高中英语2024届高考复习语法知识讲解（冠词+代词+名词）

高考英语语法知识讲解一、冠词（一）冠词讲前练冠词语篇填空训练（不需要用冠词处划细线）When I walked down [1]______Third Avenue, as [2]______ rule, I used to look into the window of [3]_______old shop that sold old but beautiful things.Since I often took my walk after the closing time, I cupped my hands against [4]_________ windows to get [5]_______ small look at the treasures inside.Some things looked as if they had not been cared for [6]______ long time,but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their surface.I even thought they were [7]_________ most beautiful that I had ever seen.That was how I felt about old people, too.I knew their value, and it hurt me when others missed it.I was raised by my grandmother and given [8]______ deep sense of the value of experience.Taught to behave well, my sister and I respected other people,regardless of their age or colour.My grandmother was loved by all [9]______ people around her.She was known to be [10]____ wise and kind woman, who was able to do things well even in her last years.【Keys】
1.the  2.a 【as a rule 通常】  3.an  4.the   5.a 【get a look at看一眼】6.a 【for a long time很长一段时间】 7.the   8.a    9.the   10.a
（二）冠词考点精讲1、定冠词（the）表特指，不定冠词(a, an)表泛指。2、a用在辅音开头的可数名词单数前，an 用在元音开头的可数名词单数前。注意(1)、hour,honest,honour等词虽以辅音字母h开头，但其读音却以元音开头，因此，前面要用an.(2)、useful,university,usual,united,European, one-eyed等单词的拼写以元音字母开头，但读音却以辅音开头，因此，前面要用a。3、固定短语中的冠词问题，如第二题的as a rule(通常)(1)常考带the的短语
at the age of在…岁时in the middle of在…的中间at the foot of 在…脚下on the way to 在去…的路上on the right/left在右边/左边in the habit of有做…的习惯at the same time同时in the morning/afternoon/evening在早上/下午/晚上at the beginning/end of 在…开始/结束时at the top/bottom of在…的顶部/底部by the way顺便问一下in the form of 以…的形式with the help of 在…的帮助下with the development of随着...的发展
(2)常考不带冠词的短语
at college在上大学at home在家in advance预先，提前lose weight减肥at peace/war处于和平/战争状态in good condition情况良好on business因公出差in addition此外，另外in good order有条不紊in place of取代pay attention to注意
(3)有无冠词意义迥异的短语in hospital在住院               in the hospital在医院in charge of掌管                in the charge of由…掌管in possession of占有             in the possession of被…占有in front of在…（外部）的前面    in the front of在…（内部）的前部out of question毫无疑问          out of the question 不可能4、不定冠词可用于具体化的抽象名词前，He is a success as a teacher but a failure as a father.A good knowledge of English is a must in modern society.（三）冠词应考技巧1、在语法填空题中，空格在名词前，考虑是否应该填冠词，2、在改错题中，重点考虑定冠词与不定冠词的误用，是否多用了或缺了冠词。  二、代词（一）代词讲前练代词语篇填空训练What on earth does happiness mean？I can’t give you its exact definition, but I’m sure if you love and help [1]___________, you will get it.I’ll never forget an old lady.She lives in a small house alone.It’s said that her husband and her son died in a road accident years ago.[2]_______life is bitter, but she often helps others with a smile.Whenever it snows, [3]________ is always the first to clean the paths.She looks after several children living nearby.I am one of [4]_______.I often remember the stories she told us and her kind smile.Perhaps she is unlucky, but I think she is a happy person.Her life is full of laughter and love.But I’m sad to see some people getting [5]________ happiness in bad ways.They talk noisily in cinemas and meeting rooms; they destroy trees to enjoy [6]__________and they laugh at [7]_______ shortcomings.Perhaps they feel happy at that time, but they will never get true happiness because they have lost their personality already.Now I know [8]_________ happiness is.[9]_________ means kindness,love and unselfishness.Above all, I have come to understand that bringing happiness to others is getting [10]___________ happiness.【Keys】
1.others  2.Her  3.she  4.them  5.their  6.themselves 7.others’ 8.what 9.It 10.ourselves
（二）代词考点精讲1.人称代词，物主代词，反身代词的用法含有反身代词的短语
be oneself (人)处于正常状态by oneself 独自地; 单独地come to oneself苏醒过来; 醒悟过来; 恢复理性for oneself 为自己; 独力地; 亲自地seat oneself 坐下speak to oneself 自言自语dress oneself 自己穿衣devote oneself to 致力于....enjoy oneself 过的快活help oneself to 随便吃、随便用teach oneself 自学make oneself at home 不受约束say to oneself 心里想
2.指示代词及疑问代词1)指示代词主要有①近指：this这个，these这些；也可指下文将要谈到的人或物。②远指：that那个，those那些，也可指上文提到的人或物。2) 疑问代词(who, whom, whose, which, what等)在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等EG:Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡，你喜欢那样？3）疑问词 + to do：在句中作主语或宾语。EG:I don’t know what to do with the money?我不知道如何处理这些钱。3.one，ones, that, those, it做替代词时的用法it 可以代替可数名词单数和不可数名词代替同类同物，只能指物。them/they是it的复数形式，代替复数名词one同类异物，代替可数名词单数，表泛指，可以指人也可以指物。ones 是one 的复数，代替复数名词。that用于同类比较中，代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，表特指，可以指人也可指物。those 是that的复数，代替复数名词。举例说明1)Yesterday I bought a new bike.It is blue.(it指前文刚提到的单数名词a new bike,是同类同一事物）2)A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood（one是单数与前文不定冠词对应，与指代的a bridge是同类非同一事物，泛指）3)The bridge made of stone is stronger than that made of wood.（that=the one 表示特指与前文定冠词the对应，与指代的the bridge是同类非同一事物，特指）4)The people who are standing there are those(=the ones) from Japan(the ones 与those复数特指，与定冠词the people对应）5)Bridges made of stone are stronger than ones made of wood(ones不定指的复数，与前文的bridges 对应）4.It 的用法1）指时间，距离，天气，日期，温度等；It’s early spring, but it is already hot.2）当说话者弄不清对方是谁，不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时；Someone is knocking at the door, who can it be?3）作形式主语或形式宾语，代替to do, doing, 或从句；It is important for us to be cheerful when facing the trouble.4）用于强调句型 “ It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who...”It is years of hard work that made him what he is today.5)用于固定搭配It is a pity/a shame that...真可惜/丢人It is no wonder that... 难怪......It seems/appears that ...似乎/ 好像......      It looks/seems as if/ as though...看起来好像......It happens that ... 碰巧......It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb.that...   某人突然想起......It was/will be + 一段时间 + before从句过了/要过多久才......It wasn’t/ won’t + 一段时间 + before从句没过多久就......5.other, others, the other和another的用法①.other表示泛指，意为“另外的、别的、其它的”。常与复数名词连用。Other+复数名词=others②.others：表示泛指，意为“别的人或物”，但不指剩下的全部。如Many students are playing on the playground． Some are playing football；others(=other students) are playing basketball．③.the other：表示两者中的另外一个。可单独使用，也可后接单数名词。如The old man has two sons． One is a worker，the other is a teacher．注意：the others:可表示其余的全部且不止一个。如We shall do some cleaning this afternoon． Group One will clean the wall． Group Two will clean the windows． The other students (The others) will sweep the floor．④.another常用于指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个”。它可单独使用，也可后接名词。如果其后接复数名词，则表示“又、再、还”。如This cap is too small for me． Show me another (one)．We need another three assistants in our shop．6.all和both的用法这两个词都可表示“都”，但all表示三者或三者以上的人或物，both则表示两个人或物。它们都表示肯定意义，但如果它们与not连用时，则表示部分否定。如All of them are middle school students． His parents are both teachers．Both of his parents aren’t workers． All of the students aren’t here on time．7.neither和either的用法这两个词都可用于表示两个人或物。neither表示否定意义,意为“（两者中的每一个）都不”；而either则表示肯定意义，意为“（两者中的每一个）都”。它们用作代词时，可单独使用，也可同介词of连用。用作形容词时，则可用于修饰后面的单数名词。如Neither of them can speak Chinese． Either of them can speak Chinese．There are trees on either side of the street． There are trees on neither side of the street．8.few和little的用法①few用作不定代词时，可用于替代可数名词，表示否定意义。表示肯定意义时，则要用a few。此外，few还可用作形容词，用于修饰可数名词。如Few students in this school can speak Japanese．There are still a few students in the classroom．②little用作不定代词时，用于代替不可数名词，表示否定意义。表示肯定意义时，要用a little。用作形容词时，则要修饰不可数名词。如He is now out of work and can earn little money．I can speak a little French．不定代词的固定搭配one another   （三者或三者以上）互相     each other(两者)互相one ...another...（三者或三者以上）一个....另一个....one ...the other ...（两者中）一个....另一个....some ...others... 一些....另一些....（三）代词应考技巧1、在语法填空题中，空格处作主语或宾语，考虑是填代词，①通过句子成分确定填什么代词分析句子成分，如果句中缺主语，则可能填入人称代词，指示代词，不定代词或it; 如果缺宾语，则可能填入人称代词宾格；如果主语和宾语是指同一人，则填反身代词。On my desk is a photo that my father took of _________ when I was a baby.②通过句式结构判断是否填it根据句式结构，判断句子是否为it的特殊句式。I would appreciate ____if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.Key:it2、在改错题中，重点考虑①代词的指代错误，如女性用了he指代，②主格与宾格的误用，名词性与形容词性物主代词的误用。 三、名词（一）名词讲前练用所给单词的适当形式填空It was late at night.Two[1]_________(German) were sleeping in their room when,suddenly,one of them,Mrs.Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck.She had three [2]___________(thousand) dollars in her pocket.“What should I do? Many [3]_________(thief) usually bring [4]________(knife) with them,” She thought in [5]______ (silent)And at the same time the thief happened to touch a [6]________(sport) suit.It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went to the next room where two [7]__________(Frenchman)were sleeping.When he was looking for [8]_________(money) or some [9]___________(jewel) in the next room, Mrs.Green woke up her husband quickly and called the [10]_______ (policeman)And then the thief knew what had happened.He was so scared that he took out a knife.Just then the police came up.Before the thief ran away,the police caught him.For Mrs.Green,it was really an unusual experience.【Keys】
1.Germans  2.thousand  3.thieves  4.knives  5.silence  6.sports  7.Frenchmen  8.money 
9.jewels/jewelry【jewel的复数直接加s;jewelry为不可数名词，表示jewel的总称。】10.police【police可以表示警察，警方，警察部门；call the police报警】（二）名词考点精讲1、名词的数A.名词的分类(1)专有名词：专有名词无复数形式。①由普通名词构成的专有名词要加定冠词the,如：the Great Wall。②the+姓氏名复数形式，则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义)。如:the Greens(格林一家人)。(2)普通名词：普通名词又分个体名词，集体名词，物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词和集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数名词。①个体名词:表示单个的人和事物。如car(汽车)、room(房间)、 fan(风扇)、photo(照片)②集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的名称。如 family(家庭)、army(军队)、government(政府)、group(集团)③物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。如fire(火)、steel(钢)、air (空气)、water(水)、milk(牛奶)④抽象名词:表示动作，状态，品质或其他抽象概念。如 labor( 劳动)、health(健康)、life (生活)、friendship(友情)、patience(耐心)B.可数名词复数的变化规则(1)一般情况加s : book-- books，house---houses(2)以s、sh、ch、x结尾的加es: class--- classes，box----boxes，match----matches(3)辅音字母+ y结尾的变y为 i加es: city---cities country----countries，factory----factories(4)以 o 结尾的词：有生命的词加es,无生命的词加s: hero---heroes,potato---potatoes;radio-- radios, zoo---zoos, piano---pianos.photo---photos例外: bamboo---bamboos(5)以f, fe 结尾的变f或fe为v +es: thief--thieves, wife--wives, life--lives,  knife--knives例外：belief--beliefs  roof--roofs  gulf--gulfsC.可数名词的不规则变化(1)常见的不规则变化名词child---children      foot---feet     tooth---teeth   mouse---mice        man---men    woman---women(2)单复数同形的名词Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,works(工厂),means,fish，deer,sheep一句话记忆：Some Chinese,Japanese and Swiss keep some fish,deer and sheep in this works by this means.(3)people,police,cattle(牛)只有复数形式。(4)以s结尾，但仍然为单数。例如①maths, politics,physics等学科名词。②news是不可数名词③the United States, the United Nations应视为单数。2、名词作定语(1)名词作定语一般用单数。例如：paper money, an evening paper, city life, office work(2)用复数作定语。例如：sports meeting, sales man/woman/girl(男/女售货员), goods train(货车)，customs papers(海关文件) 【注意：其中goods和customs本身就带有s】(3)数词+名词作定语时，若有连字符，名词用单数；若无连字符，名词用复数加“’”.例如例如：a five-year-plan, a five years’ plan(4)man和woman做定语时随着被修饰的名词的单复数变化而变化。例如：A man/woman teacher--two men/women teacher3、名词所有格名词所有格有两种形式：’+s式和of式。(1)一般说来，表示有生命的名词和表示时间，国家，距离等名词的所有格用’+s式,例如：Mary’s mother, today’s news。(2)表示无生命的事物名词的所有格用of式，例如:the cover of the book。(3)双重所有格：例如：a friend of my father’s, a friend of mine。（三）名词应考技巧1、在语法填空题中，空格处作主语和宾语时，常用名词，考虑把提示词改为名词形式；如果给的是就是名词，则考虑用名词复数形式，这时注意修饰语。2、在改错题中，重点考虑不可数名词是否是用了复数形式，可数名词该用复数的是否用了单数。