非谓语动词

非谓语动词作定语和状语的用法是语法填空的常考点，从形式上看，主要考查动词不定式的一般式，现在分词的一般式和过去分词；非谓语动词作状语的考查频率相对更高。

非谓语动词分类：①动词不定式　②动名词　③现在分词　④过去分词

非谓语动词备考：非谓语动词作状语、定语、宾语、宾补、主语和表语

高频考点突破

考点1非谓语动词的形式及句法功能

考点2非谓语动词作状语

1.分词作状语(表时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或伴随、让步等)

(1)现在分词作状语时，如果句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，就用现在分词形式(doing)；若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用现在分词的完成形式(having done)；若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生，用现在分词完成式的被动形式(having been done)。

Hearing the news，they got very excited.

听到这个消息，他们很兴奋。

Having cleaned the desks，we began reading books.

擦完桌子后，我们便开始看书。

Having been shown around the classrooms，we were taken to see the library.

我们被领着看了教室后，又被带去看图书馆。

(2)过去分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是动宾关系。

Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.

从山顶上看，这座城市很漂亮。

2．不定式作状语

(1)作目的状语。动词不定式动作必须是主语发出的，其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。常位于句首或句中，形式上可用in order to do，so as to do，to do等，但so as to do不能置于句首。

In order to pass the exam，he worked hard.

为了通过考试，他努力学习。

To keep themselves awake, they sat on the floor and told each other stories in turn/by turn.

为了不至于睡着，他们坐在地板上轮流着讲故事。

(2)作结果状语。表示出乎意料的结果，经常与only连用。

We hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left.

我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已开走了。

【名师指津】　不定式作结果状语时，通常表示出乎意料的结果，而现在分词表示自然而然的结果。

Football is played all over the world，making it the most popular sport.

世界各地的人们都在踢足球，使足球成了最受欢迎的运动。

(3)作原因状语。

形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，sorry，proud，disappointed，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased等。

We’re proud to be young people of China.

作为中国青年我们感到自豪。

3．独立主格结构

(1)构成：名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式

(2)特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系； ③它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。

The work done(＝After the work had been done), we went home.

Weather permitting(＝If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.

He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(＝and his hands were crossed under his head)．

单句语法填空

①Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e－4              (find) and study areas of the South Pole－Aitken basin.

②They are easy               (care) for and make great presents.

③The next morning he hired a boat and set out               (find) the well－known painter.

④Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid－1980s, and are expensive               (perform) consistently over a large area.

⑤Nervously              (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words “Be yourself”．

【答案】1.to find 2.to care3. to find4.to perform 5.facing

考点3非谓语动词作定语

1.动词不定式作定语

(1)动词不定式作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。

 She is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)她总是第一个来，最后一个离开。

Have you got a letter to write? (动宾关系)

你有信要写吗？

(2)当名词或代词被序数词，形容词最高级， the last, the only等修饰，且不定式与其逻辑主语为主谓关系时，常用动词不定式作定语。

He is the best man to do the job.

他是做这份工作的最佳人选。

(3)当被修饰词是表示抽象意义的名词时，常用不定式作后置定语且不定式常用主动形式，常见的此类名词有ability, chance，idea, plan, way, opportunity等。

She got a chance to further her study abroad/to study further abroad.

她得到一次出国深造的机会。

【名师指津】　作定语的动词不定式中，如果其中的动词是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词。

Henry is a very nice person to work with.

亨利是个很好共事的人。

2．动词－ing形式作定语

单个的动词－ing形式一般作前置定语， 动词－ing短语一般作后置定语。表示用途的是动名词， 说明名词的性质、特征。强调动作的是现在分词。

a sleeping car(＝a car for sleeping)

a sleeping child (＝a child who is sleeping)

the boy standing there(＝the boy who is standing there)

Do you know the boy talking(＝who is talking) to the teacher?

3．动词－ed形式作定语

动词－ed形式作定语，分词与被修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。单个的动词－ed形式一般作前置定语， 动词－ed短语一般作后置定语。

The polluted water caused diseases and death.

 Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.

【名师指津】　作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done, doing表示正在进行； done表示已经完成。

boiling water　　　　正在沸腾的水

boiled water  已经烧开的水

单句语法填空

①Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology               (change)lives.

②They represent the earth              (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.

③A study of travelers              (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

④Vanessa wasn’t the only one              (get) in front of the crowd.Michael Jordan also gave a moving speech.

⑤Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time              (spend)with his students.

【答案】1.to change 2.coming3.conducted4.to get5.spent

考点4非谓语动词作宾语补足语

1.带to的不定式( to do )作宾补的动词(短语)

常见的有：ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like/love/prefer等表示劝请、要求类动词，后用带to的不定式作宾补。

The teacher asked us to finish our homework.

老师叫我们完成家庭作业。

The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.

警察告诉孩子们别在街上玩耍。

2．常见的接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词

·一感：feel

·二听：hear, listen to

·三让：let, make, have

·四看：see, watch, notice, observe

·半帮助：help sb to do/do sth

不定式作宾补表示某人做某事的全过程或某事发生的全过程，强调事物的发生和结束。

I saw him leave a few minutes ago.

我看见他几分钟前离开了。

3．动词－ing形式作宾补

动词－ing形式作宾补，表示动作的过程，即动作正在进行，尚未结束。宾语与宾补之间是主动的逻辑主谓关系。

I hear someone knocking at the door.

我听到有人在敲门。

I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a long time.

对不起，让你久等了。

4．动词过去分词形式作宾补

着重动作完成，表明动作的结果，它与宾语之间是被动的逻辑主谓关系。

He saw the thief caught by the police.

他看到那个贼被警察抓起来了。

The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard.

那个老师提高声音以便让自己被听到。

单句语法填空

①And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds              (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.

②Once his message was delivered, he allowed me              (stay)and watch.

③I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs              (take)．

④They started building their huts late in the summer, but did not get them              (finish) before the early frosts.

【答案】1.surrounding2.to stay3.taken4.finished

考点5非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语

1.动名词和不定式作主语

Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here. (抽象)

此处禁止吸烟。

It is not very good for you to smoke so much.(具体)

抽烟那么多对你不好。

【名师指津】

(1)如果表语是不定式，主语也是不定式；表语是动名词，主语也是动名词。

To see is to believe.＝Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

(2)常用动名词作主语的句型：

It is/was＋＋doing sth

It’s no use only complaining without taking action.

不采取行动只是抱怨是没有用的。

2．动名词和不定式作宾语

(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.

当我经过时，她假装没看见我。

(2)有些动词只能用动名词作宾语

I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.

今天下午如果你能给我回电话，我将非常感激。

(3)下列动词后接不定式和动名词，注意根据意思不同区别它们

①forget to do sth忘记要去做某事(此事未做)

forget doing sth忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)

remember to do sth记得去做某事(未做)

remember doing sth记得做过某事(已做)

②stop to do停止(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事

stop doing停止正在或经常做的事

go on to do继续(去做另外一件事情)

go on doing继续(原先没有做完的事情)

③regret to do sth对要做的事感到遗憾(遗憾地要去做某事)

regret doing sth对过去做过的事或未做过的事感到后悔(后悔做过或未做过某事)

④try to do努力、企图做

try doing试验、试一试某种办法

⑤mean to do(人)打算，有意要……

mean doing(物)意味着

⑥can’t help (to) do sth不能帮助做某事

can’t help doing sth情不自禁做某事

3．不定式、动名词和分词作表语

作表语用的非谓语动词有：不定式(to do)，动名词(doing)，和分词(done，doing)

(1)不定式作表语

①Her wish was to become an artist.(表示主语的具体内容/将来的动作)

她的愿望是成为一位艺术家。

②The most important thing is to put theory into practice.(表示将来的动作)

最重要的是要把理论应用到实践。

(2)动名词作表语

动名词作表语，表示抽象概念。动名词作表语一般用来表示“身份，职业”等。大部分时候主语与表语可以互换。

①My job is teaching.(Teaching is my job.)

我的工作是教书。(教书是我的工作)。

②Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见/眼见为实。

[个性比较]

不定式、动名词作表语时的区别

一般来说，表示比较抽象的一般行为时多用动名词作表语；表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。

Their job is building houses.

他们的工作是盖房子。

Our task now is to develop our economy.

现在我们的任务是发展经济。

(3)分词作表语

“使……怎么样”情感类动词，如surprise，interest，excite，puzzle，disappoint，astonish，encourage，inspire，shock，move等，它们的现在分词和过去分词表示状态，是形容词化的分词。－ed形容词修饰说明人，－ing形容词修饰说明物。

The news was astonishing.

消息是令人吃惊的。

My cousin is very interested in playing the piano.

我表妹对弹钢琴很感兴趣。

单句语法填空

①Scientists have responded by              (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.

②On our way to the house，it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take

              (get)there.

③But some students didn’t want             (wear) the uniform.

④You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of              (die) early by running.

⑤I still remember              (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and              (shock) when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.

⑥Fast food is full of fat and salt; by              (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.

⑦This included digging up the road,              (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.

⑧I went to a workshop and gradually got good at              (produce) things with clay.

【答案】1.noting 2.to get 3.to wear 4.dying 5.visiting6.eating7.laying8.producing

综合精练

一.单句语法填空

1．But for the “hoteliers”， that’s mum and dad, the survey found the average cost to them has gone up sharply, and that they are sacrificing luxuries and holidays              (look) after their “big kids”．

2．The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment,              (allow) more patients to be treated.

3．“Drawing on a curved surface is quite different from doing so on a  flat piece of paper，” Zhao said,

             (note) that the pigments (颜料) couldn’t be too dry nor too wet.

4．However, we arrived around 7：20 p．m, only              (tell) that we went to the wrong place.

5．This is the colourful waste              (create) by a Swedish city with a unique recycling system.

6．For grocery stores, they suggest              (encourage) shoppers to buy more produce by offering samples of fruit and vegetables to them upon their entering the store!

7．People probably cooked their food in large pots，             (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it.

8．The wolves live in a vast tropical savanna in South America              (call) the Corrado, which boasts extraordinary varieties of plants and animals.

9．Scientists believe that a memory is made up of bits and pieces of information              (store) all over the brain.

10．But this year, the day also included a national mourning, which offered people an opportunity

              (remember) those who lost their lives in the fight against the novel coronavirus.

【答案】1.to look 2.allowing3.allowing4.to be told5.created 6.encouraging 7.using 8.called9.stored 10.to remember

二.语法填空

Thirty years ago, an elderly Canadian couple undertook a unique project with the purpose of 1.____________ (help) Canadians have a better understanding of China based on how the Chinese view themselves and the issues they face.

Their efforts resulted 2.____________ the birth of a 1985 book, Understanding China Through Cartoons.They 3.____________ (official) donated it to China on June 10, 2019.4.____________ (promote) knowledge about China among Canadians, they 5.____________ (found) the Society for a Better Understanding of China in the early 1970s, 6.____________ is now noted as the Canada－China Friendship Society.

The elderly couple 7.____________ (be) determined to gift China with it as their admiration for Chinese culture—a role dating back to thousands of years.

“China is the only nation that has been able to maintain its cultural 8.____________ (grow) for thousands of years，” the husband said.

In fact, communication has been 9.____________ best way to promote each other’s understanding and trust.We need 10.____________ (many) people like the elderly Canadian couple as well as more institutions like the Canada－China Friendship Society.

【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。文章叙述了30年前，加拿大一对老年夫妇开展了一项独特的项目，来帮助加拿大人更好地了解中国。在1985年出版了《通过漫画了解中国》一书，并于2019年6月10日正式捐赠给中国，以此表达对中国的敬慕之情。

1．helping　【解析】考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，空格处在句中作介词of的宾语，可知要用动词－ing形式，故填helping。

2．in　【解析】考查介词。“result in...”为固定搭配，意为“导致，促使”，故填in。

3．officially　考查词性转换。分析句子可知，空格处在句中作状语，修饰动词donated，修饰动词一般用副词，故填officially。

4．To promote　【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知，此处表示目的状语，表目的要用动词不定式。本空处于句首，第一个字母要大写，故填To promote。

5．founded　【解析】考查谓语动词的时态。根据时间状语“in the early 1970s”，要用一般过去时，故填founded。

6．which　【解析】考查连词。分析句子可知，6.____________ is now noted as the Canada－China Friendship Society是一个非限制性定语从句，空格处在句中指代前面的先行词the Society for a Better Understanding of China，先行词在定语从句中指物，作主语，可用which，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故填which。

7．were　【解析】考查时态。本句叙述的是过去的事，要用一般过去时，主语是复数，故填were。

8．growth　【解析】考查词性转换。分析句子可知，该空作动词maintain的宾语，用名词，故填growth。

9．the　【解析】考查冠词。英语中形容词最高级前，要用定冠词the，故填the。

10．more　【解析】考查比较级。根据句意以及“as well as more institutions”，可知填比较级，故填more。

三．写作运用

根据汉语提示补全短文，并注意非谓语动词的使用

Dear Shirley，

Glad to receive your e-mail.The problem you mentioned is common among middle school students.Don’t worry about it too much.1.                                     (遵循以下建议) I give you，and you may 2.                                      (使你的问题得到解决)．

First of all，believe in yourself.The first thing you must do is 3.                                   (对你的同学微笑)．A smile speaks louder about your wish 4.                                      (交朋友) than any words.Your smile will show that you are friendly to them.Next

5.                                      (试着和学生交谈) who is as shy as you or who shares the same interest as you.You can discuss your studies with a classmate，or you can also talk about your hobbies.If anyone is in trouble in life or study，you should be ready to help him or her.6.                                  (在恢复你的自信后)，you can make as many friends as possible.

Yours，

Li Hua

【答案】1.Follow the following advice2.get/have your problem settled3.(to) smile at your classmates4.to make friends 5.try talking with a student6.Having regained your confidence