初中英语中考复习语法知识精讲（数词+介词+连词）

中考英语语法知识精讲一、数词1.确数和约数(1) 当我们说“几百”、“几千”这样一些确数时，“百”“千”是不能用复数形式的。结构是：数词+hundred/thousand/million/billion+名词复数。　five hundred五百; three thousand三千; two million两百万; six billion六十亿。(2)当hundred, thousand, million加上s后，它们就成了概数，表示“数百”、“数千”、“数百万”等概念。而且通常接of，表示“成百的”，“数以千计的”，“成千上万的”，“亿万的”等。结构是：hundreds/thousands/millions/billions+of+名词复数。eg: hundreds of new tall buildings.2.数词和冠词的关系(1) 一般情况下，序数词前要加定冠词the，但基数词前不加冠词。He failed in the first try.My number is forty-nine.(2)a/an+序数词，表示“又一、再一”。The monkey ate a second banana.(3)of the+基数词，表示“范围”。You can choose a toy of the two as a birthday present.3.“数词+more”与“another+数词”(1) another表“另一个”时只跟可数名词单数，而表“另外的、额外的、附加的”之意时，可跟带有few或具体数字的复数名词，此时可把“数词＋复数名词”看作是一个整体。如：Mr Smith asked me to fetch another three CDs.(2) other表“另外的”接复数名词，如与具体数词连用，则置于数词之后，但与定冠词the连用时，other要放在数词前。如：Tony is going camping with ____boys next Sunday.A.little two other B.two little otherC.two other little D.little other two(3) more一般位于数词之后名词前，有时也可置于名词之后。如：① She has got five more electric fans.② One more step (One step more), and I’ll shoot you.③ Where shall we be in ten more years？more除跟数词外，还可与a little, a few, a lot, several等词连用，而且名词也可是不可数名词。I’d like to buy a few more books.There are many more dictionaries on the desk. 二、介词1.besides/except/but(1) but 表示“除……之外”，常与有否定意义的词连用，当but前有动词do时，but后接动词原形。He did nothing but wait.(2) except 除……之外，不包括在内；指从整体中排除一部分人或物，前面常有all, every, any, no及其他复合词，但在否定句中，except却没有排斥性。All the students took part in the sports meeting except Tom.(3) besides 除……之外，包括在内。指在原来的基础上加上除外的人或物，其 前有other, another, any other, a few等词。We need three more boys besides Tom.2.in/afterin与将来时态连用时，表示“过多长时间以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语。after与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。after与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。He will be back in two months.He will arrive after four o'clock.3.above/overabove意思是“在……之上”，表示某物的高度，但是没有垂直关系，与介词below相对。The waterfall (瀑布) is above the bridge.The shelf is above the bed.over意思是“在……之上”，表示某物的垂直位置。其反义词是under；over能与 there连用，而above则不能。There’s a bridge over a river.        There’s a lamp over the table.4.between/amongbetween意为“在……之间”，指两者之间；between与and连用时，意思是“在……和……之间”。Wang Tao sits between Li Ming and me. between后面接三者或三者以上的人或物时，是把这些人或物分为两个部分，分别看待。What’s the difference between these two books?among意为“在……之间/中/中间”，指三者或三者以上之间的位置关系。There is a village among the hills.5.under/belowunder意为“在……之下”，表示物体靠/贴近或相互垂直的位置关系，反义词是over。There’ re lots of things under the bed.below意思是“在……之下”，表示下方的位置，但不贴近，反义词是above。I live on the third floor.My grandpa lives two floors below me.6.beside/insidebeside意为“在……的旁边/附近”，等于at the side of，其同义词是near/close to。有时可以与by互换使用。Kate sits beside/by Sandy.inside意思是“在……里面”，表示具体的位置关系，其反义词是outside。Kate’s toys are inside the box.7.through/across/across fromthrough和across都表示“穿过”，“通过”的意思，across表示从物体表面“穿过”、“通过”；而through则表示从内部或空间“穿过”、“通过”。across from 相当于opposite，美国英语中常用。He went across the hall to the door.They are building a tunnel, and it will go through the mountain.8.in front of/in the front ofin front of 是短语介词，之后可以跟名词或代词作宾语，意为“在……的前面”，其反义词是behind，说明人与物,物与物之间的相对位置，即不在同一范围内。in the front of是介词短语，之后跟名词或代词作宾语，意思是“在……的前部”，说明某人/物在同一范围内。There’s a big tree in front of the house.The teacher sits in the front of the classroom.9.for sb./of sb.在句型It is +形容词+ of/for + sb + to do sth.中，用of还是用for取决于形容词，如果形容词是描述人物性格特征，后面的人与形容词有主语和表语的关系，用介词of，形容词常用clever, kind, nice等；如果形容词是说“事”的用介词for，形容词常用easy, important, necessary等。【注意】两个句型的正确翻译。It’s important for us to learn English well. It’s kind of you to help me with my English.  三、连词1.as/while/when,as用作连词时,含义比较多；引导时间状语从句(1)用“as soon as”结构,意思是“一……就”。Please e-mail me as soon as you get there.(2)作“与……同时、一边……一边、当……的时候”讲时，强调主从句的动作同时发生，而从句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。He read the letter as he walked along the river.引导比较状语从句用于“as...as”结构中，第一个as是副词，第二个as是连词。否定句用not as/so...as结构。He sings as well as his brother.引导原因状语从句表示明显的原因，意思是“由于，鉴于”。We all like her as she is kind.引导让步状语从句作“虽然、尽管”讲时，相当于though，但是没有as常用。As/Though they were tired, they still walked on.(=Tired as/though they were, they still walked on.)As I like it,I will not buy it.引导方式状语从句，意为“按照，如同”。I have changed it as you suggested.as用作介词，意为“如同、作为、当作”，与介词like不同，as表示某人/物看起来完全一样或几乎相同，而表示相似关系，但不等同。Don’t have him as a servant.as作“作为”讲时，相当于being。As a student, it’s bad manners to be late for class.(=Being a student, it’s bad manners to be late for class.)as常与动词连用，构成短语或固定搭配如：look upon...as把……看作；regard...as把……认为是/把……看作；act as担任、充当等。as用作副词，意思是“同样地”，通常用来修饰副词或形容词。He works hard, but I study just as hard.when用作连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”。She wants to be a scientist when she grows up.when可以引导宾语状语从句，后面跟陈述句语序，意思是“什么时候，何时”。Please tell me when you came here.请告诉我你是什么时候到的。when用作疑问副词,意为“什么时候，何时”，引导特殊疑问句，可以问时间点，也可以问时间段。—When do you usually go to school every day? —At six o’clock.while用作连词时，意为“当……的时候、和……同时”，引导时间状语从句，从句只能指时间段，不能指时间点，谓语动词必须是延续性动词或状态动词。Somebody broke into the house while we were out.while用作连词时，引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”。While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.while用作名词，意思是“一会儿，一段时间”。I haven’t seen him for a long while.2.because/since/as/forbecause 表示理由或直接原因，意思是“因为”，语气最强。引导原因状语从句时，常用于句子中间，位于句首时，要用逗号隔开。单独成句时，通常用来回答why所提出的问题。I like my parrot because it can sing.because表示理由/原因时，不能与so直接连用。汉语中，表示因果关系时要用“因为……所以……”；而英语中，用because就不用so，用so就不用because。比较:Nick caught a bad cold yesterday, so he had to stay at home.Because Nick caught a bad cold yesterday, he had to stay at home.because可以与of连用，构成介词短语because of，之后跟名词、代词、词组或短语表示理由/原因。The match was put off because of the bad weather.since 表达明显的或已知的理由，意为“既然”。since 引导的从句常用于句首，语气不如because，但是比as语气强。引导的从句位于句子末尾时，可以作为补充说明。Since everybody is here, let’s begin.as 表示理由时，意为“由于”，引导原因状语从句时，主、从句并重，主句说明原因，从句说明结果，相当于since，但是语气不如since。As it was late, I left in a hurry.for是并列连词，表明附加或推断的理由，常用于口语中，意为“因为”。for连接的句子一般不用于句首，并列句之间可以用逗号分开。I’m late for class for I got up late.3.so...that/such...thatso...that...意为“如此……以至于……”， so是副词，后面跟形容词或副词，that后面跟句子表示结果，常见的句型结构有下面四种：A.so+形容词+that从句The novel is so popular that it ran into two editions in a year.B.so+副词+that从句He drove so fast that he found it difficult to stop at the red light.C.so+形容词+a+单数名词+that从句It is so heavy a stone that I can't lift it.D.so+形容词+复数名词+that从句He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.so...that...可以与以下结构转换:A.与too...to...结构的转换too...to...意为“太……而不能……”，与so...that...结构互换时，that从句中必须使用情态动词can’t （如果是过去时则用couldn’t）。He was so clever that he couldn’t make such stupid mistakes.→ He was too clever to make such stupid mistakes.B.与enough to do/not enough to do 结构的转换C.与such...that...结构的转换such...that...意为“这样……以至于……”，与so...that...结构转换时，必须用“so+形容词+a+单数名词+that从句”结构。