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北京市中国人民大学附属中学2022-2023学年高二英语上学期期中试题（Word版附解析）
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这是一份北京市中国人民大学附属中学2022-2023学年高二英语上学期期中试题（Word版附解析），共22页。试卷主要包含了 5分，共15分）， A等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2022北京人大附中高二（上）期中
英语
第一部分：知识应用（共四节，43分）
第一节（共10小题：每小题1. 5分，共15分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
No one is born a winner. People make themselves into winners by their own ____1____.
I learned this lesson from an experience many years ago. I took the head coaching job at a school in Baxley, Georgia. It was a small school with a weak football program.
It was a tradition for the school's old team to play against the ____2____ team at the end of spring practice. The old team had no coach, and they didn’t even practice to prepare for the game. Being the coach of the new team, I was excited because I knew we were going to win, but to my disappointment, we were defeated. I couldn’t believe I had got into such a situation. Thinking hard about it, I came to realize that my team might not be the number one team in Georgia, but they were ____3____ me. I had to change my ____4____ about their ability and potential.
I started doing anything I could to help them build a little ____5____. Most importantly, I began to treat them like ___6___. That summer, when the other teams enjoyed their vacations, we met every day and practiced passing and kicking the football.
Six months after suffering our defeat on the spring practice field, we won our first game and our second and continued to improve. Finally, we faced the number one team in the state. I felt that it would be a ____7____ for us even if we lost the game. But that wasn’t what happened. My boys beat the best team in Georgia, giving me one of the greatest ____8____ of my life!
From the experience, I learned a lot about how the attitude of the leader can affect the members of a team. Instead of seeing my boys as losers, I pushed and ____9____ them. I helped them to see themselves ______10______, and they built themselves into winners.
Winners are made, not born.
1. A. luck B. efforts C. tests D. nature
2. A. excellent B. successful C. new D. strong
3. A. depending on B. looking for C. reacting to D. caring about
4. A. intention B. conclusion C. decision D. attitude
5. A. culture B. fortune C. relationship D. pride
6. A. winners B. leaders C. learners D. part
7. A. burden B. victory C. shame D. favor
8. A. offers B. concerns C. thrills D. chances
9. A. observed B. encouraged C. impressed D. protected
10. A. calmly B. honestly C. differently D. individually
【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了多年前作者担任过一个学校足球队的教练，在一次比赛中输给了学校的老队。作者开始反思，不停的训练和鼓励队员，最终不可思议的赢得州里最强的对手。从这次经历中，作者感悟到：没有人天生就是赢家，只有依靠自己的努力才能成为赢家。
【1题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：人们通过自己的努力使自己成为胜利者。A. luck运气；B. efforts努力；C. tests测试；D. nature自然。根据“No one is born a winner.”可知，人们需要通过努力才能成为胜利者。故选B。
【2题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在春季训练结束时，学校的老队与新队进行比赛是一项传统。A. excellent优秀的；B. successful成功的；C. new新的；D. strong强壮的。根据“It was a tradition”和“Being the coach of the new team”可知，此处表示学校的老队和新队进行比赛。故选C。
【3题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：仔细想了想，我意识到我的球队可能不是乔治亚州最好的球队，但他们依赖我。A. depending on依靠；B. looking for寻找；C. reacting to对……有反应；D. caring about关心，在意。根据“Being the coach of the new team,”和“I had to change my about their ability and potential.”可知，作为教练，孩子们还要依靠作者，作者需要做出改变。故选A。
【4题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我必须改变我对他们的能力和潜力的态度。A. intention意图，打算；B. conclusion结论；C. decision决定；D. attitude态度。根据“Being the coach of the new team, I was excited because I knew we were going to win, but to my disappointment, we were defeated.(作为新队的教练，我很兴奋，因为我知道我们会赢，但令我失望的是，我们被击败了。)”可知，作者轻视对手导致了失败，因此要改变态度。故选D。
【5题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我开始尽我所能帮助他们建立自豪感。A. culture文化；B. fortune运气；C. relationship关系；D. pride骄傲，自豪。根据“but to my disappointment, we were defeated. ”和“I began to treat them like ___6___”可知，作者在比赛失败后尽自己所能帮助孩子们建立自豪感。故选D。
【6题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：最重要的是，我开始像对待胜利者一样对待他们。A. winners获胜者；B. leaders领导；C. learners学习者；D. part部分。根据“Instead of seeing my boys as losers”可知，作者像对待胜利者一样对待他们。故选A。
【7题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我觉得即使我们输了比赛，这对我们来说也是一场胜利。A. burden负担；B. victory胜利；C. shame羞愧；D. favor赞成，偏爱。根据“Finally, we faced the number one team in the state.”可知，作者认为面对最强的队伍，即使输了比赛也是一场胜利。故选B。
【8题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我的孩子们打败了乔治亚州最好的球队，给了我一生中最大的兴奋之一! A. offers提议；B. concerns关心，忧虑；C. thrills兴奋，激动；D. chances机会。根据“My boys beat the best team in Georgia”可知，作者的队伍打败了乔治亚州最好的球队，这是令人兴奋的事。故选C。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我没有把我的孩子们视为失败者，而是敦促和鼓励他们。A. observed观察；B. encouraged鼓励；C. impressed使印象深刻；D. protected保护。根据上文“Instead of seeing my boys as losers, I pushed ”可知，作者把孩子们视为胜利者，不断地鼓励他们。故选B。
【10题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：我帮助他们以不同的方式看待自己，他们把自己打造成了胜利者。A. calmly冷静地；B. honestly诚实地；C. differently不同地；D. individually单独地，分别地。根据上文“I started doing anything I could to help them build a little ____5____. Most importantly, I began to treat them like ___6___.”可知，作者帮助他们以不同的方式看待自己。故选C。
第二节（共10小题：每小题1分，共10分）
在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域内作答。
11. ____________ (wait) for her for two hours in the park, I had to leave. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】Having waited
【解析】
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在公园等了她两个小时之后，我不得不离开了。分析句子结构和意思可知，句子主语I是动词wait的发出者，存在逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用现在分词形式，表示主动；动词wait发生在谓语动词had to leave之前，所以用现在分词的完成式。故填Having waited。
12. Students are ____________ (appreciate) of the help from these volunteer teachers. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】appreciative
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词。句意：学生们非常感谢这些支教老师的帮助。设空处在句中作表语，应用形容词的形式，be appreciative of感激……，故填appreciative。
13. He realizes that a huge amount of paper, printed only one-sided, is wasted, and therefore commits himself to ____________ (recyclable) it. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】recycling
【解析】
【详解】考查动名词以及固定搭配。句意：他意识到只有单面印刷的大量纸张被浪费了，因此他致力于回收利用。分析句子可知，设空处构成固定短语commit oneself to doing致力于做某事，应填动名词做宾语。故填recycling。
14. Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communications, we had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot, ____________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】where
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：因为月球挡住了与探测器的直接无线电通讯，我们首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
15. The cashless paying system ____________ (install) three years ago helps reduce students queueing time. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】installed
【解析】
【详解】考查过去分词。句意：三年前安装的无现金支付系统有助于减少学生排队时间。分析句子可知，设空处作定语修饰名词system，二者之间是被动关系，应填过去分词形式。故填installed。
16. I heard a passenger behind me ____________ (shout) to the driver, and he refused to stop until we reached the next stop. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】shouting
【解析】
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我听到身后一名乘客向司机喊叫，他拒绝停车，直到我们到达下一站。hear sb. doing sth.“听到某人做某事”，现在分词作宾语补足语，和宾语之间存在主动关系，表示正在进行的动作。故填shouting。
17. These are the papers to be reviewed, all of ____________ are intended for the coming exams. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这些是要复习的论文，都是为即将到来的考试准备的。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the papers，指物，空前为介词，应用which。故填which。
18. Zhongyuan Festival, or Ghost Festival, is not a sad day, but time to celebrate ____________reunion (重聚) of families.
【答案】the
【解析】
【详解】考查冠词。句意：中元节，又称鬼节，不是一个悲伤的日子，而是庆祝家人团聚的时刻。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处特指“家人团聚”，应用定冠词。故填the。
19. Nowadays, many people are addicted ____________Tik Tok, which is not a very productive way of life. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】to
【解析】
【详解】考查介词。句意：如今，许多人沉迷于抖音，这不是一种富有成效的生活方式。分析句意可知此处填介词to，构成be addicted to，表示“沉迷于……”。故填to。
第三节（共10小题；每小题1分，共10分）
请用方框中词组的适当形式填空，有一项为多余选项。每个词组只可以使用一次。
get on, turn one’s back on, set.. apart, boil down to, apply oneself to, wrap up, set out, stressed out, do one’s part, be related to, make sense
20. It ____________one simple fact: this society rewards efforts rather than results.
21. When he came back, I asked him how he ____________at the interview.
22. In the past, much of the crime in this area ____________drug abuse.
23. People commented that her clear and elegant style ____________from most other journalists.
24. Even today, it still ____________to start saving early for higher education.
25. Over the past two years, she ____________her studies with dedication.
26. It is no use getting ____________for it is only going to make things worse.
27. The negotiations are expected to ____________within sixty days.
28. She ____________them when they needed her proved her untrustworthy.
29. The next morning, he hired a boat and ____________to find the well-known painter.
【答案】20. boils down to
21. got on 22. was related to
23. set her apart
24. makes sense
25. has applied herself to
26. stressed out
27. be wrapped up
28. turned her back on
29. set out
【解析】
【20题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：这可以归结为一个简单的事实：这个社会奖励努力而不是结果。根据句意“归结为”可知，动词短语boil down to符合题意，此处陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为it，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填boils down to。
【21题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：他回来后，我问他面试进展如何。根据句意“取得进展”可知，动词短语get on符合题意，结合“came back”和“asked”可知，使用一般过去时。故填got on。
【22题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：过去，这一地区的许多犯罪都与滥用毒品有关。根据句意“与……相关”可知，动词短语be related to符合题意，结合时间状语“In the past”可知，使用一般过去时，主语为much of the crime，be动词用was。故填was related to。
【23题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：人们评价说，她清晰、优雅的风格使她在大多数记者中脱颖而出。根据句意“使……脱颖而出”可知，动词短语set…apart符合题意，结合“commented”可知，此处使用一般过去时。故填set her apart。
【24题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：即使在今天，为接受高等教育尽早开始储蓄仍然是有意义的。根据句意“有意义”可知，动词短语make sense符合题意，结合时间状语“today”可知，使用一般现在时，主语为it，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填makes sense。
【25题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：在过去的两年里，她全身心地投入到她的学习中。根据句意“全身心投入”可知，动词短语apply oneself to符合题意，结合时间状语“Over the past two years”可知，此处使用现在完成时，主语为she，助动词用has。故填has applied herself to。
【26题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：压力太大是没有用的，因为它只会使事情变得更糟。根据句意“压力大”可知，动词短语get stressed out符合题意。故填stressed out。
【27题详解】
考查动词短语和被动语态。句意：预计谈判将在60天内结束。根据句意“结束”可知，动词短语wrap up符合题意，be expected to do sth.为固定搭配，表示“预计做某事”，空处需填动词原形，The negotiations和wrap up为被动关系，需填被动语态。故填be wrapped up。
【28题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：当他们需要她时，她却背弃了他们证明她不值得信赖。根据句意“背弃”可知，动词短语turn one’s back on符合题意，结合“needed”和“proved”可知，使用一般过去时。故填turned her back on。
29题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：第二天早上，他租了一条船，出发去寻找这位著名的画家。根据句意“出发”可知，动词短语set out符合题意，结合“hired”可知，此处使用一般过去时。故填set out。
第四节（共4小题：每小题2分，共8分）
使用所给提示，翻译下列句子。只需要将所填写内容，写在答题卡指定区域内。
30. 无论遇到什么困难，我们都能解决。（whatever）
We can solve ____________.
【答案】whatever difficulties we come across
【解析】
【详解】考查宾语从句。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处使用whatever引导宾语从句，“遇到”使用动词短语come across，“无论什么困难”使用whatever difficulties，在从句中作宾语，句子陈述目前的状态，应用一般现在时。故填whatever difficulties we come across。
31. 没有你的帮助，所有的这一切都无法实现。（虚拟条件句）
All of this _________, without your help.
【答案】wouldn’t have come true
【解析】
【详解】考查虚拟语气。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里有without your help做条件，句子谓语用虚拟语气，这句话描述的是过去的事情，所以用对过去的虚拟的谓语动词结构would/could/should/might+have done。表示“实现”应用动词短语come true。故填wouldn’t have come true。
32. 我宁愿骑车上学，而不搭计程车。（would rather...than...）
I ________________.
【答案】would rather go to school by bike than by taxi
【解析】
【详解】考查动词短语和介词短语。表示“宁愿……而不愿……”应用would rather do...than do...；表示“骑车”为介词短语by bike，在句中作状语；表示“搭计程车”介词短语为by taxi，在句中作状语。故填would rather go to school by bike than by taxi。
33. 真正重要的不是发生了什么，而是你如何去应对所发生的事情。（not...but...）
It is ___________________ that truly matters.
【答案】not what happened but how you react to it
【解析】
【详解】考查固定句式。分析句意可知，此句使用固定结构not...but...表示“不是……而是……”做真正主语从句；“发生了什么”可用what happened表示；“你如何应对所发生的事”可用how you react to it，其中react to表示“应对”，it用于指代前文出现的“发生的事”。整个句子是强调句，对主语“not what happened but how you react to it”进行强调。故答案为not what happened but how you react to it。
第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，30分）
第一节（共10小题：每小题2分，共20分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Who is a Real Danger? Cyclists or Pedestrians?
We are having a debate about this topic. Here are some letters from our readers.
Yes many cyclists behave dangerously. Many drivers are disrespectful of cyclists. But pedestrians are probably the worst offenders.
People of all ages happily walk along the pavement with eyes and hands glued to their mobile phones, quite unaware of what is going on around them. They may even do the same thing while crossing a road at a pedestrian crossing or elsewhere. The rest of us have to evade (避让) them or just stand still to wait for the unavoidable collision.
The real problem is that some pedestrians seem to be, at least for the moment, in worlds of their own that are, to them, much more important than the welfare of others.
—Michael Horan
I love the letter from Bob Brooks about cyclists (Viewpoints, May 29). I am afraid they seem to think they own the roads.
I was walking across Altrincham Road one morning when a cyclist went round me and, on being asked what he was doing, shouted at me.
The government built a cycle lane on the road, but it is hardly used.
The police do nothing. What a laugh they are!
The cyclists should all have to be made to use the cycle lanes and wear helmets, fluorescent (发荧光的) jackets and lights at night and in the morning. They should pay some sort of tax and be fined for not wearing them.
—Carol Harvey
Cyclists jump on and off pavements (which are meant for pedestrians), ride at speed along the pavements, and think they have a special right to go through traffic lights when they are on red.
I was almost knocked down recently by a cyclist riding on the pavement when there was a cycle lane right next to him.
Other road users, including horse riders, manage to obey the rules. So why not cyclists?
It’s about time they were registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle or cause an accident, at least they can be treated and there might be an opportunity to claim compensation.
—JML
Write to Viewpoints of the newspaper.
34. Michael Horan wrote the letter mainly to show that __________.
A. walking while using phones hurts one’s eyes
B. some pedestrians are a threat to road safety
C. road accidents can actually be avoided
D. drivers should be polite to cyclists
35. Carol Harvey suggests that cyclists should __________.
A. be provided with enough roads B. be made to pay less tax for cycling
C. be asked to ride on their own lanes D. be fined for laughing at policemen
36. The three letters present viewpoints on __________.
A. ways to improve road safety B. the real source of road danger
C. measures to punish road offences D. increased awareness of road rules
【答案】34. B 35. C 36. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一片议论文。 本文围绕一个主题展开一场争论——谁才是马路安全隐患的威胁？不遵守交通规则的骑自行车的人给行人带了了很多的危险。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Many drivers are disrespectful of cyclists. But pedestrians are probably worse offenders.(许多司机不尊重骑自行车的人。但行人可能是更糟糕的违规者)”和第四段“The real problem is that some pedestrians seem to be, at least for the moment, in worlds of their own that are, to them, much more important than the welfare of others.(真正的问题是，一些行人似乎，至少目前，沉浸在他们自己的世界，对他们来说，自己比其他人的幸福更重要)”可推断，Michael Horan写信主要为了展示一些行人对道路安全构成威胁。故选B。
【35题详解】
细节理解题。 根据Carol Harvey所说的话“The cyclists should all have to be made to use the cycle lanes and wear helmets, fluorescent (发荧光的) jackets and lights at night and in the morning. they should pay some sort of tax and be fined for not wearing them.(骑自行车的人都应该在早上和晚上使用自行车道和戴头盔，佩戴荧光夹克和灯。如果不穿他们应该支付一些税收和罚款)”可知，Carol Harvey建议要求骑自行车的人在他们自己的车道上骑行。故选C。
【36题详解】
推理判断题。由文章开头“Forget Cyclists, Pedestrians are Real Danger. We are having a debate about this topic. Here are some letters from our readers.(忘记骑自行车的人，行人是真正的危险。我们正在就这个问题进行辩论。下面是读者的来信）”以及三封信的具体内容可知，这篇文章主要探讨了谁是道路安全的真正隐患，是骑自行车的人，还是行人？故选B。
B
The Lifecycle of a T-shirt
We all probably have a lot of T-shirts, but do you ever stop and think about the influence of a T-shirt on the planet? You'd probably be surprised to learn what's involved in the lifecycle of just one T-shirt.
There are 5 major stages：material, production, shipping, use and disposal (处理). The material stage involves farming, irrigating, fertilizing, harvesting and ginning. While cotton is a natural fiber (纤维) and not as harmful to the environment as man-made fibers, it still takes a toll in the material and production stages. Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water, and the use of pesticides (杀虫剂) is widespread across the globe, especially in cotton farming. Studies have shown that farmers spend around $4. 1 billion on pesticides annually, of which 25% was spent on cotton crops in the US.
Once the cotton is grown and harvested, so begins the production stage: spinning, knitting, bleaching, dyeing, cutting, sewing, etc. —these processes also use a great deal of water and energy. Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants, and can eventually pollute groundwater.
After the T-shirt is produced, it enters the transportation stag. This often involves overseas shipping. Take a look in your closet. Chances are that most of your cotton garments (衣服) are made in China or India. Garments can be shipped via plane, ship or truck, all of which spill CO2 into the atmosphere. Calculations show that CO2 emissions from light trucks alone amount to 1. 15 pounds per mile.
Once T-shirt reaches the retail market, it is purchased. This stage may seem like the least environmentally damaging part. But consider the number of times you've washed and dried your favorite T-shirt. Washing machines are certainly becoming more efficient. However, the average American household does 400 loads of laundry per year, using about 40 gallons of water per load. Such excessive water use is combined with the large amount of energy used by dryers.
The final stage of life is disposal. This release harmful emissions, or involves a landfill where cotton takes years to break down. Current US records show that an estimated 15% of clothes and shoes are recycled, which means that consumers send a shocking 85% of these materials to landfills.
We all need new clothes every once in a while, but let's all try to keep in mind what goes into the production of clothing. It has a real impact on the planet.
There are a lot of things and you can do to help reduce your impact. Reuse and recycled clothes. If they're too worn out to wear, cut them up and use them as cleaning rags. Donate them to charity or another organization that recycles textiles. When possible, make an effort to buy organic cotton. Turn down the thermostat (恒温器) on your washer, and line dry your clothes when the weather will allow it.
37. The underlined phrase “takes a toll” probably means “___________”.
A. uses energy B. wastes water C. has a bad effect D. takes a lot of time
38. What can be inferred from this passage?
A. The use stage is the least environmentally harmful of the five stages.
B. Cotton clothes are buried because they are hard to break down.
C. The clothing cost is relatively low in China and India.
D. The production process may affect water safety.
39. What is the purpose of this article?
A To introduce the five stages in the lifecycle of clothing.
B. To persuade people to purchase more organic cotton.
C. To promote eco-friendly actions related to clothes.
D. To encourage people to donate clothes to charity.
【答案】37. C 38. D 39. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者介绍了T恤从生产、使用到废弃处理几个阶段对环境造成的不良影响，并对此提出一些改善建议。
【37题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段倒数第二句“Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water, and the use of pesticides (杀虫剂) is widespread across the globe, especially in cotton farming.（商业棉花种植需要大量的水和杀虫剂的使用(杀虫剂) 在全球范围内普遍存在，尤其是在棉花种植业。）”可知，这里讲述的商业种植棉花因大量用水很杀虫剂产生了负面影响，而这句话正是对前文takes a toll的解释说明，故该词组的意思为“不好的影响”。故选C项。
【38题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants, and can eventually pollute groundwater.（商业染料和漂白剂是有害的污染物，最终会污染地下水。）”可知，因生产T恤使用的染料和漂白剂，地下水遭污染，故推测用水安全也会因此受到不良影响。故选D项。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“There are a lot of things and you can do to help reduce your impact.（你可以做很多事情来帮助减少影响。）”可知，在分析了许多和T恤相关的环境问题之后作者呼吁我们读者采取行动减少不良影响，可推测本文写作目的为呼吁和衣服相关的且对生态环境友好的行为。故选C项。
C
Eudaimonia is an Ancient Greek word, particularly stressed by the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, which deserves far more attention than it has because it corrects the shortfalls (缺失）in one of the most central, but troubling words in our modem language: happiness.
When we nowadays try to clearly express the purpose of our lives，it is the word “happiness” that we commonly turn to. We tell ourselves and others that the most important principle for our jobs, our relationships and the conduct of our day-to-day lives is the pursuit of happiness. It sounds like an innocent enough idea, but too much reliance on the term means that we frequently unfairly tend to quit or, at least, heavily question a great many challenging but worthwhile situations. The Ancient Greeks did not believe that the purpose of life was to be happy; they proposed that it was to achieve Eudaimonia, a word which has been best translated as “fulfilment”.
What distinguishes happiness from fulfilment is pain. It is very possible to be fulfilled and—at the same time—under pressure, suffering physically or mentally, overburdened and, quite frequently, in an irritable (易怒的）mood. This is a slight psychological difference that is hard for the word “happiness” to capture, for it’s tricky to speak of being happy yet unhappy, or happy yet suffering. However, such a combination is readily accommodated within the respected and noble-sounding idea of Eudaimonia.
The word encourages us to trust that many of life’s most worthwhile projects will sometimes be in conflict with contentment, and yet will be worth pursuing. Properly exploring our professional talents, managing a household, keeping a relationship going, creating a new business venture or engaging in politics... none of these goals are likely to leave us cheerful and grinning on a daily basis. They will, in fact, involve us in all manner of challenges that will deeply exhaust and weaken us, provoke (激怒）and wound us. And yet we will perhaps, at the end of our lives, still feel that the tasks were worth undertaking. Through them, we’ll have achieved something deeper and more interesting than happiness.
With the word Eudaimonia in mind, we can stop imagining that we are aiming for a pain-free existence—and then blaming ourselves unfairly for being in a bad mood. We’ll know that we are trying to do something far more important than smile all the time: we're striving to do justice to our full human potential.
40. What do we know about “Eudaimonia” from the passage?
A. It was first created by two Greek philosophers.
B. It has received a lot of attention from the public.
C. It still has some shortfalls that need to be corrected.
D. It was regarded as the purpose of life in ancient Greece.
41. According to Paragraph 3, happiness .
A. is the opposite of fulfillment
B. is free from physical or mental pain
C. stresses the psychological difference
D. serves as a respected and noble life goal
42. We can learn from the passage that .
A. aiming for happiness may lead to wrong self-blaming
B. goals that wound and weaken us result in happiness
C. challenges leading to contentment are worth undertaking
D. feeling fulfilled means we should avoid tough situations
43. The passage encourages the readers to .
A find fulfillment with all efforts B. seek for a pain-free existence
C. keep optimistic whatever happens D. balance happiness and suffering
【答案】40. D 41. B 42. A 43. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了古希腊人的生活目标，Eudaimonia与happiness的区别，鼓励人们尽一切努力寻找满足感。
40题详解】
推理判断题。由第二段“The Ancient Greeks did not believe that the purpose of life was to be happy; they proposed that it was to achieve Eudaimonia, a word which has been best translated as “fulfilment”.古希腊人不相信生活的目的是快乐；他们提出，生活的目的是为了实现Eudaimonia，这个词最好翻译 理解为“满足”可知，在古希腊，Eudaimonia被认为是生活的目的。故D选项正确。
【41题详解】
推理判断题。由第三段“What distinguishes happiness from fulfilment is pain. It is very possible to be fulfilled and—at the same time—under pressure, suffering physically or mentally, overburdened and, quite frequently, in an irritable mood. This is a slight psychological difference that is hard for the word “happiness” to capture”快乐与满足的区别在于痛苦。在压力下、在身体上或精神上遭受痛苦、负担过重以及经常处于易怒的情绪下，是很有可能得到满足的。这是一个微小的心理差异，这很难让“幸福”这个词捕捉到。可知,幸福没有身体或精神上的痛苦。故B选项正确。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。由末段“With the word Eudaimonia in mind, we can stop imagining that we are aiming for a pain-free existence—and then blaming ourselves unfairly for being in a bad mood.”想到了eudaimonia这个词，我们就可以不用想象我们的目标是一个没有痛苦的生活，不用不公平地责怪自己心情不好。可知，追求幸福可能导致错误的自责。故A选项正确。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。由第四段“The word encourages us to trust that many of life’s most worthwhile projects will sometimes be in conflict with contentment...Through them, we’ll have achieved something deeper and more interesting than happiness.”可知，这篇文章鼓励读者尽一切努力找到满足感。故A选项正确。
【点睛】通过对关键词的把握是解决推理判断题的重要的方法之一。通读短文我们可知，短文主要介绍了Eudaimonia与happiness的区别，鼓励人们尽一切努力寻找满足感，一味儿的最求幸福感，会给自己带来很多烦恼。由末段“With the word Eudaimonia in mind, we can stop imagining that we are aiming for a pain-free existence—and then blaming ourselves unfairly for being in a bad mood.”中的关键词“stop imagining”“blaming”可知，不追求“ Eudaimonia ”而是最求“happiness”可能导致错误的自责。故A选项为第3小题的正确选项。
第二节（共5小题：每小题2分，共10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding. _____44_____
In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it was either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel. Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. _____45_____
Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them alphabetically, never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the day's work with the difficult task of essay-writing. The experience proved that the rule works.
_____46_____ Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can--then let the unconscious (无意识的) take over.
When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica, I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles. ___47___but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.
One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.
An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind._____48_____Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.
Human beings, I believe must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired.
A. Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle.
B. We do everything we can to get ourselves out of this gloomy situation.
C. We experience this tiredness in two ways: start-up fatigue and performance fatigue.
D. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions.
E. The solution is obvious though-perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.
F. What's more, making use of your unconsciousness wisely also proves effective in tackling difficult tasks.
G. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step.
【答案】44. C 45. E 46. A 47. D 48. G
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。围绕失败、疲劳和成功的关系展开论述，以亲身经历为例提出措施如何解决启动疲劳和执行疲劳。
【44题详解】
根据上文“There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.(没有什么比不成功更累的了)”和下文“In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it was either too boring or too difficult.(在前一种情况下，我们总是推迟一项任务，因为它要么太无聊，要么太难)”可知，空格处应总的指出疲惫感分为两种情况，引出下文。选项C“We experience this tiredness in two ways: start-up fatigue and performance fatigue.(我们以两种方式体验这种疲劳：启动疲劳和执行疲劳)”指出了两种疲劳，符合语境。故选C项。
【45题详解】
根据下文“And I always started the day’s work with the difficult task of essay-writing. The experience proved that the rule works.(我每天的工作都是从写作这项艰巨的任务开始的。经验证明这条规则是有效的)”推知，前文应该指出了作者所说的规则是什么。选项E“The solution is obvious though-perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.(解决方案很明显，但可能不容易应用：总是先处理最困难的工作)”恰好提出了一个规则，即先处理最困难的事，符合语境。故选E项。
【46题详解】
下文“Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right.(尽管我们愿意开始工作，但我们似乎不能把工作做好)”指出我们愿意开始工作，即没有启动疲劳，可知本段开始讨论第二种疲劳：执行疲劳。选项A“Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle.(执行疲劳更难处理)”符合语境。故选A项。
【47题详解】
根据下文“but none of them worked.(但是没有一个奏效)”可知空格处应该指出作者尝试了很多办法，都没有成功。选项D“Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions.(以前从来没有这样做过，我日复一日地不断提出解决方案)”表明作者反复提出了许多解决措施，符合语境。故选D项。
【48题详解】
根据上文“An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind.(一个小时后，我突然醒来，脑海中清晰地浮现出解决方案)”和下文“Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.(虽然我和以前一样努力工作，但我并不感到疲劳)”推知，作者的方案是凑效的，因此他才没有觉得累。选项G“In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step.(在接下来的几周里，我潜意识中想到的解决方案在每一步都被证明是正确的)”符合语境。故选G项。
第三部分：书面表达（共三节，27分）
第一节（共4小题：第50、51小题各2分，第52小题3分，第53小题5分：共12分）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Good Taste of Knowledge
The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge.
Nothing is more annoying than to meet a person at a party whose mind is crammed (填塞) full with historical dates and figures and who is extremely well-posted on current international affairs, but whose attitudes or points of view are all wrong. I have met such people. They do have great academic knowledge, but no good judgment or taste. Being knowledgeable is a mere matter of the cramming of facts or information while having good taste is a matter of artistic judgment. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between their scholarship (学术成就), conduct and taste..
An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. Now, to have taste requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, the independence of judgment, and the unwillingness to be affected by any form of power.
When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven't.
Taste, then. is closely associated with courage. as the Chinese always associated dan (“胆”) with shi (“识”) And courage or independence of judgment, as we know, is such a rare virtue among humankind. We see this intellectual courage or independence during the childhood of all thinkers and writers who in later life amount to anything. Such a person refuses to be impressed by a philosophic vogue or a fashionable theory, even though it is backed by the greatest name. this is taste in knowledge.
No doubt such intellectual courage or independence of judgment requires a certain childish. nave confidence in oneself, but this self is the only thing that one can cling to. and the moment a student gives up-his right of personal judgment, he is m for accepting all the dishonest and insincere of life.
49. According to the author, what is the goal of education?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
50. Why is a well-read man not necessarily an educated one?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
51. Please decide which part is false in the following statement: Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself; then underline it and explain why Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
52. Please name one person with the qualities of dan and shi in Chinese history and explain what about this person makes you think so. (In about 40 words)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】49. The aim of education is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct.
50. Because the cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge.
51. Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself. Because being knowledgeable is a mere matter of the cramming of facts or information while having good taste is a matter of artistic judgment. The independence of judgment isn’t affected by any form of power.
52. I think the person with the qualities of dan and shi in Chinese history is Confucius, who refused to be impressed by a philosophic vogue or a fashionable theory and had his own independence of judgment. Confucius believed that the object of education should be “taught without class”. And he allowed students to attend schools regardless of their wealth or race.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了教育的目的是培养良好的知识鉴赏力和良好的行为方式以及懂得什么该爱，什么该恨，对知识有鉴赏力的人才是博学的人。
【49题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct.(教育或文化的目的仅仅是培养良好的知识鉴赏力和良好的行为方式)”可知，教育的目的是培养良好的知识鉴赏力和良好的行为方式。故答案为The aim of education is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct.
【50题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge.(有教养的人或理想的有教养的人不一定是博览横书或博学的人，而是喜欢或不喜欢正确的东西的人。懂得什么该爱，什么该恨，就是对知识的鉴赏力)”可知，懂得什么该爱，什么该恨，对知识有鉴赏力的人才是博学的人。故答案为Because the cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge.
【51题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Being knowledgeable is a mere matter of the cramming of facts or information while having good taste is a matter of artistic judgment. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between their scholarship (学术成就), conduct and taste.( 知识渊博仅仅是对事实或信息的死记硬背，而有良好的品味则是艺术判断。说到学者，中国人一般会把他们的学识、品行和品位区分开来)”以及文章“An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. Now, to have taste requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, the independence of judgment, and the unwillingness to be affected by any form of power. (因此，一个受过教育的人是一个有正确的爱与恨的人。我们称之为品味，而伴随着品味而来的是魅力。要有品味，需要有一种彻底思考事物的能力，独立的判断能力，以及不愿受任何形式的权力影响的能力)”可知，独立的判断能建立对自己的信心。故答案为Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself. Because being knowledgeable is a mere matter of the cramming of facts or information while having good taste is a matter of artistic judgment. The independence of judgment isn’t affected by any form of power.
【52题详解】
开放性试题。言之有理即可，注意字数限制。I think the person with the qualities of dan and shi in Chinese history is Confucius, who refused to be impressed by a philosophic vogue or a fashionable theory and had his own independence of judgment. Confucius believed that the object of education should be “taught without class”. And he allowed students to attend schools regardless of their wealth or race.
第二节
53. Recently there have been increasing reports on the fact that a lot of graduates with shiny educational backgrounds are applying for the grassroots (positions. And there is an English saying “a big fish in a small pond” to describe the phenomenon. What is your opinion on this? Please write a “for” and “against” essay on this topic (You should discuss both sides of the issue and then give your own opinion)。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】 Now, many graduates from famous universities are applying for some grass-roots positions. Many people are in favor of it . They think the knowledge learned in the university should be practiced in the society. Only from the grass-roots level can we accumulate more experience. And it will sublimate the knowledge we learned in the university.
But some people don’t think so. They think that students graduated from famous schools have a high starting point, so it is beneficial for them to find a high starting point job that matches their knowledge. Moreover, this work can also provide them with the resources and experience they need so that their talents can be fully utilized.
As far as I am concerned, no matter what school we graduated from, it is the most important to find a job that suits us. However, if they can get a job from a high starting point, I believe that these graduates can play a bigger role and make greater achievements.
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于议论文。要求考生就越来越多的名校大学生申请基层职位这一现象进行讨论，给出支持的论点和反对的论点，并给出自己的见解。
【详解】1.词汇积累
因为：because of→due to
有益的：be beneficial to→be of benefit to
而且：moreover→what’s more
提供：provide→offer
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句： They think the knowledge learned in the university should be practiced in the society.
拓展句：They think the knowledge which were learned in the university should be practiced in the society.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Moreover, this work can also provide them with the resources and experience they need so that their talents can be fully utilized.（运用了so that引导的结果状语从句）
【高分句型2】As far as I am concerned, no matter what school we graduated from, it is the most important to find a job that suits us.（应用了no matter+特殊疑问词引导的让步状语从句）
2022北京人大附中高二（上）期中
英语
第一部分：知识应用（共四节，43分）
第一节（共10小题：每小题1. 5分，共15分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
No one is born a winner. People make themselves into winners by their own ____1____.
I learned this lesson from an experience many years ago. I took the head coaching job at a school in Baxley, Georgia. It was a small school with a weak football program.
It was a tradition for the school's old team to play against the ____2____ team at the end of spring practice. The old team had no coach, and they didn’t even practice to prepare for the game. Being the coach of the new team, I was excited because I knew we were going to win, but to my disappointment, we were defeated. I couldn’t believe I had got into such a situation. Thinking hard about it, I came to realize that my team might not be the number one team in Georgia, but they were ____3____ me. I had to change my ____4____ about their ability and potential.
I started doing anything I could to help them build a little ____5____. Most importantly, I began to treat them like ___6___. That summer, when the other teams enjoyed their vacations, we met every day and practiced passing and kicking the football.
Six months after suffering our defeat on the spring practice field, we won our first game and our second and continued to improve. Finally, we faced the number one team in the state. I felt that it would be a ____7____ for us even if we lost the game. But that wasn’t what happened. My boys beat the best team in Georgia, giving me one of the greatest ____8____ of my life!
From the experience, I learned a lot about how the attitude of the leader can affect the members of a team. Instead of seeing my boys as losers, I pushed and ____9____ them. I helped them to see themselves ______10______, and they built themselves into winners.
Winners are made, not born.
1. A. luck B. efforts C. tests D. nature
2. A. excellent B. successful C. new D. strong
3. A. depending on B. looking for C. reacting to D. caring about
4. A. intention B. conclusion C. decision D. attitude
5. A. culture B. fortune C. relationship D. pride
6. A. winners B. leaders C. learners D. part
7. A. burden B. victory C. shame D. favor
8. A. offers B. concerns C. thrills D. chances
9. A. observed B. encouraged C. impressed D. protected
10. A. calmly B. honestly C. differently D. individually
【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了多年前作者担任过一个学校足球队的教练，在一次比赛中输给了学校的老队。作者开始反思，不停的训练和鼓励队员，最终不可思议的赢得州里最强的对手。从这次经历中，作者感悟到：没有人天生就是赢家，只有依靠自己的努力才能成为赢家。
【1题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：人们通过自己的努力使自己成为胜利者。A. luck运气；B. efforts努力；C. tests测试；D. nature自然。根据“No one is born a winner.”可知，人们需要通过努力才能成为胜利者。故选B。
【2题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在春季训练结束时，学校的老队与新队进行比赛是一项传统。A. excellent优秀的；B. successful成功的；C. new新的；D. strong强壮的。根据“It was a tradition”和“Being the coach of the new team”可知，此处表示学校的老队和新队进行比赛。故选C。
【3题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：仔细想了想，我意识到我的球队可能不是乔治亚州最好的球队，但他们依赖我。A. depending on依靠；B. looking for寻找；C. reacting to对……有反应；D. caring about关心，在意。根据“Being the coach of the new team,”和“I had to change my about their ability and potential.”可知，作为教练，孩子们还要依靠作者，作者需要做出改变。故选A。
【4题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我必须改变我对他们的能力和潜力的态度。A. intention意图，打算；B. conclusion结论；C. decision决定；D. attitude态度。根据“Being the coach of the new team, I was excited because I knew we were going to win, but to my disappointment, we were defeated.(作为新队的教练，我很兴奋，因为我知道我们会赢，但令我失望的是，我们被击败了。)”可知，作者轻视对手导致了失败，因此要改变态度。故选D。
【5题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我开始尽我所能帮助他们建立自豪感。A. culture文化；B. fortune运气；C. relationship关系；D. pride骄傲，自豪。根据“but to my disappointment, we were defeated. ”和“I began to treat them like ___6___”可知，作者在比赛失败后尽自己所能帮助孩子们建立自豪感。故选D。
【6题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：最重要的是，我开始像对待胜利者一样对待他们。A. winners获胜者；B. leaders领导；C. learners学习者；D. part部分。根据“Instead of seeing my boys as losers”可知，作者像对待胜利者一样对待他们。故选A。
【7题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我觉得即使我们输了比赛，这对我们来说也是一场胜利。A. burden负担；B. victory胜利；C. shame羞愧；D. favor赞成，偏爱。根据“Finally, we faced the number one team in the state.”可知，作者认为面对最强的队伍，即使输了比赛也是一场胜利。故选B。
【8题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我的孩子们打败了乔治亚州最好的球队，给了我一生中最大的兴奋之一! A. offers提议；B. concerns关心，忧虑；C. thrills兴奋，激动；D. chances机会。根据“My boys beat the best team in Georgia”可知，作者的队伍打败了乔治亚州最好的球队，这是令人兴奋的事。故选C。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我没有把我的孩子们视为失败者，而是敦促和鼓励他们。A. observed观察；B. encouraged鼓励；C. impressed使印象深刻；D. protected保护。根据上文“Instead of seeing my boys as losers, I pushed ”可知，作者把孩子们视为胜利者，不断地鼓励他们。故选B。
【10题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：我帮助他们以不同的方式看待自己，他们把自己打造成了胜利者。A. calmly冷静地；B. honestly诚实地；C. differently不同地；D. individually单独地，分别地。根据上文“I started doing anything I could to help them build a little ____5____. Most importantly, I began to treat them like ___6___.”可知，作者帮助他们以不同的方式看待自己。故选C。
第二节（共10小题：每小题1分，共10分）
在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域内作答。
11. ____________ (wait) for her for two hours in the park, I had to leave. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】Having waited
【解析】
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在公园等了她两个小时之后，我不得不离开了。分析句子结构和意思可知，句子主语I是动词wait的发出者，存在逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用现在分词形式，表示主动；动词wait发生在谓语动词had to leave之前，所以用现在分词的完成式。故填Having waited。
12. Students are ____________ (appreciate) of the help from these volunteer teachers. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】appreciative
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词。句意：学生们非常感谢这些支教老师的帮助。设空处在句中作表语，应用形容词的形式，be appreciative of感激……，故填appreciative。
13. He realizes that a huge amount of paper, printed only one-sided, is wasted, and therefore commits himself to ____________ (recyclable) it. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】recycling
【解析】
【详解】考查动名词以及固定搭配。句意：他意识到只有单面印刷的大量纸张被浪费了，因此他致力于回收利用。分析句子可知，设空处构成固定短语commit oneself to doing致力于做某事，应填动名词做宾语。故填recycling。
14. Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communications, we had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot, ____________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】where
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：因为月球挡住了与探测器的直接无线电通讯，我们首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
15. The cashless paying system ____________ (install) three years ago helps reduce students queueing time. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】installed
【解析】
【详解】考查过去分词。句意：三年前安装的无现金支付系统有助于减少学生排队时间。分析句子可知，设空处作定语修饰名词system，二者之间是被动关系，应填过去分词形式。故填installed。
16. I heard a passenger behind me ____________ (shout) to the driver, and he refused to stop until we reached the next stop. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】shouting
【解析】
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我听到身后一名乘客向司机喊叫，他拒绝停车，直到我们到达下一站。hear sb. doing sth.“听到某人做某事”，现在分词作宾语补足语，和宾语之间存在主动关系，表示正在进行的动作。故填shouting。
17. These are the papers to be reviewed, all of ____________ are intended for the coming exams. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这些是要复习的论文，都是为即将到来的考试准备的。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the papers，指物，空前为介词，应用which。故填which。
18. Zhongyuan Festival, or Ghost Festival, is not a sad day, but time to celebrate ____________reunion (重聚) of families.
【答案】the
【解析】
【详解】考查冠词。句意：中元节，又称鬼节，不是一个悲伤的日子，而是庆祝家人团聚的时刻。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处特指“家人团聚”，应用定冠词。故填the。
19. Nowadays, many people are addicted ____________Tik Tok, which is not a very productive way of life. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】to
【解析】
【详解】考查介词。句意：如今，许多人沉迷于抖音，这不是一种富有成效的生活方式。分析句意可知此处填介词to，构成be addicted to，表示“沉迷于……”。故填to。
第三节（共10小题；每小题1分，共10分）
请用方框中词组的适当形式填空，有一项为多余选项。每个词组只可以使用一次。
get on, turn one’s back on, set.. apart, boil down to, apply oneself to, wrap up, set out, stressed out, do one’s part, be related to, make sense
20. It ____________one simple fact: this society rewards efforts rather than results.
21. When he came back, I asked him how he ____________at the interview.
22. In the past, much of the crime in this area ____________drug abuse.
23. People commented that her clear and elegant style ____________from most other journalists.
24. Even today, it still ____________to start saving early for higher education.
25. Over the past two years, she ____________her studies with dedication.
26. It is no use getting ____________for it is only going to make things worse.
27. The negotiations are expected to ____________within sixty days.
28. She ____________them when they needed her proved her untrustworthy.
29. The next morning, he hired a boat and ____________to find the well-known painter.
【答案】20. boils down to
21. got on 22. was related to
23. set her apart
24. makes sense
25. has applied herself to
26. stressed out
27. be wrapped up
28. turned her back on
29. set out
【解析】
【20题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：这可以归结为一个简单的事实：这个社会奖励努力而不是结果。根据句意“归结为”可知，动词短语boil down to符合题意，此处陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为it，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填boils down to。
【21题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：他回来后，我问他面试进展如何。根据句意“取得进展”可知，动词短语get on符合题意，结合“came back”和“asked”可知，使用一般过去时。故填got on。
【22题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：过去，这一地区的许多犯罪都与滥用毒品有关。根据句意“与……相关”可知，动词短语be related to符合题意，结合时间状语“In the past”可知，使用一般过去时，主语为much of the crime，be动词用was。故填was related to。
【23题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：人们评价说，她清晰、优雅的风格使她在大多数记者中脱颖而出。根据句意“使……脱颖而出”可知，动词短语set…apart符合题意，结合“commented”可知，此处使用一般过去时。故填set her apart。
【24题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：即使在今天，为接受高等教育尽早开始储蓄仍然是有意义的。根据句意“有意义”可知，动词短语make sense符合题意，结合时间状语“today”可知，使用一般现在时，主语为it，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填makes sense。
【25题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：在过去的两年里，她全身心地投入到她的学习中。根据句意“全身心投入”可知，动词短语apply oneself to符合题意，结合时间状语“Over the past two years”可知，此处使用现在完成时，主语为she，助动词用has。故填has applied herself to。
【26题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：压力太大是没有用的，因为它只会使事情变得更糟。根据句意“压力大”可知，动词短语get stressed out符合题意。故填stressed out。
【27题详解】
考查动词短语和被动语态。句意：预计谈判将在60天内结束。根据句意“结束”可知，动词短语wrap up符合题意，be expected to do sth.为固定搭配，表示“预计做某事”，空处需填动词原形，The negotiations和wrap up为被动关系，需填被动语态。故填be wrapped up。
【28题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：当他们需要她时，她却背弃了他们证明她不值得信赖。根据句意“背弃”可知，动词短语turn one’s back on符合题意，结合“needed”和“proved”可知，使用一般过去时。故填turned her back on。
29题详解】
考查动词短语和时态。句意：第二天早上，他租了一条船，出发去寻找这位著名的画家。根据句意“出发”可知，动词短语set out符合题意，结合“hired”可知，此处使用一般过去时。故填set out。
第四节（共4小题：每小题2分，共8分）
使用所给提示，翻译下列句子。只需要将所填写内容，写在答题卡指定区域内。
30. 无论遇到什么困难，我们都能解决。（whatever）
We can solve ____________.
【答案】whatever difficulties we come across
【解析】
【详解】考查宾语从句。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处使用whatever引导宾语从句，“遇到”使用动词短语come across，“无论什么困难”使用whatever difficulties，在从句中作宾语，句子陈述目前的状态，应用一般现在时。故填whatever difficulties we come across。
31. 没有你的帮助，所有的这一切都无法实现。（虚拟条件句）
All of this _________, without your help.
【答案】wouldn’t have come true
【解析】
【详解】考查虚拟语气。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里有without your help做条件，句子谓语用虚拟语气，这句话描述的是过去的事情，所以用对过去的虚拟的谓语动词结构would/could/should/might+have done。表示“实现”应用动词短语come true。故填wouldn’t have come true。
32. 我宁愿骑车上学，而不搭计程车。（would rather...than...）
I ________________.
【答案】would rather go to school by bike than by taxi
【解析】
【详解】考查动词短语和介词短语。表示“宁愿……而不愿……”应用would rather do...than do...；表示“骑车”为介词短语by bike，在句中作状语；表示“搭计程车”介词短语为by taxi，在句中作状语。故填would rather go to school by bike than by taxi。
33. 真正重要的不是发生了什么，而是你如何去应对所发生的事情。（not...but...）
It is ___________________ that truly matters.
【答案】not what happened but how you react to it
【解析】
【详解】考查固定句式。分析句意可知，此句使用固定结构not...but...表示“不是……而是……”做真正主语从句；“发生了什么”可用what happened表示；“你如何应对所发生的事”可用how you react to it，其中react to表示“应对”，it用于指代前文出现的“发生的事”。整个句子是强调句，对主语“not what happened but how you react to it”进行强调。故答案为not what happened but how you react to it。
第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，30分）
第一节（共10小题：每小题2分，共20分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Who is a Real Danger? Cyclists or Pedestrians?
We are having a debate about this topic. Here are some letters from our readers.
Yes many cyclists behave dangerously. Many drivers are disrespectful of cyclists. But pedestrians are probably the worst offenders.
People of all ages happily walk along the pavement with eyes and hands glued to their mobile phones, quite unaware of what is going on around them. They may even do the same thing while crossing a road at a pedestrian crossing or elsewhere. The rest of us have to evade (避让) them or just stand still to wait for the unavoidable collision.
The real problem is that some pedestrians seem to be, at least for the moment, in worlds of their own that are, to them, much more important than the welfare of others.
—Michael Horan
I love the letter from Bob Brooks about cyclists (Viewpoints, May 29). I am afraid they seem to think they own the roads.
I was walking across Altrincham Road one morning when a cyclist went round me and, on being asked what he was doing, shouted at me.
The government built a cycle lane on the road, but it is hardly used.
The police do nothing. What a laugh they are!
The cyclists should all have to be made to use the cycle lanes and wear helmets, fluorescent (发荧光的) jackets and lights at night and in the morning. They should pay some sort of tax and be fined for not wearing them.
—Carol Harvey
Cyclists jump on and off pavements (which are meant for pedestrians), ride at speed along the pavements, and think they have a special right to go through traffic lights when they are on red.
I was almost knocked down recently by a cyclist riding on the pavement when there was a cycle lane right next to him.
Other road users, including horse riders, manage to obey the rules. So why not cyclists?
It’s about time they were registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle or cause an accident, at least they can be treated and there might be an opportunity to claim compensation.
—JML
Write to Viewpoints of the newspaper.
34. Michael Horan wrote the letter mainly to show that __________.
A. walking while using phones hurts one’s eyes
B. some pedestrians are a threat to road safety
C. road accidents can actually be avoided
D. drivers should be polite to cyclists
35. Carol Harvey suggests that cyclists should __________.
A. be provided with enough roads B. be made to pay less tax for cycling
C. be asked to ride on their own lanes D. be fined for laughing at policemen
36. The three letters present viewpoints on __________.
A. ways to improve road safety B. the real source of road danger
C. measures to punish road offences D. increased awareness of road rules
【答案】34. B 35. C 36. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一片议论文。 本文围绕一个主题展开一场争论——谁才是马路安全隐患的威胁？不遵守交通规则的骑自行车的人给行人带了了很多的危险。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Many drivers are disrespectful of cyclists. But pedestrians are probably worse offenders.(许多司机不尊重骑自行车的人。但行人可能是更糟糕的违规者)”和第四段“The real problem is that some pedestrians seem to be, at least for the moment, in worlds of their own that are, to them, much more important than the welfare of others.(真正的问题是，一些行人似乎，至少目前，沉浸在他们自己的世界，对他们来说，自己比其他人的幸福更重要)”可推断，Michael Horan写信主要为了展示一些行人对道路安全构成威胁。故选B。
【35题详解】
细节理解题。 根据Carol Harvey所说的话“The cyclists should all have to be made to use the cycle lanes and wear helmets, fluorescent (发荧光的) jackets and lights at night and in the morning. they should pay some sort of tax and be fined for not wearing them.(骑自行车的人都应该在早上和晚上使用自行车道和戴头盔，佩戴荧光夹克和灯。如果不穿他们应该支付一些税收和罚款)”可知，Carol Harvey建议要求骑自行车的人在他们自己的车道上骑行。故选C。
【36题详解】
推理判断题。由文章开头“Forget Cyclists, Pedestrians are Real Danger. We are having a debate about this topic. Here are some letters from our readers.(忘记骑自行车的人，行人是真正的危险。我们正在就这个问题进行辩论。下面是读者的来信）”以及三封信的具体内容可知，这篇文章主要探讨了谁是道路安全的真正隐患，是骑自行车的人，还是行人？故选B。
B
The Lifecycle of a T-shirt
We all probably have a lot of T-shirts, but do you ever stop and think about the influence of a T-shirt on the planet? You'd probably be surprised to learn what's involved in the lifecycle of just one T-shirt.
There are 5 major stages：material, production, shipping, use and disposal (处理). The material stage involves farming, irrigating, fertilizing, harvesting and ginning. While cotton is a natural fiber (纤维) and not as harmful to the environment as man-made fibers, it still takes a toll in the material and production stages. Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water, and the use of pesticides (杀虫剂) is widespread across the globe, especially in cotton farming. Studies have shown that farmers spend around $4. 1 billion on pesticides annually, of which 25% was spent on cotton crops in the US.
Once the cotton is grown and harvested, so begins the production stage: spinning, knitting, bleaching, dyeing, cutting, sewing, etc. —these processes also use a great deal of water and energy. Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants, and can eventually pollute groundwater.
After the T-shirt is produced, it enters the transportation stag. This often involves overseas shipping. Take a look in your closet. Chances are that most of your cotton garments (衣服) are made in China or India. Garments can be shipped via plane, ship or truck, all of which spill CO2 into the atmosphere. Calculations show that CO2 emissions from light trucks alone amount to 1. 15 pounds per mile.
Once T-shirt reaches the retail market, it is purchased. This stage may seem like the least environmentally damaging part. But consider the number of times you've washed and dried your favorite T-shirt. Washing machines are certainly becoming more efficient. However, the average American household does 400 loads of laundry per year, using about 40 gallons of water per load. Such excessive water use is combined with the large amount of energy used by dryers.
The final stage of life is disposal. This release harmful emissions, or involves a landfill where cotton takes years to break down. Current US records show that an estimated 15% of clothes and shoes are recycled, which means that consumers send a shocking 85% of these materials to landfills.
We all need new clothes every once in a while, but let's all try to keep in mind what goes into the production of clothing. It has a real impact on the planet.
There are a lot of things and you can do to help reduce your impact. Reuse and recycled clothes. If they're too worn out to wear, cut them up and use them as cleaning rags. Donate them to charity or another organization that recycles textiles. When possible, make an effort to buy organic cotton. Turn down the thermostat (恒温器) on your washer, and line dry your clothes when the weather will allow it.
37. The underlined phrase “takes a toll” probably means “___________”.
A. uses energy B. wastes water C. has a bad effect D. takes a lot of time
38. What can be inferred from this passage?
A. The use stage is the least environmentally harmful of the five stages.
B. Cotton clothes are buried because they are hard to break down.
C. The clothing cost is relatively low in China and India.
D. The production process may affect water safety.
39. What is the purpose of this article?
A To introduce the five stages in the lifecycle of clothing.
B. To persuade people to purchase more organic cotton.
C. To promote eco-friendly actions related to clothes.
D. To encourage people to donate clothes to charity.
【答案】37. C 38. D 39. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者介绍了T恤从生产、使用到废弃处理几个阶段对环境造成的不良影响，并对此提出一些改善建议。
【37题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段倒数第二句“Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water, and the use of pesticides (杀虫剂) is widespread across the globe, especially in cotton farming.（商业棉花种植需要大量的水和杀虫剂的使用(杀虫剂) 在全球范围内普遍存在，尤其是在棉花种植业。）”可知，这里讲述的商业种植棉花因大量用水很杀虫剂产生了负面影响，而这句话正是对前文takes a toll的解释说明，故该词组的意思为“不好的影响”。故选C项。
【38题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants, and can eventually pollute groundwater.（商业染料和漂白剂是有害的污染物，最终会污染地下水。）”可知，因生产T恤使用的染料和漂白剂，地下水遭污染，故推测用水安全也会因此受到不良影响。故选D项。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“There are a lot of things and you can do to help reduce your impact.（你可以做很多事情来帮助减少影响。）”可知，在分析了许多和T恤相关的环境问题之后作者呼吁我们读者采取行动减少不良影响，可推测本文写作目的为呼吁和衣服相关的且对生态环境友好的行为。故选C项。
C
Eudaimonia is an Ancient Greek word, particularly stressed by the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, which deserves far more attention than it has because it corrects the shortfalls (缺失）in one of the most central, but troubling words in our modem language: happiness.
When we nowadays try to clearly express the purpose of our lives，it is the word “happiness” that we commonly turn to. We tell ourselves and others that the most important principle for our jobs, our relationships and the conduct of our day-to-day lives is the pursuit of happiness. It sounds like an innocent enough idea, but too much reliance on the term means that we frequently unfairly tend to quit or, at least, heavily question a great many challenging but worthwhile situations. The Ancient Greeks did not believe that the purpose of life was to be happy; they proposed that it was to achieve Eudaimonia, a word which has been best translated as “fulfilment”.
What distinguishes happiness from fulfilment is pain. It is very possible to be fulfilled and—at the same time—under pressure, suffering physically or mentally, overburdened and, quite frequently, in an irritable (易怒的）mood. This is a slight psychological difference that is hard for the word “happiness” to capture, for it’s tricky to speak of being happy yet unhappy, or happy yet suffering. However, such a combination is readily accommodated within the respected and noble-sounding idea of Eudaimonia.
The word encourages us to trust that many of life’s most worthwhile projects will sometimes be in conflict with contentment, and yet will be worth pursuing. Properly exploring our professional talents, managing a household, keeping a relationship going, creating a new business venture or engaging in politics... none of these goals are likely to leave us cheerful and grinning on a daily basis. They will, in fact, involve us in all manner of challenges that will deeply exhaust and weaken us, provoke (激怒）and wound us. And yet we will perhaps, at the end of our lives, still feel that the tasks were worth undertaking. Through them, we’ll have achieved something deeper and more interesting than happiness.
With the word Eudaimonia in mind, we can stop imagining that we are aiming for a pain-free existence—and then blaming ourselves unfairly for being in a bad mood. We’ll know that we are trying to do something far more important than smile all the time: we're striving to do justice to our full human potential.
40. What do we know about “Eudaimonia” from the passage?
A. It was first created by two Greek philosophers.
B. It has received a lot of attention from the public.
C. It still has some shortfalls that need to be corrected.
D. It was regarded as the purpose of life in ancient Greece.
41. According to Paragraph 3, happiness .
A. is the opposite of fulfillment
B. is free from physical or mental pain
C. stresses the psychological difference
D. serves as a respected and noble life goal
42. We can learn from the passage that .
A. aiming for happiness may lead to wrong self-blaming
B. goals that wound and weaken us result in happiness
C. challenges leading to contentment are worth undertaking
D. feeling fulfilled means we should avoid tough situations
43. The passage encourages the readers to .
A find fulfillment with all efforts B. seek for a pain-free existence
C. keep optimistic whatever happens D. balance happiness and suffering
【答案】40. D 41. B 42. A 43. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了古希腊人的生活目标，Eudaimonia与happiness的区别，鼓励人们尽一切努力寻找满足感。
40题详解】
推理判断题。由第二段“The Ancient Greeks did not believe that the purpose of life was to be happy; they proposed that it was to achieve Eudaimonia, a word which has been best translated as “fulfilment”.古希腊人不相信生活的目的是快乐；他们提出，生活的目的是为了实现Eudaimonia，这个词最好翻译 理解为“满足”可知，在古希腊，Eudaimonia被认为是生活的目的。故D选项正确。
【41题详解】
推理判断题。由第三段“What distinguishes happiness from fulfilment is pain. It is very possible to be fulfilled and—at the same time—under pressure, suffering physically or mentally, overburdened and, quite frequently, in an irritable mood. This is a slight psychological difference that is hard for the word “happiness” to capture”快乐与满足的区别在于痛苦。在压力下、在身体上或精神上遭受痛苦、负担过重以及经常处于易怒的情绪下，是很有可能得到满足的。这是一个微小的心理差异，这很难让“幸福”这个词捕捉到。可知,幸福没有身体或精神上的痛苦。故B选项正确。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。由末段“With the word Eudaimonia in mind, we can stop imagining that we are aiming for a pain-free existence—and then blaming ourselves unfairly for being in a bad mood.”想到了eudaimonia这个词，我们就可以不用想象我们的目标是一个没有痛苦的生活，不用不公平地责怪自己心情不好。可知，追求幸福可能导致错误的自责。故A选项正确。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。由第四段“The word encourages us to trust that many of life’s most worthwhile projects will sometimes be in conflict with contentment...Through them, we’ll have achieved something deeper and more interesting than happiness.”可知，这篇文章鼓励读者尽一切努力找到满足感。故A选项正确。
【点睛】通过对关键词的把握是解决推理判断题的重要的方法之一。通读短文我们可知，短文主要介绍了Eudaimonia与happiness的区别，鼓励人们尽一切努力寻找满足感，一味儿的最求幸福感，会给自己带来很多烦恼。由末段“With the word Eudaimonia in mind, we can stop imagining that we are aiming for a pain-free existence—and then blaming ourselves unfairly for being in a bad mood.”中的关键词“stop imagining”“blaming”可知，不追求“ Eudaimonia ”而是最求“happiness”可能导致错误的自责。故A选项为第3小题的正确选项。
第二节（共5小题：每小题2分，共10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding. _____44_____
In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it was either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel. Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. _____45_____
Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them alphabetically, never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the day's work with the difficult task of essay-writing. The experience proved that the rule works.
_____46_____ Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can--then let the unconscious (无意识的) take over.
When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica, I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles. ___47___but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.
One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.
An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind._____48_____Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.
Human beings, I believe must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired.
A. Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle.
B. We do everything we can to get ourselves out of this gloomy situation.
C. We experience this tiredness in two ways: start-up fatigue and performance fatigue.
D. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions.
E. The solution is obvious though-perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.
F. What's more, making use of your unconsciousness wisely also proves effective in tackling difficult tasks.
G. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step.
【答案】44. C 45. E 46. A 47. D 48. G
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。围绕失败、疲劳和成功的关系展开论述，以亲身经历为例提出措施如何解决启动疲劳和执行疲劳。
【44题详解】
根据上文“There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.(没有什么比不成功更累的了)”和下文“In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it was either too boring or too difficult.(在前一种情况下，我们总是推迟一项任务，因为它要么太无聊，要么太难)”可知，空格处应总的指出疲惫感分为两种情况，引出下文。选项C“We experience this tiredness in two ways: start-up fatigue and performance fatigue.(我们以两种方式体验这种疲劳：启动疲劳和执行疲劳)”指出了两种疲劳，符合语境。故选C项。
【45题详解】
根据下文“And I always started the day’s work with the difficult task of essay-writing. The experience proved that the rule works.(我每天的工作都是从写作这项艰巨的任务开始的。经验证明这条规则是有效的)”推知，前文应该指出了作者所说的规则是什么。选项E“The solution is obvious though-perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.(解决方案很明显，但可能不容易应用：总是先处理最困难的工作)”恰好提出了一个规则，即先处理最困难的事，符合语境。故选E项。
【46题详解】
下文“Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right.(尽管我们愿意开始工作，但我们似乎不能把工作做好)”指出我们愿意开始工作，即没有启动疲劳，可知本段开始讨论第二种疲劳：执行疲劳。选项A“Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle.(执行疲劳更难处理)”符合语境。故选A项。
【47题详解】
根据下文“but none of them worked.(但是没有一个奏效)”可知空格处应该指出作者尝试了很多办法，都没有成功。选项D“Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions.(以前从来没有这样做过，我日复一日地不断提出解决方案)”表明作者反复提出了许多解决措施，符合语境。故选D项。
【48题详解】
根据上文“An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind.(一个小时后，我突然醒来，脑海中清晰地浮现出解决方案)”和下文“Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.(虽然我和以前一样努力工作，但我并不感到疲劳)”推知，作者的方案是凑效的，因此他才没有觉得累。选项G“In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step.(在接下来的几周里，我潜意识中想到的解决方案在每一步都被证明是正确的)”符合语境。故选G项。
第三部分：书面表达（共三节，27分）
第一节（共4小题：第50、51小题各2分，第52小题3分，第53小题5分：共12分）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Good Taste of Knowledge
The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge.
Nothing is more annoying than to meet a person at a party whose mind is crammed (填塞) full with historical dates and figures and who is extremely well-posted on current international affairs, but whose attitudes or points of view are all wrong. I have met such people. They do have great academic knowledge, but no good judgment or taste. Being knowledgeable is a mere matter of the cramming of facts or information while having good taste is a matter of artistic judgment. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between their scholarship (学术成就), conduct and taste..
An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. Now, to have taste requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, the independence of judgment, and the unwillingness to be affected by any form of power.
When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven't.
Taste, then. is closely associated with courage. as the Chinese always associated dan (“胆”) with shi (“识”) And courage or independence of judgment, as we know, is such a rare virtue among humankind. We see this intellectual courage or independence during the childhood of all thinkers and writers who in later life amount to anything. Such a person refuses to be impressed by a philosophic vogue or a fashionable theory, even though it is backed by the greatest name. this is taste in knowledge.
No doubt such intellectual courage or independence of judgment requires a certain childish. nave confidence in oneself, but this self is the only thing that one can cling to. and the moment a student gives up-his right of personal judgment, he is m for accepting all the dishonest and insincere of life.
49. According to the author, what is the goal of education?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
50. Why is a well-read man not necessarily an educated one?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
51. Please decide which part is false in the following statement: Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself; then underline it and explain why Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
52. Please name one person with the qualities of dan and shi in Chinese history and explain what about this person makes you think so. (In about 40 words)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】49. The aim of education is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct.
50. Because the cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge.
51. Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself. Because being knowledgeable is a mere matter of the cramming of facts or information while having good taste is a matter of artistic judgment. The independence of judgment isn’t affected by any form of power.
52. I think the person with the qualities of dan and shi in Chinese history is Confucius, who refused to be impressed by a philosophic vogue or a fashionable theory and had his own independence of judgment. Confucius believed that the object of education should be “taught without class”. And he allowed students to attend schools regardless of their wealth or race.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了教育的目的是培养良好的知识鉴赏力和良好的行为方式以及懂得什么该爱，什么该恨，对知识有鉴赏力的人才是博学的人。
【49题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct.(教育或文化的目的仅仅是培养良好的知识鉴赏力和良好的行为方式)”可知，教育的目的是培养良好的知识鉴赏力和良好的行为方式。故答案为The aim of education is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct.
【50题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge.(有教养的人或理想的有教养的人不一定是博览横书或博学的人，而是喜欢或不喜欢正确的东西的人。懂得什么该爱，什么该恨，就是对知识的鉴赏力)”可知，懂得什么该爱，什么该恨，对知识有鉴赏力的人才是博学的人。故答案为Because the cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge.
【51题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Being knowledgeable is a mere matter of the cramming of facts or information while having good taste is a matter of artistic judgment. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between their scholarship (学术成就), conduct and taste.( 知识渊博仅仅是对事实或信息的死记硬背，而有良好的品味则是艺术判断。说到学者，中国人一般会把他们的学识、品行和品位区分开来)”以及文章“An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. Now, to have taste requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, the independence of judgment, and the unwillingness to be affected by any form of power. (因此，一个受过教育的人是一个有正确的爱与恨的人。我们称之为品味，而伴随着品味而来的是魅力。要有品味，需要有一种彻底思考事物的能力，独立的判断能力，以及不愿受任何形式的权力影响的能力)”可知，独立的判断能建立对自己的信心。故答案为Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself. Because being knowledgeable is a mere matter of the cramming of facts or information while having good taste is a matter of artistic judgment. The independence of judgment isn’t affected by any form of power.
【52题详解】
开放性试题。言之有理即可，注意字数限制。I think the person with the qualities of dan and shi in Chinese history is Confucius, who refused to be impressed by a philosophic vogue or a fashionable theory and had his own independence of judgment. Confucius believed that the object of education should be “taught without class”. And he allowed students to attend schools regardless of their wealth or race.
第二节
53. Recently there have been increasing reports on the fact that a lot of graduates with shiny educational backgrounds are applying for the grassroots (positions. And there is an English saying “a big fish in a small pond” to describe the phenomenon. What is your opinion on this? Please write a “for” and “against” essay on this topic (You should discuss both sides of the issue and then give your own opinion)。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】 Now, many graduates from famous universities are applying for some grass-roots positions. Many people are in favor of it . They think the knowledge learned in the university should be practiced in the society. Only from the grass-roots level can we accumulate more experience. And it will sublimate the knowledge we learned in the university.
But some people don’t think so. They think that students graduated from famous schools have a high starting point, so it is beneficial for them to find a high starting point job that matches their knowledge. Moreover, this work can also provide them with the resources and experience they need so that their talents can be fully utilized.
As far as I am concerned, no matter what school we graduated from, it is the most important to find a job that suits us. However, if they can get a job from a high starting point, I believe that these graduates can play a bigger role and make greater achievements.
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于议论文。要求考生就越来越多的名校大学生申请基层职位这一现象进行讨论，给出支持的论点和反对的论点，并给出自己的见解。
【详解】1.词汇积累
因为：because of→due to
有益的：be beneficial to→be of benefit to
而且：moreover→what’s more
提供：provide→offer
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句： They think the knowledge learned in the university should be practiced in the society.
拓展句：They think the knowledge which were learned in the university should be practiced in the society.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Moreover, this work can also provide them with the resources and experience they need so that their talents can be fully utilized.（运用了so that引导的结果状语从句）
【高分句型2】As far as I am concerned, no matter what school we graduated from, it is the most important to find a job that suits us.（应用了no matter+特殊疑问词引导的让步状语从句）
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