高考英语总复习语法专题1第3讲非谓语动词学案

第3讲　非谓语动词

考点1　非谓语动词的形式及意义

There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.

在我们准备在月球上长住之前，仍有很多问题需要解决。

Walking in the street, I came across an old friend.

走在大街上，我碰到了一位老朋友。

Based on an interesting story, the novel was well worth reading.

基于一个有趣的故事，这部小说很值得一读。

考点2　非谓语动词作状语

1. 不定式作状语

(1)作目的状语，有时用in order to或so as to。

We will continue our campaign to prevent and control air pollution to make our sky blue again.

我们将继续我们的运动，以预防和控制空气污染，使我们的天空再次蔚蓝。

(2)作结果状语，常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于下列结构中：only to, enough to, too ... to ..., so/such ... as to ... 等。

Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.

汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。

I'm too tired to stay up any longer.

我太累了，实在不能熬夜了。

(3)作原因状语，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, cheap, heavy, good, expensive, comfortable, dangerous, fit, important, impossible, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed 等。

We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.

令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。

2. 动词­ing形式及过去分词作状语

分词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语。动词­ing形式作状语时，它所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。

We sat in the garden, talking about the days we spent together last year.

我们坐在花园里，谈论着去年我们一起度过的日子。

(2020·江苏卷)Technological innovations, combined with good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.

技术创新与良好的市场营销相结合，将促进这些产品的销售。

Ordered over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.

这些书是一个多星期以前订购的，现在有望随时到货。

Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way using the sun and the stars.

像古代的船员一样，鸟类可以利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。

3. 独立成分作状语

有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常考的有generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking, talking of, speaking of, judging from/by, taking everything into consideration, compared to/with, to be frank, to tell (you) the truth, to be honest, to make things worse 等。

Judging from his accent, he is from London.

从口音判断，他来自伦敦。

To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.

说实话，我有点累。

4. 独立主格结构

非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。

(1)独立主格结构的特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。③独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。

(2)独立主格结构的构成：①名词/代词＋动词­ing形式/过去分词；②名词/代词＋不定式；③with/without＋名词/代词＋分词/不定式。

Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow.

明天如果天气好，我们就进行比赛。

The test finished(＝When the test was finished)，we began our holiday.

考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。

考点3　非谓语动词作定语

1. 不定式作定语

(1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。

Suddenly a good idea occurred to her，but she couldn't find any paper to write on.

突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。

(2)序数词，形容词最高级，the last, the only 等后或被这类词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。

He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.

他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。

(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见名词：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。

And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.

增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。

The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.

表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。

2. 动词­ing形式及过去分词作定语

(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式：动词­ing形式、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用动词­ing形式；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成时，用过去分词。

(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式：动词­ing形式和过去分词。动词­ing形式表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表示被动。

To return to the problem of water pollution, I'd like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012.

为了再讨论一下水污染的问题，我想让你们看一项2012年在澳大利亚进行的研究。

Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.

昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。

考点4　非谓语动词作宾语

1. 只接不定式作宾语的动词：agree, plan, demand, promise, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish, hope, expect, fail (未能), pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim, hesitate, wait, happen (碰巧)等。

She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant, waiting to be served.

她坐在餐馆里的一张小桌子旁等着服务员。

2. 只接动词­ing形式作宾语的动词及短语：admit, avoid, consider, escape(避开), imagine, mind, miss, practise, suggest, feel like, give up, put off, object to, look forward to等。此外，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.; have fun (in) doing sth. 等结构中也用动词­ing形式作宾语。

I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.

我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。

It's quite hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim?

今天很热。你想去游泳吗？

3. 接不定式与动词­ing形式作宾语意义不同的动词：

—That would mean wasting a lot of labour.

——那将意味着浪费许多劳动力。

—Really？I don't mean to waste any labour.

——是吗？我并没打算浪费劳动力。

Was she worried that I would stop buying the groceries if I knew the truth?

她是担忧我知道真相后会停止买食品杂货吗？

考点5　非谓语动词作宾补

1. 不定式作宾补

不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表示将要发出的主动动作。常接不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。

If we expect people to give up the habit of driving，we must give them an alternative they can  rely on.

如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。

Having finished the project, Tara was invited by the school to speak to the new students.

完成她的项目之后，塔拉被学校邀请去给新生讲话。

2. 动词­ing形式及过去分词作宾补

(1)动词­ing形式作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接动词­ing形式作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel)，使役动词(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。

Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?

听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？

(2)过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示被动动作。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel)，使役动词(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。

The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard.

那位老师提高嗓门以便让自己被听到。

(3)使役动词have和get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：①have sth. done＝get sth. done让别人做某事；②have sb./sth. doing让……一直做某事；get sth./sb. doing 使……开始做某事；③have sb. do sth.＝get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事。

Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed.

在开车进城之前，你需要洗洗车。

(4)with的复合结构：①“with＋宾语＋doing”表示主动，说明动作正在发生或经常发生；②“with＋宾语＋done”表示被动或完成；③“with＋宾语＋to do”表示将要发生的动作。

The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.

这对老夫妇常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。

With such a short time left before the deadline, it doesn't seem likely that John will finish the job.

截止日期之前只剩下很短的时间，约翰似乎不可能完成工作了。

With a lot of work to do, she wasn't allowed to leave her office.

由于有许多工作要做，她不被允许离开办公室。

考点6　非谓语动词作主语和表语

1. 不定式作主语和表语

(1)不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。

No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's better to remain silent.

无论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。

(2)不定式作表语时：①表示预定要发生的动作；②当主语是aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；③主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。

His wish is to be a doctor in the future.

他的愿望是将来当一名医生。

What I want to do most in senior high school is to improve my English.

我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。

2. 动词­ing形式作主语和表语

(1)动词­ing形式作主语常表示抽象的、泛指的概念，也可用it作形式主语，把作真正主语的动词­ing形式放在句末。常用于固定句型：It's a waste of time doing ...; It's no use/good doing ...; It is useless doing ...; There is no point doing ... 等。

Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working things out.

直面你的问题而不是逃避它们，是解决这些问题最好的方法。

It's no use complaining without taking action.

不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。

(2)动词­ing形式作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。

My job is cleaning the house three times a week(＝Cleaning the house three times a week is my job.)

我的工作是每周打扫三次房子。

(3)remain作系动词，意为“仍然是”时，后可接动词­ing形式或过去分词作表语；但作不及物动词，意为“尚待……；留待……”时，后常接to be done。

She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.

虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下，但她还是站着。

It remains to be seen whether the newly­formed committee's policy can be put into practice.

新成立的委员会提出的方针能否实行还有待观察。

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空

1. (2021·全国甲卷)After spending (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history!

2. (2021·全国甲卷)It is possible to walk (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.

3. (2021·浙江卷6月)Mary's sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over to plant (plant) flowers in the front yard.

4. (2020·浙江卷7月)Later, they learned to work with the seasons, planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making (make) use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.

5. (2020·全国Ⅱ卷)They make great gifts and you see them many times decorated (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.

Ⅱ. 语法填空

(2021·湖北十堰高三4月模拟)A new bike route, 1. which stretches 3，700 miles from Washington DC to the Pacific Ocean, is aiming to be “America's Main Street”. The Great American Rail­Trail will enable cyclists and hikers 2. to cross (cross) the entire US.

The multi­use trail will run from Washington DC to Washington State. It 3. was carried (carry) out in May 2019, and the route will 4. eventually (eventual) connect over 145 existing paths. So far nearly 2，000 miles of it has been completed.

“5. Determining (determine) the route was ever a long journey，” said Brandi Horton, vice­president of communications at Rails­to­Trails Conservancy (RTC)．

Once it is fully completed, almost one in six 6. Americans (American) will live within 50 miles of the route, and it will offer an incomparable experience of the country. The timing couldn't be 7. better (good) because trail use across the US has risen in large part due to people's need for exercise.

“I think the need showed to a lot of officials that access 8. to the outdoors actually is key. Creating these connections 9. is (be) really critical，” added Horton.

RTC's late co­founder David Burwell once had a dream that one day people could go across the entire country on flat, wide, off­road paths. He wants rail­trails to be “America's Main Street”. Now, 10. the dream is ready to be realised.

Ⅲ. 写作运用

根据汉语提示补全下面写作， 注意非谓语动词的运用。

Dear Mr Smith，

I'm writing on behalf of our calligraphy club to 1. invite you to come to the Student Activity Centre for some activities with us (邀请您来学生活动中心和我们一起参加一些活动) from 2：00 p．m. to 5：00 p．m. this weekend.

2. Being an important part of traditional Chinese culture (作为中国传统文化的重要组成部分), calligraphy serves the purpose of 3. conveying thoughts and showing the beauty of lines (表达思想并表现线条之美)．

Not only is it a practical technique for writing Chinese characters, but 4. it's a unique art form to purify our souls as well (它也是一种净化我们灵魂的独特艺术形式). You will enjoy a lecture about the Chinese calligraphy and appreciate masterpieces of some celebrities. After that, you will be exposed to some hands­on activities.

Hopefully, you will be able to feel the beauty and power of Chinese calligraphy. Looking forward to your reply!

Yours，

Li Hua