【暑假提升】外研版2019英语高一（升高二）暑假选修1-第06讲 构词法 讲学案

第06讲 构词法

1.掌握派生法、合成法、转化法，掌握高二上册核心词汇记忆法

2.侧重培养通过语境上下文的推理判断词性的能力

构词法主要包括派生、合成、转化和截短缩略四大类。在近年高考中，直接体现在语法填空中的应用主要有：给出形容词提示词，填写副词或名词；给出动词，填写名词或形容词；给出名词，填写形容词。然而，构词法不仅仅体现在语法填空中，而是广泛分布在阅读、完形等各种题型中，是快速拓展词汇量，深入理解语篇的法宝。

一、合成法

1．复合名词的主要构成方式

2．复合形容词的主要构成方式

3．复合动词的主要构成方式

二、转化法

三、  派生法

1．前缀构词法

2．后缀构词法

(1)名词后缀

(2)形容词后缀

(3)动词后缀

(4)副词后缀

考点一：派生法

派生法就是由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词。词根是派生词的基础，而词缀起到决定派生词的词汇意义和语法属性的作用。

（一）形容词的后缀和前缀

1. 名词+-cial--形容词

benefit--beneficial 有益的   office--official 官方的       face--facial 面部的    race--racial 种族的 

finance--financial 金融的    society--social 社会的

例1．【单句填空】

1. He has only been playing football as a ________ (profession) for two years. （所给词的适当形式填空）
2. (全国卷乙卷) l provide ___________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.

考点二：合成法

合成法就是把两个或两个以上的独立的词结合在一起构成新词，这样的词一般称为合成词或复合词。

复合名词的主要构成方式

1.名词＋名词

silkworm蚕   classroom教室    daybreak佛晓    flashlight手电筒    necklace项链  

2.合成形容词

good-looking好看的    hard-working勤奋的    cold-blooded冷血的   newborn新生的   

bittersweet苦乐参半的    airsick晕飞机的    homesick想家的    easygoing随和的   

3.合成动词

名词+动词

broadcast播送    babysit看孩子 

副词+动词 

overcome克服    undergo经历    downfall垮台；

例2．【猜一猜】

 haircut理发           energy-saving节能的              breakthrough突破         outbreak爆发

总结：

His _____ English is very good, because he is from Australia, an _____ country.

A．spoken; English-spoken

B．speaking; English-speaking

C．spoken; English-speaking

D．speaking; English-speaking

考点三：转化法

一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性，称之为转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与转化前的意义有密切联系，但其拼写形式不变。

例3【猜一猜】

hand                clean            stress          value            wide        high  

deep            gradate               straight         right         empty         down 

总结：

1. 转化法

动词→名词：change 改变；找零 →变化 ；walk 步行→散步;stop 停止→车站 ；record 录音 →记录

名词→动词：place 地点 → 放置；taste 味道→ 尝起来；hand 手 → 传递；递交；seat 座位 → 使……坐下          

形容词→动词：clean 干净→使干净，打扫；clear 清楚→清理；dirty 脏→弄脏；dry 干燥→烘干，晒干；empty 空的→倒空               

2. 截短法缩略法

截短法：telephone→phone, aeroplane→plane, advertisement→ad. , laboratory→lab, influenza→flu , smog (smoke + fog) 烟雾；brunch (breakfast +lunch) 早午餐；newscast (news + broadcast) 新闻广播;sci-fi (science + fiction) 科幻小说

缩略法：television→ TV (读字母音)电视;very important person→ VIP (读字母音)要人；Testing of English as a Foreign Language→ TOEFL(作为一个单词读音)托福

单句填空

1. (2021年全国甲卷·70) Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and watchtowers to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their __________ (day) routines.
2. (2021年全国乙卷·68) Provide __________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.
3.  (2020年全国Ⅰ卷·62)Landing on the moon's far side is ___________ (extreme) challenging.
4. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·61) Chinese New Year is a  _____________ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
5. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·69) The __________ (beauty) long  branches  covered  with  pink-colored  buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.
6. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·66) ___________(certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.

根据语境猜测划线词的词性和词义

7. When it comes to insect pests, red fire ants would probably top everyone's list.

8. First, you should take an active part in the discussions and freely voice your opinion.

9. Yes, I was blessed; it wasn’t a material one, but the kind that will warm my heart forever.

10. Suddenly she felt tears flooded her eyes.

11.In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾）that mirrors Our fear of the dark.

12. Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness.

13. Surround yourself with people who uplift, encourage and understand you! Group exercise is challenging, yet fun and empowering!

14. So one day, just to see what she would do, I gently placed one on top of the groundhog’s head, Again, not a move.

15. Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive. Don’t let negativity ruin your motivation.

用所给词的适当形式填空

1．Many stars, which are out of the solar system, are ________ (visible) without a telescope.

2．Rapidly nodding your head can leave the impression that you are ________(patient) and too eager to add something to the conversation.

3．If one is late for a job interview, it is ________ (likely) that he will get the job.

4．Most people here are ________ (willing) to give up their cars. They don’t want to use buses instead.

5．He is a good teacher who never expresses the least _________ (patience) with slow learners.

6．Like their children, parents are often _____（defend）about their private lives.

7．It is__________ (legal) to employ someone under the age of sixteen.

8．Some comedians tell jokes about the way people _____________ (behavior).

9．My father bought me an _____（electricity） guitar as my birthday present .

10．He was ________________ (apparent) much surprised at the news that the amateur athlete beat the professional one who ranked top ten.

单句语法填空

1.Therefore, let's take the ________ (responsible) to build up a low­carbon city by riding bicycles. Come on and join us!

2.As far as I am concerned, my ________ (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese­English dictionary within easy reach.

3.My presence is something they can draw real ________ (strong) and hope from.

4.Life is a ________ (mix) of good times and bad times, and happy moments and unhappy moments.

5.After some time, when both of you have renewed your ________ (confident) in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart.

6.The Forbidden City attracts visitors because of its long history and ________ (culture) significance, but perhaps it should add one more thing to its list of attractions: earthquake shelter.

7.Many fads are ________ (harm). Back in my day, people cut the sleeves and collars of sweat shirts off and wore them inside out. No big deal.

8.While your IQ tells you how ________ (intelligence) you are, your EQ tells you how well you use your intelligence.

9.The old people there were talkative and they told us their ________ (person) stories cheerfully.

10.My little boy, do you feel more ________ (comfort) now than before?