2024届高考英语一轮总复习选择性必修第四册Unit1ScienceFiction单元主题训练

UNIT 1 单元主题训练

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

Catching nearly 4,000 wild butterflies with handheld nets and taking the temperature of each tiny insect must rank among the harder of scientific efforts.

However, researchers have discovered significant differences in the ability of British butterflies to maintain a suitable temperature, raising fears that global heating will threaten the populations of some species.

Butterflies are ectotherms­unable to generate their own body heat and require warm temperatures to fly.However, extreme temperatures can pose problems, particularly for those butterflies that must find shady habitats to regulate(调节) their body temperature.

The study shows that larger, paler butterflies are best able to protect themselves from extreme temperatures, changing the angles of their reflective wings in relation to the sun to direct heat away from or on to their bodies.The surrounding temperature of the butterfly's perch (栖息处), or air temperature, was also taken, which indicated the degree to which butterflies were seeking specific locations to regulate their body temperature.Darker, large species have greater difficulty controlling their body temperature, but even they are better than “thermal specialists”， which rely on finding a spot at a specific temperature in a landscape—a “microclimate”—to control their body temperature.

“After being caught in butterfly nets on British nature reserves, the 29 different species of butterflies' temperatures were taken with a fine probe.As we plan conservation measures to address the effects of climate change, it will be important to understand not only the habitat requirements of different butterfly species, but also their temperature requirements，” said Dr Ed Turner, of the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, who led the work.“With this new understanding of butterflies, we should be able to better manage habitats and landscapes to protect them, and in doing so we're probably also protecting other insects too.”

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了科学家在测量蝴蝶体温时发现它们调节体温的能力差异很大，由此担心全球变暖会影响蝴蝶某些物种的数量。这些科学家还深入研究了蝴蝶调节体温的方法，以便保护蝴蝶和其他昆虫。

1．Why did scientists take the temperatures of butterflies?

A．To seek solutions to global heating.

B．To uncover climate threats to them.

C．To classify them into different species.

D．To stress the toughness of scientific research.

解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“然而，研究人员发现，英国蝴蝶在维持合适温度的能力上存在显著差异，这引发了人们对全球变暖将威胁某些物种数量的担忧”可知，这项实验揭露了气候变化对蝴蝶的威胁。

2．How do larger, paler butterflies regulate their temperature?

A．By angling their wings.

B．By generating the body heat.

C．By choosing a microclimate.

D．By making use of their colour.

解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，体型更大、颜色更浅的蝴蝶是通过改变翅膀的角度来调节体温的。

3．On what basis do butterflies seek specific locations?

A．Finding a nature reserve.

B．Attracting other butterflies.

C．Adapting to climate change.

D．Perceiving the surroundings.

解析：选D　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段第二句可知，科学家对蝴蝶栖息地周围环境的温度进行测量，得到了蝴蝶寻找特定位置来调节体温的程度的结论，从侧面表明蝴蝶寻找栖息地的时候对环境是有要求的。

4．What can we learn from the last paragraph?

A．Understanding of/about butterflies should be strengthened.

B．Better management of butterfly habitats is popular.

C．Protecting butterflies can lead to additional benefits.

D．Goals of protecting butterflies have been achieved.

解析：选C　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，保护蝴蝶的同时还可以保护其他昆虫，即保护蝴蝶还有额外的好处。

B

The lander carrying China's first Mars rover successfully touched down on the red planet early Saturday morning Beijing Time.It is the first time that China has landed a probe on a planet other than Earth.

Tianwen­1, consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover, was launched from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site on the coast of southern China's island province of Hainan on July 23, 2020.This is the first step in China's planetary exploration of the solar system, with the purpose of completing orbiting, landing and roving on the red planet in one mission.

The name Tianwen, meaning “questions to Heaven”， comes from a poem written by the ancient Chinese poet Qu Yuan (about 340­278 BC)．China's first Mars rover is named Zhurong after the god of fire in ancient Chinese mythology, which echoes with the Chinese name of the red planet: Huoxing (the planet of fire)．

Tianwen­1 was launched via a Long March­5 rocket, China's largest launch vehicle.Tianwen­1 has been travelling in space for nearly 10 months.It has carried out four orbital corrections and a deep­space maneuver.It had flown 475 million km and was 192 million km from Earth when it reached Mars orbit.

The craft's plummet through the Martian atmosphere, lasting about nine minutes, was extremely complicated with no ground control, and had to be performed by the spacecraft autonomously.

“Such a challenging attempt is characterized by a succession of complex activities that must be conducted completely by the spacecraft within a very short period of time，” said Geng Yan, an official with the Lunar Exploration and Space Program Center of the CNSA.“What added to the difficulties was that we don't know much about the Martian atmosphere, which brought a lot of uncertainties to the mission.Each step had only one chance, and the actions were closely linked.If there had been any flaw, the landing would have failed.”

语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了搭载中国首个火星探测器的着陆器“天问一号”成功着陆在红色星球上，这是中国第一次在地球以外的行星上着陆探测器。文章介绍了“天问一号”的任务、名字由来以及任务的艰巨性。

5．What is the mission of Tianwen­1?

A．To record the wind speed on Mars.

B．To explore the atmosphere of Mars.

C．To search for aliens in the solar system.

D．To accomplish three major tasks on Mars.

解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，“天问一号”的任务是在火星上完成三项主要任务。

6．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?

A．The introduction of the poet Qu Yuan.

B．The reasons for the craft landing on Mars.

C．The origin of two names Tianwen and Zhurong.

D．The importance of ancient Chinese mythology.

解析：选C　段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，第三段主要讲了天问、祝融两个名字的由来。

7．What do the numbers in Paragraph 4 mainly indicate?

A．The huge task of Tianwen­1.

B．The surroundings of the Mars orbit.

C．The expense of travelling in space.

D．The size of the Long March­5 rocket.

解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第四段内容可推知，第四段的数字主要为了表明“天问一号”的艰巨任务。

8．What can we know from Geng Yan's words?

A．China's attempt to explore Mars is successful.

B．Landing on Mars is a very challenging move.

C．People are enthusiastic about exploring the universe.

D．Tianwen­1 is essential to China's space station program.

解析：选B　推理判断题。根据最后一段首句和尾句可推知，耿岩的话表明登陆火星是一个非常具有挑战性的举动。

Ⅱ.阅读七选五

Writing a great science fiction novel is a long, hard process.As with any novel, you'll want to construct a satisfying plot, develop interesting characters, and write polished, vivid prose.__9__

Remember that science fiction is about ideas.Different from other genres (类型), a good science fiction story depends on a great imagination.__10__ In sci­fi, those questions can be implicit or explicit.For example, many early works of sci­fi make their question obvious.In War of the Worlds, the question is: What would happen to human society if it were invaded by technologically advanced aliens?

__11__ It's one thing to have a great idea or situation, but that doesn't mean you have a story.While science fiction novels are often thought experiments, they also can't just be thought experiments.That means you're going to have to come up with an appealing story that brings these questions to life.Ask yourself: What is the change that will occur over the course of your story, either in the world or in the life of the main character?

Create an interesting world.__12__The intricately (错综复杂地) imagined details that make up your world should flow in some way from the idea at the heart of your story.In that way, the world you create in your sci­fi novel also reveals something about your point of view on the real world.Even the most fantastically imagined story is still a reflection of real­world questions and problems.

Make sure the rules of your world are consistent.One of the qualities that set sci­fi novels apart from fantasy and surrealism (超现实主义) is that no matter how strange or fantastic the world is, it still obeys an internally consistent logic.__13__But it must be understandable and in order for it to feel believable to the reader.

A．Focus on character development.

B．Make sure you're telling a good story.

C．That said, writing science fiction requires many unique considerations.

D．That logic will necessarily be different from the logic that governs reality.

E．Before you start writing, have some sense of the question your novel is asking.

F．A sci­fi novel set in a technologically backward world would violate the rules of the reality.

G．World building is one of the most important parts of creating a compelling sci­fi story.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了在科幻小说的创作中需要考虑的几个独特的因素。

9．选C　上文“construct a satisfying plot, develop interesting characters, and write polished, vivid prose”说明写科幻小说和其他任何小说一样，你都想要构建一个令人满意的情节、展开有趣的人物、写出优美、生动的散文。C项中“That said”表示进一步解释，“requires many unique considerations(需要很多独特的考虑因素)”是对上一句的补充说明。

10．选E　下文“In sci­fi, those questions can be implicit or explicit.”说明在科幻小说中，这些问题可以是含蓄的，也可以是明确的。其中“those questions”与E项中“have some sense of the question”相呼应；下文举例说明写科幻小说中所提出的问题。

11．选B　该空位于段首，应该是该段的主题句。下文“It's one thing to have a great idea or situation, but that doesn't mean you have a story.”说明有了好的想法和设定并不意味着有好的故事；B项中“telling a good story”与下一句“have a story”语义相符；下文的“come up with an appealing story”也与B项中的“good story”相呼应。该段说明科幻小说要有吸引人的故事情节。

12．选G　G项中“World building”与该段首句语义相符；下文“the world you create ...on the real world”说明科幻小说中创造出来的世界反映了现实世界的问题。G项与之相对应。

13．选D　上文中的“no matter how strange or fantastic the world is, it still obeys an internally consistent logic”说明无论这个世界多么奇怪或荒诞，它仍然遵循内在一致的逻辑；D项中“That logic”承接上文中的“an internally consistent logic”。

Ⅲ.完形填空

One of the most remarkable things about the human mind is our ability to imagine the future.In our __14__ we can see what has not yet happened.For example, while we are looking forward to __15__ a new place or country, we __16__ what it will be like.We predict the way people will eat, dress and act.Of course, we do not always predict things __17__.Things are often very different from the way we __18__ them to be.

One of the __19__ dreams in history is the dream of the German scientist, Kekule, who had been __20__ to work out a very difficult problem in physics.He had __21__ and analyzed the problem from every angle for days, but there seemed to be no way of __22__ out the answer.Then one night he went to bed and dreamed.When he __23__ up, he realized that he knew the answer.He had solved the problem in his __24__.

It is said that in order to figure out the process, the hypnotist (催眠师) sat in the chair opposite him and spoke __25__：“I want you to concentrate on my voice.And as you pay attention to my voice, your __26__ will get heavier.Soon you'll be asleep.You will hear my voice and __27__ my words, but your body will be asleep, and when you wake up you will remember nothing.Now I am going to __28__ slowly from one to five.One, two, three, four, five ...”

语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过德国科学家 Kekule 做梦解题的故事，说明了人类思维的神奇能力。

14．A.brains  B．senses

C．minds  D．sights

解析：选C　根据空前一句可知，人类思维最显著的特点之一就是有想象未来的能力；据此可知，空处指“思维”，故C项正确。

15．A.visiting  B．seeking

C．reaching  D．discovering

解析：选A　根据该句中的“a new place or country”可推知，当我们期望去参观(visiting)某个新地方或新国家时，我们总是想象(imagine)那里会是什么样子。

16．A.imagine  B．know

C．feel  D．guess

解析：选A　参见上题解析。

17．A.quickly  B．simply

C．correctly  D．neatly

解析：选C　根据空后一句可知，事情总是不同于我们预料(expected)的那样；据此可以判断，我们不是总能正确地(correctly)预测事情。

18．A.required  B．wished

C．left  D．expected

解析：选D　参见上题解析。expect “预料，预期”。

19．A.funny  B．dull

C．famous  D．silly

解析：选C　该处陈述的是历史上著名的德国科学家 Kekule 的梦。故C项符合语境。

20．A.managing  B．trying

C．thinking  D．hoping

解析：选B　根据该句语境可知，Kekule 一直在努力解一道物理难题；try to do sth.意为“努力做某事”，符合语境，故B项正确。

21．A.studied  B．learned

C．discussed  D．searched

解析：选A　根据该句语境可知，他从多个角度研究(studied)和分析了这个难题。

22．A.bringing  B．finding

C．turning  D．letting

解析：选B　此处指似乎没有办法弄清答案。

23．A.gave  B．sat 

C．woke  D．got

解析：选C　根据空前一句“Then one night he went to bed and dreamed”可知，空处所在句表示他醒来时意识到自己知道了答案。wake up为固定短语，意为“醒来”，故C项正确。

24．A.dream  B．lesson

C．research  D．exercise

解析：选A　根据上文中的“he went to bed and dreamed ...he knew the answer”可知，他在梦(dream)中解决了这个难题。

25．A.softly  B．loudly

C．slowly  D．firmly

解析：选A　根据语境并结合常识可知，此处是对Kekule进行催眠，故催眠师应是柔和地(softly)说着话。

26．A.eyes  B．feet

C．head  D．body

解析：选A　根据常识可知，被催眠师催眠时，眼皮会变得沉重。故选A项。

27．A.believe  B．repeat

C．take  D．understand

解析：选D　此处指听到声音并理解听到的话。understand“理解，明白”符合语境。

28．A.count  B．say  C．add  D．speak

解析：选A　此处表示数数；A项意为“(按顺序)数数”，符合语境。

Ⅳ.语法填空

The question of __1__ invented the computer cannot be answered with a single name.Throughout history, many different people have helped in the development of this __2__(value) machine.And many date the first important __3__(invent) to the fourth century BC when the abacus was developed.

It could be said that the first computer __4__ could store programs was the 1949 Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator.It __5__(create) by Maurice Wilkes.From this point forward, many developers helped to make various types of computer.

In the early 1970s, many skilled inventors __6__(include) Bill Gates, Steve Jobs，and Steve Wozniak did much to develop personal computers in the form of PCs and Apples.By the 1990s, ownership of PCs became common as production grew __7__(expensive) than before.Also, with the development of technology, the size of these machines became smaller so that they could __8__(easy) be used in homes.

There is no doubt __9__ there are so many thinkers and inventors who helped to develop the computer.There are even legal battles over who should be considered as the primary inventors.As __10__ matter of fact，it is their joint efforts that led to the development of this most useful machine.

1．who　考查宾语从句。分析可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作主语，又由句意“谁发明了计算机”可知，用who来引导。

2．valuable　考查形容词。分析可知，空处作定语，修饰名词machine，故用形容词valuable。

3．invention　考查名词。分析可知，空处作宾语且前面有“the first important”修饰，所以要用名词。

4．that　考查定语从句。分析可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词computer，且computer被序数词first修饰，同时设空处在从句中作主语，所以用that引导。

5．was created　考查动词的时态和语态。It(指代Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)与create之间是被动关系，且create表示的动作发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。

6．including　考查介词。分析可知，Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Steve Wozniak与inventors之间是所属关系，所以用介词including(包括……在内)。

7．less expensive　考查形容词的比较级。由后面的than可知，空处应用比较级，且由句意“随着生产费用降低，拥有计算机也变得普遍了”可知，在此要用降级比较。

8．easily　考查副词。修饰动词used应用副词。

9．that　考查固定句型。There is no doubt that ...为固定句型，意为“毫无疑问……”。

10．a　考查固定搭配。as a matter of fact为固定搭配，意为“事实上”。

Ⅴ.应用文写作

科技的发展让人们对未来的生活充满期待。请你以“Life in the Future”为主题写一篇演讲稿，从环境、交通、人的寿命等方面想象一下未来的生活。

注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

　参考范文：

Dear friends，

As science and technology develop, I think life in the future will be greatly different from what it is today.

First of all, our environment will be more pleasant, because electricity will be produced from clean energy instead of coal.Secondly, our cars, which may run not only on the road but also in the water, will be controlled by robots.In this way, traffic accidents will be greatly avoided.Additionally, some new medicine will be developed so that people can live longer.As a result, living to be 120 may be very common.

In conclusion, I think life in the future will be much better than it is now.