(人教版)高考英语一轮复习课时学案 第2部分 语法专题 专题3　第3讲　介词 (含解析)

第3讲　介词

1．表示方位的介词

We walked across① the beach，through② the woods and finally came to③ the house which was under④the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping into⑥ the house，we found a small black table，over⑦ which was a lamp.Then we looked around⑧，only to find nothing.My friend found something special—an empty box.Beneath⑨ it was a note saying，“Stand beside⑩ the window and look out of⑪ it.” From⑫ the window we saw another house beyond⑬ a small hill.

[规则感悟]　①across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。②through指从立体的事物中间穿过。③to指“到某处，去某处”。④under在……下面，无接触面。⑤in在……里面。⑥into到……里面。⑦over在……正上方(无接触面)；on在……上面(有接触面)。⑧around在/向……周围。⑨beneath在……下面(有接触面)。⑩beside在……旁边。⑪out of向/在……外面。⑫from从……。⑬beyond 在/向……较远的一边，超出。

2．表示时间的介词

It happened on① a Saturday morning in② November,2021.My parents left home at③ 6∶00 am to meet my uncle at the airport and told me they would come back in② two hours.However，it wasn’t long before④ someone knocked at the door，and I looked through the peephole and saw a stranger.I quickly locked the door from the inside，and didn’t open it until⑤ my parents came back.During⑥ the two hours，the stranger always tried to tell me something but I wouldn’t listen to him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting out of the door for⑦ two hours since 6∶10 am.” Why had my uncle changed so much over⑧ the years?

[规则感悟]　①on指在具体的某一天。②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上；也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。③at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。④before在……之前。⑤until直到……时候。⑥during在……期间。⑦for表示延续一段时间。⑧over表示“在……期间”，表延续。

3．表示原因的介词

John was punished for① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/over② it and he trembled with③ anger because of④ John’s bad behaviour.

[规则感悟]　①for表示原因，后面可以跟名词(词组)或动名词。②at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面跟代词或名词(词组)。③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。④because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不跟陈述句，跟名词(短语)/名词性从句。

4．其他重要介词

Between① the two opinions，I am for② the first one but against③ the second one.By④ wearing school uniforms，students can be treated equally by④ others despite⑤ the different economic backgrounds among⑥ them.Besides⑦，the price is within⑧ students’ reach.Most students except⑨ a minority of them say school uniforms are good except for⑩ the fact that they are not fashionable.

[规则感悟]　①between表示“两者之间”。②for表示“支持”。③against表示“反对”。④by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。⑤despite表示“尽管”，等于in spite of。⑥among表示在三者或三者以上中。⑦besides表示“除此之外(还)”。⑧within表示“在……范围之内”。⑨except表示同类事物除外。⑩except for表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。

一、介词的省略

1．当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等时，介词常省略。

We watched an exciting football match last week.

上周我们观看了一场激动人心的足球赛。

Come any day you like.你想哪天来就哪天来。

2．表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时，其前不用介词。

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

每天一个苹果，医生远离我。

3．习惯搭配中介词的省略。

一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend some time (in) doing sth，waste some time (in) doing sth，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth，be busy (in) doing sth，stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth等。

Frank insisted that he was not asleep although I had great difficulty (in) waking him up.

弗兰克坚持说自己没有睡觉，虽然我叫醒他费了好大劲。

二、介词不可省略的问题

1．在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能省略。

The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten.

这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。

2．当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。

The problem is well worth paying attention to.

这个问题很值得关注。

3．在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。

The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.

我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。

三、介词短语

1．介词与名词构成的搭配：

(1)at＋名词

at a loss不知所措

at the cost of以……的代价

at peace处于和平状态

at the risk of冒……的危险

at war处于战争状态

at the mercy of在……支配下；由……摆布

at the same time同时

(2)on＋名词

on exhibition/show/display在展出

on account of因为

on fire着火

on average平均；一般地

on sale出售；打折

on behalf of代表

on no account/condition决不

on the decrease/increase在减少/在增加

on holiday/vacation在度假

(3)by＋名词

by accident/chance偶然地

by hand手工

by mistake错误地

by the day按天算

by coincidence碰巧

by nature天生地

(4)in＋名词

in cash用现金付款

in charge of掌管

in depth在深度上

in return作为回报

in detail详细地

in danger (of) 在危险中，垂危

in height在高度上

in spite of尽管

in length在长度上

in exchange for作为交换

in favor of支持，赞成

in no time立刻

in case of万一；如果；假使

in no way决不

in support of为支持……

in place of代替

in honour of为向……表示敬意

in possession of拥有，占有

in memory of为了纪念……

in addition to另外

(5)of＋名词

of benefit有益处的

of significance有意义的

of help有帮助的

of use有用的

of importance重要的

of value有价值的

(6)out of＋名词

out of balance失去平衡

out of order发生故障

out of breath上气不接下气

out of sight看不见

out of control失去控制

out of the question不可能

out of date过期

out of work失业

out of touch失去联系

(7)under＋名词

under attack遭到袭击

under treatment在治疗中

under pressure在压力下

under control处于控制之中

under repair在修理中

under discussion在讨论中

(8)with＋名词

with delight/joy高兴地

with fear害怕地

with difficulty困难地

with pleasure乐意地

with ease轻而易举地

(9)beyond＋名词

beyond compare无与伦比

beyond description难以描述

beyond reach够不到

beyond expression/words难以表达

2．形容词与介词构成的搭配：

(1)be＋adj.＋about

be anxious about为……忧虑

be curious about对……好奇

be particular about对……讲究/挑剔

be worried/concerned about对……担心

(2)be＋adj.＋at

be angry at因/对……生气

be good at擅长

be astonished at对……吃惊

be present at出席

(3)be＋adj.＋in

be absorbed in专注于……

be active in积极于……

be dressed in穿着……

be engaged in忙于……

be rich in富含……

be occupied in忙于……

(4)be＋adj.＋for

be eager for渴望……

be famous for因……著名

be fit for适合，胜任……

be ready for准备好……

be sorry for对……感到抱歉

be prepared for为……做好准备

(5)be＋adj.＋from

be absent from缺席

be different from不同于

be far from远离

be free from不受……影响

(6)be＋adj.＋to

be close to接近……

be devoted to致力于……

be equal to等于……；胜任……

be familiar to对……熟悉

be friendly to对……友好

be harmful to对……有害

be kind to对……友好

be similar to与……相似

be grateful to对……心存感激

(7)be＋adj.＋of

be aware of意识到……

be fond of喜欢……

be proud of因……而自豪

be short of缺乏……

be critical of对……挑剔

(8)be＋adj.＋with

be busy with忙于……

be familiar with对……熟悉

be combined with与……结合

be patient with对……有耐心

be popular with受……欢迎

be pleased with对……感到满意

be angry with (sb)对(某人)生气

3．介词与其他词构成的搭配：

but for要不是

instead of代替

regardless of不管，不顾

apart from除……之外

up to直到；由……决定

according to根据

along with随着

together with连同

by means of用……办法；借助……

owing to因为

四、动词与介词构成的搭配

1．“动词＋sb＋of＋sth”结构

accuse sb of sth指责/控告某人某事

cure sb of sth治好某人的某种疾病

rid sb of sth使某人摆脱某物

cheat sb of sth骗走某人某物

remind sb of sth使某人想起某事

inform sb of sth通知某人某事

rob sb of sth抢劫某人某物

warn sb of sth警告某人某事

convince sb of sth使某人确信某事

suspect sb of sth怀疑某人某事

2．“动词＋sb＋for＋doing sth”结构

blame sb for doing sth指责某人做某事

批评某人做某事

原谅某人做某事

punish sb for doing sth因做某事而惩罚某人

thank sb for doing sth感谢某人做某事

3．“动词＋sb/sth＋from＋(doing) sth”结构

prevent/stop/keep sb/sth from doing sth阻止某人/物做某事

protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb/sth from being done保护某人/物免于被……

ban/prohibit sb/sth from doing sth禁止某人/物做某事

4．其他常考的动词与介词的搭配

account for 占……(比例)；解释……(原因)

act as 充当；起作用

break away from 脱离；逃离

bring about 引起；导致；造成

call for (去)接；需要；(公开)要求

carry out 履行；实施；执行

carry through 帮助……渡过难关；成功完成；顺利实现

come across (偶然)遇见，碰见；发现

come to an end 终止，结束

come up with 提出

do harm to 对……有害

do without 没有……也行；没有……而设法对付过去

end up with 以……结束

get across 被传达；被理解；把……讲清楚

get around 传播；流传；各处走动

get down to 开始做某事；开始认真注意(或对待)某事

get over 解决；克服；控制

get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，摆脱

get through 正式通过；(用电话)接通，联系上；顺利通过(考试等)

give rise to使发生

give way to屈服；退让；让步

go against违反；与……不符

go in for参加考试(或竞赛)；对某事物有兴趣，爱好

go through经历

keep in touch with与……保持联系

look down on/upon轻视；瞧不起

look into调查；审查

make the best of充分利用；尽力而为

be made up of由……组成

put up with忍受，容忍

see through看穿；识破

see to照料；处理

set about着手做

show around/round领(某人)参观

show off炫耀；展示

take in吸入；理解，领会

take on承担；呈现，具有

work out计算出；制定出

对点练习

1．She patted him on the head and said，“My little boy，do you feel more comfortable now than before？”

2．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time，would you like to do that?

3．As a result，he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write by means of a pen or pencil.

4．But wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it.

5．Many times we don’t realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them for granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.

6．The teacher paused on purpose to remind the students to stop talking.

1．The study found that between 1985 and 2017，average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men.(2021·浙江1月)

2．Museums must compete for people’s spare time and money with other amusements.

(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)

3．Some time after 10000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived in，through agriculture.(2020·浙江7月)

层级一　基础达标练

单句语法填空

1．—We had a really damp September this year.

—I can’t remember an autumn when it rained so much.

2．But she quickly realized that it was probably because of the fact that she sat in the last row.

3．Among the “four new great inventions”，online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the U．K.in 1979.

4．“As soon as he opens his(he) mouth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.

5．But it’s difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan them(they)．

6．I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after myself(I) and live independently.

7．When they grow older than three years old，it is easier for girls to catch colds than boys.

8．Pregnant women，for example，should limit their(they) intake of coffee.

9．This young man likes travelling—he is always on the move.

10．It means that we cannot use some modern household items，like washing machines because they use too much water.

层级二　高考真题练

单句语法填空

1．The tactile(可触知的) paintings work as a way to reveal art to the blind because we don’t see with just our eyes：We see with our brains.(2022·浙江6月)

2．Luc Gandarias，who’s now thirteen，went blind suddenly at age seven.(2022·浙江6月)

3. A friend of his，Wu Fan，volunteered to be his companion during the trip.(2022·全国甲)

4．He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20，planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months.(2022·全国甲)

5．May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day，which was named officially by the United Nations on November 27th,2019.(2022·全国乙)

6．May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day...To celebrate the festival，a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.(2022·全国乙)

7．The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled(揭幕) at the ceremony，opening its(it) first exhibition：The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.(2022·全国乙)

8．Covering an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)

9．It was built originally to protect the city in/during the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)．(2021·全国甲)

10．Although Mary loved flowers，neither she nor her husband was known as a gardener.

(2021·浙江6月)

层级三　语篇提能练

语法填空

(2019·全国Ⅲ改编)

On our way to the house,1.             was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long 2.             would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.

We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 3.             dogs，seven to be exact.They were well trained 4.             their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of 5.            (they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in 6.         backyard.

When they were free from work，they invited 7.            (we) to local events and let us know of 8.             interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On 9.           last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert 10._____   a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.

1．答案　it

解析　考查代词。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。

2．答案　it

解析　考查代词。此处是句式It takes (sb) some time to do sth，it为形式主语，to do不定式为真正的主语。故填it。

3．答案　of

解析　考查介词。a pack of一群……。故填of。

4．答案　by

解析　考查介词。此处是被动语态，应填表示“被”的介词。故填by。

5．答案　their

解析　考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。

6．答案　the

解析　考查冠词。空格处修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。

7．答案　us

解析　考查代词。空格处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。

8．答案　an

解析　考查冠词。空格后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，且此处泛指“一场有趣的比赛”。故填an。

9．答案　the

解析　考查冠词。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。

10．答案　on

解析　考查介词。on a beautiful farm在一个美丽的农场上。故填on。

1．在抽象名词具体化时，使用不定冠词使文章更加生动简洁

　(2020·全国Ⅱ)我们一边摘苹果，一边吃苹果。真是一件乐事啊！

We picked apples while having a good taste of them.What a pleasure!

　(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)因为被内容所吸引，阅读Youth成为我每天必须做的一件事。

Because I am attracted by the contents，reading Youth becomes a must for me every day.

2．使用it作形式主语可以丰富文章句式

　(2022·全国乙)学生自身迫切需要提高自律，家长和老师也迫切需要加强指导。

It’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline，and it’s also urgent for parents and teachers to strengthen the guidance.

　(2021·上海)从你上一封信中得知你对学习汉语很感兴趣，真是太好了。

It’s great to learn from your last letter that you are interested in learning Chinese.

3．使用it 作形式宾语可以使句子亮点更多

　(2022·浙江1月)我认为说服他接受我的观点是不可能的，所以我不想浪费我们的时间来讨论。

I thought it impossible to persuade him into accepting my views，so I didn’t want to waste our time discussing.

　(2021·全国乙)虽然在线学习让人们获得知识更容易了，但对于缺乏自律的人来说，在线学习也是一个挑战。

Although online learning makes it easier for people to gain knowledge，being online is also a challenge for people who lack self-discipline.

4．用介词短语代替简单的状语从句

　(2022·全国乙)由于他们缺乏自律，他们更容易沉迷于网上聊天或玩游戏。

Because of their lack of self-discipline，they’re more easily addicted to chatting online or playing games.

　(2021·天津6月)因为你们的热情款待和帮助，我在英国过得很愉快。

Because of your kind hospitality and help，I enjoyed myself so much in England.