2023新教材高考英语二轮专题复习专题一阅读理解先检索再加工第二部分怎样准解题揭秘答题规律科学备战高考第三讲主旨大意题__高屋建瓴明意旨

第三讲　主旨大意题——高屋建瓴明意旨

主旨大意题主要考查形式有三种：文章大意类、段落大意类及标题归纳类。主旨大意题在近三年全国卷中每套题均有涉及，虽然比重不大， 但是难度较高， 是大部分学生容易失分的题目类型， 应给予足够的重视， 争取阅读得满分。

【近3年全国卷考情分析】

清迷点扫盲点·提升审题能力

技法1　最佳标题类——文章主线定标题

【典例1】　[2022·新高考Ⅱ卷阅读C]Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.

Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted (分心) driving was “only increasing, unfortunately”．

“Big change requires big ideas，” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.

An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands­free driving laws.

“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior，” said Félix W．Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand­held devices by drivers. “If the Textalyzer bill becomes law，” he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”

31．What is a suitable title for the text?

A．To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start

B．Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer

C．New York Banning Hand­Held Devices by Drivers

D．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer

解析：标题归纳题。依据“关键词”法，纵观全文可知，本文关键词“texting和driving”。虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机，可是问题却越来越严重。为了解决该问题，纽约立法者提出了利用Textalyzer来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案，由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。

自主解答：________

●●

1.设题特点：标题是文章中心思想的精炼表达，主要考查考生把握主题和理解中心思想能力，要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法，对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括，最终准确地选出文章的标题。

2．常见设问方式：

①Which is the best title for the text?

②What can be a suitable title for the text?

③Which of the following can be the best/most suitable title for the passage?

图解技巧　文章主线定标题

名师指津

技法2　全文大意题——定位主题知文意

【典例2】　[2022·全国甲卷阅读C]As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick­started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.

Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest , she decided it was time to take__the__plunge．

After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last­minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland.“I just decided I wanted to go，”she says.“I had no idea about what I'd find there and I wasn't nervous. I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”

In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she'd never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has，” Ginni says.“I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”

The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.

31．What is the text mainly about?

A．A childhood dream.

B．An unforgettable experience.

C．Sailing around the world.

D．Meeting animals in Antarctica.

解析：主旨大意题。本文开篇即介绍了Ginni抵达南极洲时，可爱的企鹅开启了她终身难忘的旅行，下文又介绍了她去南极洲的原因、时间及其感受等。因此，“一次难忘的经历”是最佳主旨。

自主解答：________

●

1.设题特点：文章大意题是考查考生深层理解文章以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。

2．常见设问方式：

(1)What is the main theme/topic/idea of this/the passage/text?

(2)What does the text/passage mainly focus on?

(3)The passage/text is mainly about ________．

(4)The main idea of the passage is ________．

(5)What does the story mainly tell us?

图解技巧　定位主题知文意

技法3　段落大意题——首尾兼顾定段意

● [2022·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D]The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large. (paragraph 4)

Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter­gatherer people today. (paragraph 5)

34．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?

A．Supporting evidence for the research results.

B．Potential application of the research findings.

C．A further explanation of the research methods.

D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.

解析：段落大意题。上文提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代(the Neolithic age)农业的发展有关，而第五段主要说明了“一项语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化”，因此第五段列出一些可以使研究结果更令人信服的证据。本段第一句中的confirm(证实)是关键词。

自主解答：________

●

1.设题特点：段落大意题主要考查考生用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。

2．常见设问方式：

(1)What does the author tell us in Paragraph...?

(2)The first paragraph is mainly about ________．

图解技巧　首尾兼顾定段意

练重点练难点·创新应用体验

A

[2022·苏州八校高三年级三模]On New Year's Eves, I would reflect on my best days of the year. Sometimes they were the days I expected.Parties, vacations, weddings. But more often, the real best days weren't the obvious ones. They were marked by the ordinary: a long conversation with a friend or an unexpected visitor.

The problem with these best days was that they went by without me realizing how special they were. Could I find a way to know when the best days were coming and really feel them as they happened? So I tried to declare a best day in advance. Even if it felt ridiculous, this effort to make what seemed to be common feel extraordinary usually worked. Staying up chatting until late at night or going for a weekend run through a park in the sunshine felt as wonderful as I had hoped it would. Mundane experiences felt different when I marked them as such.

Marking experiences this way is one key to happiness, said Dr. Robert Waldinger, a psychiatrist, the director of the Harvard Happiness Study. “Often we'll remember the things that more emotionally loaded as opposed to the neutral, the flat, the boring. That's why you probably can't remember what you had for dinner last Monday—unless it was something.”

Looking back at 2021, I realized that I was too busy following the news and wishing my life would go back to normal. But lately I've found the unhappiness during the pandemic made unhappy before, too. The loneliness that I worried at times might become a permanent area of adulthood. They were excuses I made as I waited for something to change.

We can't wait anymore. The stress we feel now isn't going to magically disappear, just as it never would have before the pandemic. There's only one thing we can control: How are we going to live in it? Why not try to have a best day right now, maybe even tonight? So I'm going to go back to my practice of declaring a best day in advance. I'll start by declaring today or tomorrow or next Monday one of the best days of 2022. I'll decide to do something I enjoy—it could be as simple as having some friends over or going for a walk.

1．What does the underlined word “Mundane” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?

A．Specific.    B．Ordinary.

C．Occasional.    D．Special.

2．Why does the author mention the words from Dr. Robert Waldinger?

A．To prove what the author tried to do was right.

B．To spread the knowledge about the happiness study.

C．To prove we can't remember the boring and flat information.

D．To convince readers of the importance of the happiness study.

3．According to the passage, what attitude should the author have towards negative emotions during the pandemic?

A．Believe these emotions will disappear in the future.

B．Realize these emotions are special in this period.

C．Believe these emotions will not influence his life.

D．Realize these emotions exist in other periods too.

4．Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?

A．You Can Wait For the Best Day.

B．You Can Make Any Day the Best Day.

C．You Can Own the Emotionally Best Day.

D．You Can Recall the Best Day.

B

[2022·山东省聊城市高三下学期二模]The world is going through a basic transformation, which is changing the way we live, work and think. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is bringing dramatic change and giving rise to a future filled with exciting opportunities and new challenges. Together governments and businesses must find solutions to society's most pressing needs—from creating a carbon­free economy to tackling population growth and urbanization.

In any period of rapid change there is a trend to look for a simple method, to greet the new things and replace the old way of doing things. But a close look at the facts tells a different story. Complex problems require many solutions working in harmony to enable positive change.

The challenge for scientists and the engineers is to provide solutions in fact, data and today's realities. And while technologies offer new tools to help uncover solutions, the process also requires hard work, imagination and lots of improvement.

Success rests on performing practical, realistic, long­term solutions that make the world cleaner, safer and more sustainable.

The environment is a case in point. Much of the public debate has centered on the central role of renewable power sources in realizing a low­carbon energy future. While the industry is fully behind the developing renewables, today we understand a low or zero­carbon future depends on adopting a multifaceted approach.

We cannot control sunshine levels or decide when the wind blows, which means solar power and wind power generators will produce too much or too little energy at times. The transition to renewables needs to take account of serious considerations.

Batteries have been much discussed as a means of storing extra energy, but there are other choices. Power­to­X technologies enable spare energy created by renewables to be stored and redistributed when and where it is needed.

5．What's the main idea of Paragraph 2?

A．Society's dramatic change calls for simple methods.

B．Old means of doing things should be replaced by new ones.

C．Society needs positive change for development.

D．Some problems should be solved in combined ways.

6．What does the author expect scientists and engineers to do?

A．Offer new tools to uncover solutions.

B．Tackle population growth.

C．Work hard with imagination.

D．Make the world better with a simple method.

7．What's the author's attitude to the consumption of the solar power and wind power?

A．Uncertain.    B．Cautious.

C．Unconfident.    D．Doubtful.

8．Which of the following is the advantage of Power­to­X technologies?

A．They can adjust power supply.

B．They can conserve energy.

C．They help make more electricity.

D．They can create power from wind and sun.

[答题区]

第三讲　主旨大意题——高屋建瓴明意旨

清迷点扫盲点　提升审题能力

技法1　答案：B

技法2　答案：B

技法3　答案：A

练重点练难点　创新应用体验

A

【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。作者通过自己的经历说明刻意地制造一年中“最棒的日子”，确实能让那一天感觉大不相同，能帮我们创造积极的情绪价值。

1．答案与解析：B　词义猜测题。根据第二段中“Even if it felt ridiculous, this effort to make what seemed to be common feel extraordinary usually worked.”可知，作者把平凡的某一天标记为最棒的日子，这种做法通常是有效的，结合划线词所在句中的“when I marked them as such”可推知，本句意为：当我像这样去标记时，平凡的经历也感觉大不相同，Mundane意为“平凡的”。

2．答案与解析：A　推理判断题。根据第二段中“So I tried to declare a best day in advance.”及“Mundane experiences felt different when I marked them as such.”可知，作者提前去指定某一天为“一年中最棒的日子”，结合第三段中“Marking experiences this way is one key to happiness, said Dr. Robert Waldinger, a psychiatrist, the director of the Harvard Happiness Study.”可知，作者引用Robert Waldinger的话是为了证明自己的做法是正确的。

3．答案与解析：D　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“But lately I've found the unhappiness during the pandemic made unhappy before, too. The loneliness that I worried at times might become a permanent area of adulthood.”可知，对待疫情期间的消极情绪，作者应该意识到这些情绪在其他时期也存在。

4．答案与解析：B　主旨大意题。根据文章内容，结合最后一段中“So I'm going to go back to my practice of declaring a best day in advance. I'll start by declaring today or tomorrow or next Monday one of the best days of 2022.”可知，作者通过自己的经历说明刻意地制造一年中“最棒的日子”，确实能让那一天感觉大不相同，能帮我们创造积极的情绪价值，故选B项。

B

【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。讲述了当今世界在变化，第四次工业革命带来了巨大的变化，同时也给未来带来了更多的机会和新的挑战，因此我们解决环境问题的方式应该多样化。

5．答案与解析：D　主旨大意题。根据第二段“In any period of rapid change there is a trend to look for a simple method, to greet the new things and replace the old way of doing things. But a close look at the facts tells a different story. Complex problems require many solutions working in harmony to enable positive change. ”可知，第二段主要说明解决问题不能一味追求简单的方法，有的问题应该用多种方法协调解决。

6．答案与解析：C　细节理解题。根据文章第三段的“And while technologies offer new tools to help uncover solutions, the process also requires hard work, imagination and lots of improvement.”可知，作者希望科学家和工程师带着想象力努力工作，以提供解决方案。

7．答案与解析：D　推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段的“We cannot control sunshine levels or decide when the wind blows, which means solar power and wind power generators will produce too much or too little energy at times. The transition to renewables needs to take account of serious considerations.”可知，作者认为太阳能和风能是我们无法控制的，需要认真考虑向可再生能源的过渡。由此推知，作者对使用太阳能和风能持怀疑态度。

8．答案与解析：A　细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Power­to­X technologies enable spare energy created by renewables to be stored and redistributed when and where it is needed. ”可知，Power­to­X可以在适当的时间和地点进行储存和再分配，即它的优势是调整能源供应。