第12讲 名词性从句(课件)-2024年高考英语一轮复习讲练测(新教材新高考)
展开1. 掌握连接词的用法2. 掌握主语从句的考点3. 掌握宾语从句的考点4. 掌握表语从句的考点5. 掌握同位语从句的考点
定语从句的概念:在复合句中,起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。定语从句的功能:相当于名词短语,在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。
知识点 一 名词性从句基础知识
连接词:that/whether, as if/as thugh;连接代词:what/ which wh/whse whatever whever whmever whichever;连接副词:Where/when why/hw wherever whenever
N. 1 从句中缺少主语或宾语
从句中缺少主语或宾语时,选择以下连接词:what(ever), which(ever), wh(ever), whm(ever)。通常情况下,which是在语境中提供了范围才会使用,否则,指事物时使用what(ever)。
知识点1 名词性从句基础知识
What was mst imprtant t her, she tld me, was her family.(主语从句,what在从句中作主语)她告诉我,对她来说最重要的是她的家人。
The emplyers ften give the jb t whever they believe has wrk experience with a strng sense f duty.(宾语从句,whever在从句中作主语)雇主们经常会把工作给他们认为有工作经验并且有强烈责任感的人。
Whichever bk he bught wuld be paid fr.无论他买了哪一本书,都要付款。
N. 2 从句中不缺少主语或宾语,缺少状语
从句中不缺少主语或宾语,而是缺少状语成分,此时则用when, where, why, hw, hw many/much等带有语义的连接词。
Sme students even have n idea why they are studying, s they waste much time playing.(同位语从句,缺语义,连接词在从句中作原因状语)一些学生甚至都不知道为什么学习,所以他们浪费很多时间玩儿。
She always thinks f hw she can wrk well. (宾语从句,缺语义,连接词在从句中作状语)她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
Where the English evening will be held hasn't yet been annunced. (主语从句,缺语义,连接词在从句中作状语)英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
N. 3 从句中既不缺少成分,又语义完整,用连接词that
He gave us a suggestin that we shuld practise speaking English in class. (同位语从句,不缺成分和语义)他建议我们在课堂上练习说英语。
N. 4 whether与if 的区别
(1) 表语从句和同位语从句常用whether引导,不用if;当主语从句放于句首时,也常用whether引导,不用if;当it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面时用whether或if引导均可,但是如果被后置的主语从句中含有表选择意义的r时,必须用whether;与r nt直接连用时,也必须用whether。
Whether the meeting will be held is still a prblem.(主语从句放于句首)是否要开会仍然是个问题。
→The prblem is whether the meeting will be held.(表语从句)问题是是否将举行会议。→I have n idea whether the meeting will be held.(同位语从句)我不知道是否将举行会议。
It is dubtful whether/if he will cme here.(主语从句放于句末)他是否要来这儿还令人怀疑。
It makes n difference whether he cmes r nt.他来不来无关紧要。
(2)whether和if都可以引导宾语从句,表示“是否”,在口语或间接引语中两者可以互换使用,但在有些情况下,whether和if的用法有一定的区别。
a.在及物动词后(×)I dn't care whether he desn't cme.(whether从句中不能用否定式)(√)I dn't care whether he cmes r nt.(√)I dn't care whether r nt he cmes.(×)I dn't care if r nt he cmes.(if不与r nt直接连用)(√)I dn't knw whether t g there.(whether+t d)
在介词后常用whether,不用if。It depends n whether yu can d the wrk well.那取决于你是否能做好这项工作。
易错点 1:that不可省略的情况
(1) that引导主语从句且从句置于句首时,that不可省略
That he failed in the exam made his parents disappinted.他考试不及格,这使他父母很失望。
(2)that引导表语从句或同位语从句时,一般不可省略。
The truth is that I didn't g there.事实是我没有去那里。
The news that ur team has wn is true.我们队赢了的消息是真的。
易错点 2:whever和n matter wh的区别
whever既可以引导名词性从句,又可以引导让步状语从句,而n matter wh只能引导让步状语从句。
I will give this dictinary t whever wins the first prize in the English cntest.(宾语从句)我将把这本字典赠给在英语竞赛中获得一等奖的人。
Whever/N matter wh wins the first prize in the English cntest, I will give this dictinary t him.(状语从句)不管谁在英语竞赛中获得一等奖,我都会把这本字典赠给他。
The bss rdered that the task (shuld) be cmpleted by nn.(宾语从句)老板命令(我们)在中午之前完成任务。
The dctr's advice is that I (shuld) rest mre and drink mre.(表语从句)医生建议我多休息、多喝水。
It was prpsed that this matter (shuld) be discussed at the next meeting.(主语从句)有人提议这事在下次会议上讨论。
N. 1 连接词引导主语从句
连接词:that,whether,if;只起连接作用,不在从句中作成分
连接代词:what,wh,whm,which,whichever,whatever,whever;在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语
连接副词:when,where,hw,why;在从句中作状语
Whether he will cme r nt desn’t matter much.(从属连词引导)他是否回来都不重要。
Whever cmes here will be welcme.(连接代词引导)无论是谁来到这儿都很受欢迎。
That the earth mves arund the sun is knwn t all.(从属连词引导)地球绕着太阳转是大家都知道的。
Whatever yu can d helps.(连接代词引导)你的支持对我们的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都会对我们有所帮助。
Hw we understand things has a lt t d with what we feel.(连接副词引导)我们如何理解事情与我们所感受到的有很大关系。
Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.(连接副词引导)它们为什么突然消失了还是个迷?
N. 2 it 作形式主语
it作形式主语的常见句型:
1.It+be+形容词(necessary/likely/imprtant/certain等)+that从句2.It+be+名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/n wnder等)+that从句3.It+be+过去分词(said/tld/reprted等)+that从句4.It+不及物动词(seem,appear,happen,matter等)+that从句
It is cmmn knwledge that the whale is nt a fish.鲸鱼不是鱼,这是常识。
It desn't matter whether yu pay by cash r credit card in this stre.在这个商店里你用现金支付还是信用卡支付都没有关系。
易错点:当形容词为imprtant, necessary, strange等或过去分词为suggested, requested, desired等时,从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气“(shuld)+动词原形”。
It is necessary that we (shuld)have breakfast.我们吃早餐是有必要的。
N. 1 宾语从句在复合句中的结构
(1)及物动词(短语)/介词+宾语从句
He asked me which team culd win the game.他问我哪个队会赢得比赛。Tm is a nice by except that he is smetimes late fr schl.汤姆除了有时候上学迟到外,是个很不错的男孩。
(2)及物动词+宾语从句
I dn't think that yu shuld g abrad in the future.我认为你将来不应该出国。
(3) 表示情感的形容词+宾语从句
I’m cnfident that yu will get the jb.我确定你能得到那份工作。I’m glad that yu can cme here n time.我很高兴你能准时到这儿。I'm afraid (that) I can't accept yur invitatin.恐怕我不能接受你的邀请。
N. 2 宾语从句的引导词
1.that引导宾语从句时,常被省去,但下列情况下不能省略:
a.动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时,只有第一个that可省略,其余的不可省略;He said (that) the bk was very interesting and that all the children like t read it.
b.宾语从句前有插入语时;
We hpe, n the cntrary, that he will stay at hme with us.恰恰相反,我们希望他和我们待在家里。
c.当it作形式宾语,后接that引导的宾语从句时。
I dn’t think it plite that they left withut saying thanks t us.我认为他们不说声谢谢就离开是不礼貌的。
d.宾语从句为主从复合句,从句位于宾语从句的前部时。
I prmised that if anyne came t set me free, I wuld make him king ver the earth.我许下诺言,如果有人来释放我,我就让他成为世界之王。
e.当that引导的从句位于介词except, but, besides, in等之后,作介词的宾语时,that通常不能省略。
They share little in cmmn except that they are frm the same cuntry.除了来自同一个国家之外,他们几乎没有共同点。
N. 3 it作形式宾语
宾语一般放在及物动词或介词之后,但是,在下列情况下,须用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语(常为不定式/从句)后置。
1.动词find/feel/think/cnsider/make+it+宾补(形容词或名词)+不定式/从句2.动词hate/ like/ dislike/ appreciate/enjy+it+从句3.短语动词see t/ depend n/rely n+it+从句4.固定搭配take it fr granted that/we it t sb.that+从句
I find it necessary that we shuld spend mre time practising spken English.我发现花更多时间练习英语口语是必要的。
I wuld appreciate it if yu culd take me int cnsideratin.如果你能考虑我的话我将感激不尽。
N matter where he is,he makes it a rule t g fr a walk befre breakfast.无论他在哪里,他都定了一个规矩——早餐前散步。
I shall see t it that he is taken gd care f when yu are absent.你不在的时候,我负责把他照顾好。
N. 4 宾语从句的时态
1.主句的谓语动词如果是一般现在时或一般将来时,从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。
He says that he likes listens t music.他说他喜欢听音乐。I knw that she didn't tell yu that she wuld g t America next mnth.我知道她没有告诉你她下个月要去美国。
2.主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时,从句的谓语动词通常用相应的过去时。
The by said that there were n classes n Sunday afternn.那个男孩说周日下午没有课。
My Chinese teacher asked me if I was reading the bk Red and Black when he came in.我的语文老师问我他进来时我是否在读《红与黑》这本书。
3.如果从句表示客观事实或真理,不管主句的谓语动词是何种时态,从句都要用一般现在时。
As a child, I was tld that the mn has n light f its wn. I didn't believe it.孩提时,人们告诉我月亮自身不会发光,我不相信。
结构:系动词+连接词+从句主语+从句谓语+其他。
N. 1 that, whether引导的表语从句that,whether只起连接作用,不在从句中作成分
One prblem is that I dn’t lk any different frm ther peple.问题是我看上去跟其他人一样。The difference is whether schls are state schls r private schls.一个不同之处是学校是公立的还是私立的。
N. 2 as if/as thugh引导的表语从句
as if/as thugh意为“好像,仿佛”,引导的表语从句常跟在系动词(如seem,appear,lk,taste,sund,feel,smell等)之后。若表语从句所述的是非真实的情况,从句用虚拟语气;若所述的是事实或是极可能发生的情况,从句用陈述语气。
The thick smg cvered the whle city.It was as if a great black blanket had been thrwn ver it.厚重的烟雾覆盖着整个城市,好像把一个厚厚的黑色的毯子扔到它的上面。
N. 3 because引导的表语从句
because引导表语从句时,主句的主语不能用reasn.
--Yu lk tiered.你看起来很累。--That may be because I didn’t have a gd sleep yesterday evening.也许是因为我昨天晚上没睡好。
如果主句的主语时reasn, 表语从句的连接词用that, 不能用why或because。
(1)This/ That/ It is why+表语从句(表结果)“这/那就是……的原因” (2) This/ That/ It is because+表语从句(表原因)“这/那是因为……”
(3) The reasn that+表语从句“……的原因是……”
Frm space,the earth lks blue.This is because abut seventyne percent f its surface is cvered by water.从太空中看,地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面约百分之七十一都被水覆盖着。
N. 4 wh-类连接词引导的表语从句
Wh-类连接词引导的从句作表语时,一般不含疑问意义,而是表示具体的时间、地点、原因、方式等。
New Yrk is n lnger what it was ten years ag.纽约不再是十年前的样子了。This is why they need an English trainer. (2023年新高考II卷)这就是为什么他们需要一个英语教练的原因。
同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语,位于该名词之后,用以说明该名词的具体内容。常见同位语从句的名词:advice,cnclusin,dubt,fact,hpe,idea,news,prmise,questin,suggestin,thught,truth,wish,wrd等。引导同位语从句的引导词:that,whether,hw,where,when,why等。
知识点 5 同位语从句
They made an fficial request that the meeting be pstpned.他们已经正式请求将会议推迟。
The prblem whether we shuld cntinue t d the experiment has been slved.我们是否应该继续做实验的问题已经解决了。
I have n idea when he will cme back.我不知道他将何时回来。
知识点 5 同位语从句
易错点:同位语从句的结构与定语从句的结构极其相似,但同位语从句是对前面的表示抽象概念的名词的内容作进一步地解释说明,而定语从句是对前面的名词进行修饰、限制。
区分技巧:that引导定语从句时,that既起引导词的作用,又在从句中充当句子成分;如果在从句中作宾语that还可以省略,所修饰的名词指物时可用which替换。that引导同位语从句时,that在从句中不充当任何句子成分,不能省略。
The news that they had wn the game sn spread ver the whle schl. (同位语从句)他们赢得比赛的消息很快传遍了整个学校。
The news (that) yu tld me yesterday was really disappinting.(定语从句)你昨天告诉我的消息真的令人失望。
1.(2023届湖北省高考冲刺模拟试题)___________ yu can learn frm the ant philsphy is: Never give up, lk ahead, stay psitive and d all yu can.
考向 1 连接代词
2.(2023河南省开封市等2地高三5月试题)_________TCM dctrs d knw is that this rise and fall thrughut the bdy is put dwn t the flw f qi thrughut the bdy.
1.(2023届河南省名校联考高三5月模拟试题)We are s casual and careless abut________ we use things arund us t make us fun, but it is imprtant fr ur happiness and health.
考向 2 连接副词
2.(2023年北京交通大学附中高三练习)Chinese New Year is a celebratin marking the end f the winter seasn and the beginning f spring. This is________ decrating with plants, fruits and flwers carries special significance.
(北京市西城区2022-2023学年高三期末试卷)But many peple, thugh cmplaining abut the stupid quizzes, still take them, wndering ______ their answers generate their crrect birth year.
考向 3 连接词
1.( 2020年浙江卷6月 ) Over thusands f years,they began t depend less n ___57___ culd be hunted r gathered frm the wild,and mre n animals they had raised and crps they had swn.
【答案】what【解析】考查名词性从句。句意:在几千年的时间里,他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖,而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子,宾语从句部分缺主语,所以引导词应为“连接代词”。根据句意,此处缺“什么”之意。故填what。
2.(2020年北京卷 ) 2.Oliver says if yu're lucky enugh t have smene clse t yu wh enjys cking, ask them___3___yu can jin in when it's pssible.
【答案】if/whether【解析】考查连词。句意:问他们你是否有可能加入他们。____ yu can jin in when it's pssible.是宾语从句,从句成分完整,但缺“是否”的意思,故填if/whether。
3.(2020年浙江卷) Over thusands f years,they began t depend less n 57 culd be hunted r gathered frm the wild, and mre n animals they had raised and crps they had swn.
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