says.
Regular daily activities ffer several pprtunities fr these bursts, he says. “The simplest ne is maximizing walking pace fr a minute r tw during any regular walk.” Other ptins, he says, include carrying grcery bags t the car r taking the stairs. “The largest ppulatin health gains will be realized by finding ways t get the least physically active peple t mve a little mre.”32. What was fund abut intense activity in the new study?
A. It helped t lwer the risk f death.
B. It was mre beneficial t exercisers.
C. It relieved the pain f cancer patients.
D. It cured peple f cardivascular disease.
33. What des the underline wrd “daunted” prbably mean?
A. Inspired.
B. Surprised.
C. Discuraged.
D. Cnfused.
34. Which activity might be suggested by Stamatakis?
A. Wrking ut every day.
B. Taking stairs at an even pace.
C. Keeping running at a high speed.
D. Adding shrt bursts t a regular walk.
35. What might be a suitable title fr the text?
A. The Simplest Daily Exercise Activities
B. Brief Intense Activities Can Be Helpful
C. The Guidance n Brief Intense Activities
D. Regular Exercise Is Necessary fr Everyne
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. D 35. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了短时间的爆发性运动，以及给出了如何在日常活动中进行该类运动的建议。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段第一句“Thse wh include three ne- t tw-minute bursts f intense activity per day saw a nearly a 40 percent drp in the risk f death frm any cause cmpared with thse withut such activity.(那些每天进行三次一到两分钟剧烈运动的人，与没有进行这种运动的人相比，死于任何原因的风险下降了近40%)”可知，短时间的爆发性运动可以降低死亡率，故选A。
【33题详解】
词义猜测题。由第三段“by feeling that they dn’t have the time, mney, mtivatin, transprtatin…(感觉自己没有时间、金钱、动力和交通工具……)”可知，考虑到时间、金钱等多种因素，人们对健身感到挫败，daunted意为“挫败的，灰心的”，故选C。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。由文章最后一段前两句“Regular daily activities ffer several pprtunities fr these bursts, he says. ‘The simplest ne is maximizing walking pace fr a minute r tw during any regular walk.’(他说，有规律的日常活动为这些爆发提供了几种机会。‘最简单的方法就是在任何正常的散步中，用一两分钟的时间来最大限度地提高步行速度。’)”可知，Stamatakis建议人们可以在日常活动中加入短时间的爆发性运动，例如在走路时加入1-2分钟的快速走，故选D。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了短时间的爆发性运动对健康的益处。文章第一段“Making day-t-day activities mre intense fr a few minutes — such as briefly stepping up the pace f a walk — culd ffer peple wh dn’t exercise sme f the health benefits that exercisers enjy(让日常活动在几分钟内变得更激烈——比如短暂地加快散步的步伐——可以给不锻炼的人带来锻锻者所享受的一些健康益处)”点明主旨，接下来对研究过程进行详细的介绍，最后提出在日常活动中进行该类运动的建议，B项“短暂的高强度活动是有帮助的”适合作为文章标题，故选B。
【3】（2023年5月浙江北斗星盟阶段性考试试题）
A grwing bdy f research suggests that the gut micrbime (消化道菌群) culd play a majr rle in a rising chrnic disease that makes us physically weaker. The illness, which is cmmnly called chrnic fatigue syndrme (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrintestinal (胃肠道的) issues, muscle pain, and cgnitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty cncentrating, amng ther symptms. It ften fllws a viral infectin which can lead t a “disruptin” in a balanced gut ecsystem. Actually, an increasing number f Americans have been the sufferers since the utbreak f COVID-19.
Tw recent studies published in Cell Hst &Micrbe pint t changes in the micrbime as a pssible cause f CFS. Research grups at Clumbia University and the Jacksn Labratry perfrmed detailed analyses f the micrbes in stl (粪便) samples frm patients with CFS and cmpared them t healthy cntrls.
The tw grups fund similar bacteria species were less present in CFS patients cmpared t cntrl patients. They fcused n bacteria that prduce butyrate, a fatty acid invlved in regulating metablism and the immune system. “Butyrate plays several rles in directing the bdy’s respnse t infectins, while als prtecting the barrier between the intestine (肠) and the circulatry system, regulating genetic changes in cells, and mre,” says Brent Williams, lead authr n the Clumbia study. Williams and his clleagues extensively analyzed the rle f butyrate in CFS patients’ guts, even identifying a crrelatin between lw levels f bacteria that prduce this acid and mre severe symptms.
Parallel findings frm the Jacksn Labratry team suggest the bacteria that prduce butyrate culd be used t diagnse CFS. Previus research has identified micrbime issues in CFS patients, but the new findings help clarify which micrbes culd be related t the illness.
Mre research n butyrate-prducing bacteria and ther species identified in the studies is necessary t investigate these ptential bimarkers f CFS, the authrs say. If the findings are replicated, specific gut bacteria culd be used t diagnse the illness, which is currently identified based n symptms alne.
The findings additinally pint tward pssible treatments, such as prbitics r micrbime-fcused diet adjustments—thugh patients wh have been sick fr lng perids may require drugs that alleviate the damage dne t their metablism r immune system.32. What d we knw abut CFS?
A. It is caused by COVID-19 nly.B. It is an illness with systemic symptms.
C. It breaks the balance f the gut ecsystem.D. The number f the infected is n the decrease.
33. Hw did the researcher carry ut the recent studies?
A. By cntrlling data.B. By identifying genes.
C. By analyzing samples.D. By cmparing symptms.
34. Which f the fllwing is NOT the significance f the recent researches?
A. Butyrate’s multiple functins are prmted.
B. Targeted gut micrbes may be used t diagnse CFS.
C. Certain micrbes respnsible fr CFS are narrwed dwn.
D. Prbitics supplement with drugs can be a treatment fr CFS.
35. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Gut micrbime may be the key t CFS.B. Micrbes help digest fd and aid absrptin.
C. Man’s gut is a rich, diverse trpical rainfrest.D. New methd fr diagnsing CFS are prvided.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. A 35. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。越来越多的研究表明，肠道微生物群可能在越来越多的慢性疾病中发挥重要作用。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及其研究发现的意义。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“The illness, which is cmmnly called chrnic fatigue syndrme (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrintestinal (胃肠道的) issues, muscle pain, and cgnitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty cncentrating, amng ther symptms.(这种疾病通常被称为慢性疲劳综合征（CFS），其特征是强烈的疲劳、胃肠道问题、肌肉疼痛和认知挑战，如头痛和注意力不集中等症状)”可知，慢性疲劳综合症是一种有全身性症状的疾病。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Research grups at Clumbia University and the Jacksn Labratry perfrmed detailed analyses f the micrbes in stl (粪便) samples frm patients with CFS and cmpared them t healthy cntrls.(哥伦比亚大学和杰克逊实验室的研究小组对慢性疲劳综合症患者粪便样本中的微生物进行了详细分析，并将其与健康对照进行了比较)”可知，研究人员通过分析样本进行的研究。故选C。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Parallel findings frm the Jacksn Labratry team suggest the bacteria that prduce butyrate culd be used t diagnse CFS.(杰克逊实验室团队的类似发现表明，产生丁酸盐的细菌可以用来诊断慢性疲劳综合症)”；倒数第二段“If the findings are replicated, specific gut bacteria culd be used t diagnse the illness, which is currently identified based n symptms alne.(如果这些发现被复制，特定的肠道细菌可以用来诊断疾病，目前仅根据症状来识别疾病)”以及最后一段“The findings additinally pint tward pssible treatments, such as prbitics r micrbime-fcused diet adjustments—thugh patients wh have been sick fr lng perids may require drugs that alleviate the damage dne t their metablism r immune system.(研究结果还指出了可能的治疗方法，比如益生菌或以微生物群为重点的饮食调整——尽管长期患病的患者可能需要药物来减轻对新陈代谢或免疫系统的损害)”可知，A选项“促进丁酸盐的多种功能”不是研究的意义。故选A。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“A grwing bdy f research suggests that the gut micrbime (消化道菌群) culd play a majr rle in a rising chrnic disease that makes us physically weaker. The illness, which is cmmnly called chrnic fatigue syndrme (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrintestinal (胃肠道的) issues, muscle pain, and cgnitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty cncentrating, amng ther symptms.(越来越多的研究表明，肠道微生物群可能在越来越多的慢性疾病中发挥重要作用，这些疾病会使我们的身体变得更弱。这种疾病通常被称为慢性疲劳综合征（CFS），其特征是剧烈疲劳、胃肠道问题、肌肉疼痛和认知挑战，如头痛和注意力不集中等症状)”结合文章介绍了一项研究开展的过程以及其研究发现的意义可知，这篇文章的主要讲述肠道微生物群可能是慢性疲劳综合症的关键。故选A。
【教学启示】
1.扩大阅读广度。阅读知识面的广度常常与学生思维的开阔程度与灵活性之间存在紧密联系。这种扩大学生知识面的过程可以和语言能力训练、思维品质培养等手段紧密结合，来达到更好的效果。例如，在阅读理解教学中，教师可以通过学生互相用英语提问的方式来激发学生的语言能力和思维品质，让学生逐渐学会在阅读过程中提出好问题，掌握文章的要旨和主旨，汲取其中的精华，从而不断扩大他们的知识面，以提高他们的语言表达和思维能力。
2. 注重阅读解题思路的培养。万变不离其宗，即使是2023新高考全国I卷D篇阅读，在试题的设置上也没有脱离高考命题规则，有的学生会发现，虽然文章看不懂，但是题目能做对。这就是对试题的解题技巧有较高的要求。学生需要多注重细节理解的定位和总结归纳能力的培养。
（2023·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇）
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
32. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A. the crwds were relatively smallB. there were ccasinal underestimates
C. individuals did nt cmmunicateD. estimates were nt fully independent
34. What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A. The size f the grups.B. The dminant members.
C. The discussin prcess.D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Dubtful.D. Apprving.
语篇解读
主旨概要
本文是一篇说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
原文出处
语言知识
词汇默写
1. statistician 2. illustrate 3. estimatin
4. accurate 5. capitalize 6. verestimate
7. underestimate 8. Averaged9. crrelate
10. phenmenn 11. btain 12. significantly
13. dminant 14. reasn 15. limitatin
16. ptential17. implicatin 18. enrmus
词汇答案
1. statistician n. 统计学家；统计员
2. illustrate vt. 说明；（为书）作插图；图解vi. 举例说明；发亮
3. estimatin n. 判断；估计；尊重
4. accurate adj. 准确的；精确的
5. capitalize vt. 以大写字母写；使 ... 资本化；估价vi. 利用
6. verestimate v. 过高估计；过高出价n. 估计过高；评价过高；出价过高
7. underestimate n. 低估v. 低估
8. averaged adj. 平均的；中和的
9. crrelate vt. 使相互关联vi. 关联n. 相关物
10. phenmenn n. 现象；奇人；奇事
11. btain vt. 获得；得到vi. 流行；通用；存在
12. significantly adv. 意味深长地；意义深远地；重要地；较大地
13. dminant adj. 主要的；占优势的；显性的n. 主宰者；显性基因
14. reasn n. 原因；理由；理智；理性v. 理论；论证；推理；劝说
15. limitatin n. 限制；限度；缺点
16. ptential adj. 潜在的；可能的n. 潜力；潜能n. 电位；电势
17. implicatin n. 牵连；含意；暗示；卷入
18. enrmus adj. 巨大的；庞大的
重点短语
1. tend t 倾向于
2. result in 导致
3. fr whatever reasns 不论理由是什么
长难句分析
1. On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect.
句意为：1907年3月7日，英国统计学家弗朗西斯•高尔顿(Francis Galtn)发表了一篇论文，阐述了所谓的“群体智慧”效应。
句型分析：该句为复合句，主干为“the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper”，其中定语从句“which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect”修饰名词paper，在定语从句中，包含了一个由what引导的宾语从句“what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect”，作illustrated的宾语。
2. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
句意为：他进行的估计实验表明，在某些情况下，大量独立估计的平均值可以相当准确。
句型分析：该句式复合句，句子主干为“The experiment f estimatin shwed that”，其中定语从句“he cnducted”省略引导词that，修饰前面的名词experiment，宾语从句“that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate”作shwed的宾语。
3. This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same.
句意为：这种效应利用了这样一个事实: 当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。
句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为“This effect capitalizes n the fact”，其中同位语从句“when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same”作fact的同位语，对其进行解释说明。
4. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals.
句意为：这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。
句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为“The key finding f the study was”，其中表语从句“that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals.”，在表语从句中，定语从句“that were allwed t have a discussin”修饰前面的名词grups。
5. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
【答案】 32. B 33. D 34.C 35. D
【32题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t
always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and cme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs
are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and
tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f
crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple s errrs becme crrelated
r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，
这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，
它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互
抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得
相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差
平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确
的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be
independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding f
the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin,
the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals.
Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre
accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划
分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五
人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的
情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也
是可以做到的。故选D。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better
sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident 句意为：虽然纳瓦哈斯领导的研究有局限性，仍然存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。
句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为“the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus”，由althugh引导的让步状语从句“Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain”，其中非谓语结构“led by Navajas”作后置定语修饰前面代名词studies。
abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? ( 在一项针对100名大学生的后
续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估
计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了
解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins
remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.(尽管Navajas领导的研
究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas
领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的
研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
（2023·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇）
As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves.”
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
32. What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?
A. Pcket parks are nw ppular.B. Wild nature is hard t find in cities.
C. Many cities are verppulated.D. Peple enjy living clse t nature.
33. Why did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?A. T cmpare different types f park-gers.B. T explain why the park attracts turists.
C. T analyze the main features f the park.D. T find patterns in the visitrs’ summaries.
34. What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way t gain access t nature.
B. Yung peple are t busy t interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different frms.
D. The nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
35. What shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?
A. Language study.B. Envirnmental cnservatin.
C. Public educatin.D. Intercultural cmmunicatin.
全文大意
随着城市的扩大，居住在城市地区的人们越来越难以找到接近大自然的机会。如果你幸运的话，可能会有一个附近的小型公园，但在城市中找到相对原始的地方是不太常见的。
过去的研究发现，接触大自然对人类的健康和福祉有益，但一项新研究表明，在城市地区，野生环境对人类的福祉非常重要。
研究团队专注于一个大型城市公园。他们对几百名公园游客进行了调查，要求他们在线上提交与公园中大自然的有意义互动的书面摘要。然后研究人员对这些提交进行了分析，将经验编码为不同的类别。例如，一个参与者的经历“我们坐在海滩上听了一会儿海浪声”被归类为“坐在海滩上”和“聆听海浪声”。
在这320份提交中，研究人员发现了一种被称为“自然语言”的类别模式逐渐浮现。在对所有提交进行编码后，有六个类别最常被认为对游客来说最重要。其中包括遇到野生动物、沿水边行走以及沿着已建好的小径行走。
给每个自然体验命名创造了一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最令人满意和有意义的活动。例如，沿水边行走的体验对于一个周末在公园远足的年轻职业人士来说可能是令人满意的。在工作日的市区，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，体验更具家居感的互动形式。
“我们正在努力创造一种语言，帮助将人与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活。为了实现这一点，我们还需要保护自然，以便我们可以与之互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩表示。
语言知识
词汇默写
1. balln 2. access 3. relatively 4.urban 5.survey
6. park-ger 7. cde 8. categry 9.participant 10.submissin
11. emerge 12. nte 13.encunter 14. edge 15.establish
16. usable 17. satisfying 18. prfessinal 19. dmestic 20.interactin
21.funtain 22.generate 23.senir
词汇答案
N气球; V 膨胀2. N 机会，权利，通道 V 访问 进入 使用 3.相对地 4.城市的 5.调查
6.逛公园的人 7. N代码 V 归类 8.类别 9.参与者 10.提交
【答案】32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。11.出现 12. 标记，注意 13.遇到 14.边缘 15.建立
16.可用的 17.满意的 18.专业的 19.家庭的 20.互动
21.喷泉 22.生成 23.高级
重点短语
take part in 参与 2. be meaningful t sb 对...有意义 3. pcket park 袖珍公园
4. fcus n 集中于，聚焦于5. the edge f•••的边缘 6 lunch break 午休 7.interact with 与⋯⋯相处8. gain / get access (t sth） 进入（某地），见到（某人或某物）
9.envirnmental cnservatin 环境保护
长难句分析
They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary
nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park.
句意为：他们对几百名公园游客进行了调查，要求他们在线上提交与公园中大自然的有意义互动的书面摘要。
句型分析：这是一个主谓宾结构的简单句，主谓宾分别为they;surveyed;park-gers。Asking为非谓语动词做伴随状语的用法，该伴随状语的主干为：ask them t submit。A summary 做t submit的宾语。Of a meaningful interactin做summary的后置定语。They had 是省略关系词which和that的定语从句。
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize
and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them.
句意为：为每种自然体验命名可以创造出一个可用的语言，它有助于帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。
句子成分：主语Naming each nature experience 谓语 creates 宾语a usable language; which 引导定语从句，先行词为 language，定语从句中还包含另一个定语从向that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them，先行词为activities。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
【命题意图】
试卷所选阅读语篇围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题语境。所选阅读素材，考查整体阅读与深度阅读的能力，需要从头到尾理解文章，而不单单从字面搜寻信息。2023年新课标I卷阅读D篇介绍“群体智慧效应”，（wisdm f crwds）题型分布较为稳定，以推理判断题和主旨大意题这种高阶思维题为主；涉及到了组织行为学，心理学和社会学的概念，提及到了实验模型，以及群体实验中，人们犯错被高估、低估以及错误足够多回归均值的规律。还分析了实验结果与样本容量以及群体特点之间的关系。2023年新课标II卷阅读D篇说明文，随着城市化进程的发展，人们与自然接触的机会越来越少。研究发现，城市中自然场所的存在对居民的健康至关重要，研究人员也正试图创建一种“语言”，帮助人们更好地与自然互动。该语篇旨在引导学生形成爱护自然、热衷环保的生态理念。
【考查要点】
2023年新课标I卷阅读D篇题型分布较为稳定，以推理判断题和主旨大意题这种高阶思维题为主；细节理解题1道小题，推理判断题2道, 主旨大意题1道。2023年新课标II卷阅读D篇，。主要考查学生细节理解能力和推理判断能力、把握主旨大意能力。细节理解题1道小题，推理判断题3道。
【课标链接】
依据新课程标准阅读理解部分试题考查的就是对语篇重要细节信息和关键信息的理解和推断能力。高考阅读四大题型（细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨要义）均有涉及，但D篇细节理解题减少，侧重推理判断题。需指出的是虽然D篇阅读素材比较难，涉及到了很多长难句和专业词汇，但题目设置还是符合以往的高考命题形式的，这就要求我们要加强英语思维的能力，重视推理判断题，平时要多加训练。此外，2023年新高考卷也出现了一些高难度的词汇，如hands-n, far-reaching, shrt-lived, unidentifiable, vlume, interactive, battery-pwered, interactin等。这些是几年的重大突破，这就要求学生在平时的备考中多关注合成词的运用以及熟词生义。
【1】（2022·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇）
Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,“ said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
32. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
33. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D. Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
35. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
【解析】
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and "v", were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.（30多年前，学者Charles Hckett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard t prduce labidentals，which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure , making it easier t prduce such sunds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Mran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Mran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
【2】（2022·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇）
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in prcessing xygen as it used t be. In mst peple the first signs shw up in their 50s r early 60s. And amng peple wh dn’t exercise, the changes can start even sner.
“Think f a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer fr 20 years and it will becme dry and easily brken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University f Texas. That’s what happens t the heart. Frtunately fr thse in midlife, Levine is finding that even if yu haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape nw may help imprve yur aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected vlunteers aged between 45 and 64 wh did nt exercise much but were therwise healthy. Participants were randmly divided int tw grups. The first grup participated in a prgram f nnaerbic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week. After tw years, the secnd grup saw remarkable imprvements in heart health.
“We tk these 50-year-ld hearts and turned the clck back t 30-r 35-year-ld hearts,” says Levine. “And the reasn they gt s much strnger and fitter was that their hearts culd nw fill a lt better and pump (泵送) a lt mre bld during exercise.” But the hearts f thse wh participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spt in life t start exercising, if yu haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-lds thrugh a yearlng exercise training prgram, and nthing happened t them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Gldberg, a spkeswman fr the American Heart Assciatin, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs t be repeated with far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which aspects f an exercise rutine make the biggest difference.
32. What des Levine want t explain by mentining the rubber band?
A. The right way f exercising.B. The causes f a heart attack.
C. The difficulty f keeping fit.D. The aging prcess f the heart.
33. In which aspect were the tw grups different in terms f research design?
A. Diet plan.B. Prfessinal backgrund.
C. Exercise type.D. Previus physical cnditin.
34. What des Levine’s research find?
A. Middle-aged hearts get yunger with aerbic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is mre suitable fr the yung.
C. It is never t late fr peple t start taking exercise.
D. The mre exercise we d, the strnger ur hearts get.
35. What des Dr. Nieca Gldberg suggest?
A. Making use f the findings.B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Cnducting further research.D. Clarifying the purpse f the study.
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Think f a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer fr 20 years and it will becme dry and easily brken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University f Texas. That’s what happens t the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first grup participated in a prgram f nnaerbic exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week. After tw years, the secnd grup saw remarkable imprvements in heart health.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We tk these 50-year-ld hearts and turned the clck back t 30-r 35-year-ld hearts,” says Levine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs t be repeated with far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which aspects f an exercise rutine make the biggest difference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。
【3】（2021·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇）
Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intelligence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
32. What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.B. It helps t exercise a persn’s mind.
C. It includes a set f emtinal skills.D. It refers t a persn’s psitive qualities.
33. Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. T explain a rule.B. T clarify a cncept.
C. T present a fact.D. T make a predictin.
34. What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
35. What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A. Its appeal t the public.B. Expectatins fr future studies.
C. Its practical applicatin.D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. (医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. …The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。
【4】（2021·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇）
An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a prfessr at the University f Sydney, sees rbts as necessary given hw cattlemen are aging. He is building a fur-wheeled rbt that will run n slar and electric pwer. It will use cameras and sensrs t mnitr the animals. A cmputer system will analyze the vide t determine whether a cw is sick. Radi tags (标签) n the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture (质地) f grass. That way, cattlemen will knw whether they need t mve their cattle t anther field fr nutritin purpses.
Machines have largely taken ver planting, watering and harvesting crps such as cm and wheat, but the mnitring f cattle has gne thrugh fewer changes.
Fr Texas cattleman Pete Bnds, it's increasingly difficult t find wrkers interested in watching cattle. But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry - and failed attempts t use technlgy - have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse. Bnds, wh bught his first cattle almst 50 years ag, still has each f his cwbys inspect 300 r 400 cattle daily and lk fr signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see mre prmise in rbts. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft. Cattle tend t be kept in remte places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
32. What is a prblem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Sil pllutin.B. Lack f wrkers.
C. Aging machines.D. Lw prfitability.
33. What will Sukkarieh's rbt be able t d?
A. Mnitr the quality f grass.B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Mve cattle t anther field.D. Predict weather changes.
34. Why des Pete Bnds still hire cwbys t watch cattle?
A. He wants t help them earn a living.B. He thinks men can d the jb better.
C. He is inexperienced in using rbts.D. He enjys the traditinal way f life.
35. Hw may rbts help with cattle watching accrding t Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value f cattle.B. Bring dwn the cst f labr.
C. Make the jb mre appealing.D. Keep cattle frm being stlen.
【答案】32. B 33. A 34. B 35. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture (质地) f grass.（通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry - and failed attempts t use technlgy - have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。
【35题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。
分析近三年的高考试题，可以发现阅读理解D篇都是考查说明文，话题涉猎广泛，如：2022·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇，主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。2022·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇，文章主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。2021·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇，文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。2021·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇，讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。对于2024年高考D篇预测，很可能仍然会是说明文，话题可能涉及到哲学、心理学、经济学等前沿领域，需重点关注这些方面内容信息。
【1】（2023年5月江苏苏州高三调研试题）
Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed(安装)has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven’t given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
“Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs,” says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment(InSPIRE)prject. “They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs(传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. “These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that’s ging n in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32. What d slar develpers ften ignre?
A. The decline in the demand fr slar energy.
B. The negative impact f installing slar panels.
C. The rising labr cst f building slar farms.
D. The mst recent advances in slar technlgy.
33. What des InSPIRE aim t d?
A. Imprve the prductivity f lcal farms.
B. Invent new methds fr cntrlling weeds.
C. Make slar prjects envirnmentally friendly.
D. Prmte the use f slar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4?
A. T cnserve pllinatrs.B. T restrict slar develpment.
C. T diversify the ecnmy.D. T ensure the supply f energy.
35. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Pllinatrs: T Leave r t StayB. Slar Energy: Hpe fr the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Slar Farms: A New Develpment
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. A 35. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land.(InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。
【2】（2023年5月重庆市高三第三次诊断调研试题）
Making day-t-day activities mre intense fr a few minutes — such as briefly stepping up the pace f a walk — culd ffer peple wh dn’t exercise sme f the health benefits that exercisers enjy, accrding t a new study f rughly 25, 000 adults wh reprted n exercise in their free time.
Thse wh include three ne- t tw-minute bursts f intense activity per day saw a nearly a 40 percent drp in the risk f death frm any cause cmpared with thse withut such activity. The risk f death frm cancer als fell by nearly 40 percent, and the risk f death frm cardivascular (心血管的) disease drpped almst 50 percent, researchers reprt nline December 8 in Nature Medicine.
“This study adds t ther literature shwing that even shrt amunts f activity are beneficial,” says Lisa Cadmus-Bertram, a physical activity epidemilgist (流行病学家) at the University f Wiscnsin-Madisn. “S many peple are daunted by feeling that they dn’t have the time, mney, mtivatin, transprtatin, etc. tg t a gym regularly r wrk ut fr lng perids f time,” she says. “The message we can take is that it is abslutely wrth ding what yu can.”
The researchers were lking fr bursts f intense activity that met a definitin determined in a labratry study, like reaching at least 77 percent f maximum heart rate and at least 64 percent f maximum xygen cnsumptin. In real life, the signs that smene has reached the needed intensity level are “an increase in heart rate and feeling ut f breath” in the first 15 t 30 secnds f an activity, Stamatakis says.
Regular daily activities ffer several pprtunities fr these bursts, he says. “The simplest ne is maximizing walking pace fr a minute r tw during any regular walk.” Other ptins, he says, include carrying grcery bags t the car r taking the stairs. “The largest ppulatin health gains will be realized by finding ways t get the least physically active peple t mve a little mre.”32. What was fund abut intense activity in the new study?
A. It helped t lwer the risk f death.
B. It was mre beneficial t exercisers.
C. It relieved the pain f cancer patients.
D. It cured peple f cardivascular disease.
33. What des the underline wrd “daunted” prbably mean?
A. Inspired.
B. Surprised.
C. Discuraged.
D. Cnfused.
34. Which activity might be suggested by Stamatakis?
A. Wrking ut every day.
B. Taking stairs at an even pace.
C. Keeping running at a high speed.
D. Adding shrt bursts t a regular walk.
35. What might be a suitable title fr the text?
A. The Simplest Daily Exercise Activities
B. Brief Intense Activities Can Be Helpful
C. The Guidance n Brief Intense Activities
D. Regular Exercise Is Necessary fr Everyne
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. D 35. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了短时间的爆发性运动，以及给出了如何在日常活动中进行该类运动的建议。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段第一句“Thse wh include three ne- t tw-minute bursts f intense activity per day saw a nearly a 40 percent drp in the risk f death frm any cause cmpared with thse withut such activity.(那些每天进行三次一到两分钟剧烈运动的人，与没有进行这种运动的人相比，死于任何原因的风险下降了近40%)”可知，短时间的爆发性运动可以降低死亡率，故选A。
【33题详解】
词义猜测题。由第三段“by feeling that they dn’t have the time, mney, mtivatin, transprtatin…(感觉自己没有时间、金钱、动力和交通工具……)”可知，考虑到时间、金钱等多种因素，人们对健身感到挫败，daunted意为“挫败的，灰心的”，故选C。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。由文章最后一段前两句“Regular daily activities ffer several pprtunities fr these bursts, he says. ‘The simplest ne is maximizing walking pace fr a minute r tw during any regular walk.’(他说，有规律的日常活动为这些爆发提供了几种机会。‘最简单的方法就是在任何正常的散步中，用一两分钟的时间来最大限度地提高步行速度。’)”可知，Stamatakis建议人们可以在日常活动中加入短时间的爆发性运动，例如在走路时加入1-2分钟的快速走，故选D。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了短时间的爆发性运动对健康的益处。文章第一段“Making day-t-day activities mre intense fr a few minutes — such as briefly stepping up the pace f a walk — culd ffer peple wh dn’t exercise sme f the health benefits that exercisers enjy(让日常活动在几分钟内变得更激烈——比如短暂地加快散步的步伐——可以给不锻炼的人带来锻锻者所享受的一些健康益处)”点明主旨，接下来对研究过程进行详细的介绍，最后提出在日常活动中进行该类运动的建议，B项“短暂的高强度活动是有帮助的”适合作为文章标题，故选B。
【3】（2023年5月浙江北斗星盟阶段性考试试题）
A grwing bdy f research suggests that the gut micrbime (消化道菌群) culd play a majr rle in a rising chrnic disease that makes us physically weaker. The illness, which is cmmnly called chrnic fatigue syndrme (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrintestinal (胃肠道的) issues, muscle pain, and cgnitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty cncentrating, amng ther symptms. It ften fllws a viral infectin which can lead t a “disruptin” in a balanced gut ecsystem. Actually, an increasing number f Americans have been the sufferers since the utbreak f COVID-19.
Tw recent studies published in Cell Hst &Micrbe pint t changes in the micrbime as a pssible cause f CFS. Research grups at Clumbia University and the Jacksn Labratry perfrmed detailed analyses f the micrbes in stl (粪便) samples frm patients with CFS and cmpared them t healthy cntrls.
The tw grups fund similar bacteria species were less present in CFS patients cmpared t cntrl patients. They fcused n bacteria that prduce butyrate, a fatty acid invlved in regulating metablism and the immune system. “Butyrate plays several rles in directing the bdy’s respnse t infectins, while als prtecting the barrier between the intestine (肠) and the circulatry system, regulating genetic changes in cells, and mre,” says Brent Williams, lead authr n the Clumbia study. Williams and his clleagues extensively analyzed the rle f butyrate in CFS patients’ guts, even identifying a crrelatin between lw levels f bacteria that prduce this acid and mre severe symptms.
Parallel findings frm the Jacksn Labratry team suggest the bacteria that prduce butyrate culd be used t diagnse CFS. Previus research has identified micrbime issues in CFS patients, but the new findings help clarify which micrbes culd be related t the illness.
Mre research n butyrate-prducing bacteria and ther species identified in the studies is necessary t investigate these ptential bimarkers f CFS, the authrs say. If the findings are replicated, specific gut bacteria culd be used t diagnse the illness, which is currently identified based n symptms alne.
The findings additinally pint tward pssible treatments, such as prbitics r micrbime-fcused diet adjustments—thugh patients wh have been sick fr lng perids may require drugs that alleviate the damage dne t their metablism r immune system.32. What d we knw abut CFS?
A. It is caused by COVID-19 nly.B. It is an illness with systemic symptms.
C. It breaks the balance f the gut ecsystem.D. The number f the infected is n the decrease.
33. Hw did the researcher carry ut the recent studies?
A. By cntrlling data.B. By identifying genes.
C. By analyzing samples.D. By cmparing symptms.
34. Which f the fllwing is NOT the significance f the recent researches?
A. Butyrate’s multiple functins are prmted.
B. Targeted gut micrbes may be used t diagnse CFS.
C. Certain micrbes respnsible fr CFS are narrwed dwn.
D. Prbitics supplement with drugs can be a treatment fr CFS.
35. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Gut micrbime may be the key t CFS.B. Micrbes help digest fd and aid absrptin.
C. Man’s gut is a rich, diverse trpical rainfrest.D. New methd fr diagnsing CFS are prvided.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. A 35. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。越来越多的研究表明，肠道微生物群可能在越来越多的慢性疾病中发挥重要作用。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及其研究发现的意义。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“The illness, which is cmmnly called chrnic fatigue syndrme (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrintestinal (胃肠道的) issues, muscle pain, and cgnitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty cncentrating, amng ther symptms.(这种疾病通常被称为慢性疲劳综合征（CFS），其特征是强烈的疲劳、胃肠道问题、肌肉疼痛和认知挑战，如头痛和注意力不集中等症状)”可知，慢性疲劳综合症是一种有全身性症状的疾病。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Research grups at Clumbia University and the Jacksn Labratry perfrmed detailed analyses f the micrbes in stl (粪便) samples frm patients with CFS and cmpared them t healthy cntrls.(哥伦比亚大学和杰克逊实验室的研究小组对慢性疲劳综合症患者粪便样本中的微生物进行了详细分析，并将其与健康对照进行了比较)”可知，研究人员通过分析样本进行的研究。故选C。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Parallel findings frm the Jacksn Labratry team suggest the bacteria that prduce butyrate culd be used t diagnse CFS.(杰克逊实验室团队的类似发现表明，产生丁酸盐的细菌可以用来诊断慢性疲劳综合症)”；倒数第二段“If the findings are replicated, specific gut bacteria culd be used t diagnse the illness, which is currently identified based n symptms alne.(如果这些发现被复制，特定的肠道细菌可以用来诊断疾病，目前仅根据症状来识别疾病)”以及最后一段“The findings additinally pint tward pssible treatments, such as prbitics r micrbime-fcused diet adjustments—thugh patients wh have been sick fr lng perids may require drugs that alleviate the damage dne t their metablism r immune system.(研究结果还指出了可能的治疗方法，比如益生菌或以微生物群为重点的饮食调整——尽管长期患病的患者可能需要药物来减轻对新陈代谢或免疫系统的损害)”可知，A选项“促进丁酸盐的多种功能”不是研究的意义。故选A。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“A grwing bdy f research suggests that the gut micrbime (消化道菌群) culd play a majr rle in a rising chrnic disease that makes us physically weaker. The illness, which is cmmnly called chrnic fatigue syndrme (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrintestinal (胃肠道的) issues, muscle pain, and cgnitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty cncentrating, amng ther symptms.(越来越多的研究表明，肠道微生物群可能在越来越多的慢性疾病中发挥重要作用，这些疾病会使我们的身体变得更弱。这种疾病通常被称为慢性疲劳综合征（CFS），其特征是剧烈疲劳、胃肠道问题、肌肉疼痛和认知挑战，如头痛和注意力不集中等症状)”结合文章介绍了一项研究开展的过程以及其研究发现的意义可知，这篇文章的主要讲述肠道微生物群可能是慢性疲劳综合症的关键。故选A。
【教学启示】
1.扩大阅读广度。阅读知识面的广度常常与学生思维的开阔程度与灵活性之间存在紧密联系。这种扩大学生知识面的过程可以和语言能力训练、思维品质培养等手段紧密结合，来达到更好的效果。例如，在阅读理解教学中，教师可以通过学生互相用英语提问的方式来激发学生的语言能力和思维品质，让学生逐渐学会在阅读过程中提出好问题，掌握文章的要旨和主旨，汲取其中的精华，从而不断扩大他们的知识面，以提高他们的语言表达和思维能力。
2. 注重阅读解题思路的培养。万变不离其宗，即使是2023新高考全国I卷D篇阅读，在试题的设置上也没有脱离高考命题规则，有的学生会发现，虽然文章看不懂，但是题目能做对。这就是对试题的解题技巧有较高的要求。学生需要多注重细节理解的定位和总结归纳能力的培养。
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