高中英语高考句子成分和动词不定式用法复习

高考英语句子成分1.主语句子所陈述的对象，名词（短语）、代词主格、动词不定式、动名词和句子（主语从句）充当。2.谓语对主语进行描述，或为主语所发出的动作。由实意动词或者系动词+表语充当，而情态动词和助动词必须借助实意动词共同承担。3.宾语属于动作的承受者/被执行者，名词（短语）/动词不定式to do/动名词和句子（宾语从句）充当。4.系动词：表示状态或状态变化的动词,没有实际的动作意义.如be动词、感官系动词（look, sound, smell,taste,feel）和趋向性系动词（become、get、turn、go、keep,stay和remain）等。5.表语跟系动词后面的成分，由名词、形容词、不定式、V+ing和句子（表语从句）构成。6.定语修饰名词或代词的成分，一般由介副词短语、动词不定式、形容词等担当。7.状语修饰形容词、副词、动词或句子的成分，由副词或句子（状语从句）充当。8.补语分宾语补足语和主语补足语.对宾语和主语起补充说明,有主动或被动的逻辑关系。例：You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。You是主语should keep是谓语the room是宾语clean and tidy是宾语补足语This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。This kind of food是主语tastes是系动词delicious是表语。）注:主、谓、宾、系动词、表、补语是一个句子的主干成分。定语和状语是一个句子的修饰性成分。     高考英语动词不定式用法（一）做主语To get up early for students is important （动词不定式做主语，谓语动词用单三），引入形式主语itTo study from the excellent people is a good virtueTo do such things is dangerous   it is dangerous to do such thingsTo buy this pen costs me 3 yuan  it costs me 3 yuan to buy this pen通过四个例子，帮助学生总结出三个句型用it作形式主语，动词不定式做真正主语的句型有:1.It+be+形容词+（for sb）+to do：“（对某人来说）做...是...样的”此结构中的形容词：表示常用来描述（事务）客观情况:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等用for，且（for sb）如果不需要指明是谁时可以省略。2.辨析It+be+形容词+of sb+to do：“（对某人来说）做...是...样的”此结构中的形容词：用来表示描述人的品行性格等赞美或批评的词，如stupid,nice,good,foolish,lazy,kin等时，不能用for只能用of，且（of sb）不能省略。It is difficult for us to finish our work in an hour. 相当于To finish our work in an hour is difficultIt is stupid of you to do that.  It is nice of you to say so3.It takes/costs sb+some time+to do：表示用来描述“花费某人...时间/金钱去做...”It takes me 30 minutes to finish the work。           How long did it take you to finish the work?4.It seems(appears)+形容词+to do 看上去做...事是...的. 如：It seemed a little bit dangerous 看上去有点危险呀5.sb finds/found it +adj to do sth 某人觉得去做...是....的. 如：I find it important to study hard（二）作宾语(want /expect/hope/plan/happen/try/agree/need/used... to do sth)本单元语法重点作宾语即为动词不定式to do 做谓语动词的宾语 简单理解就是want to do sth，I want to eat an apple   常见较特殊的结构：动词+疑问词+不定式 I don’t know which one to buy/where to go/what to do（三）作宾语补足语（want sb to do sth）本单元语法重点（注意和做宾语区分）He told me to bring you the cup．Who taught you to play the music？作宾语补足语相当于：动词+宾语+不定式(to do)常见动词:advise,allow,like,tell,/ask/want/encourage/invite/等同学们需要自己注意进行归纳，遇见一个记一个，平时多读多理解（四）做表语任何成分放在系动词后面就是表语成分 My job is to take good care of you。    My duty is to teach you English。  （五）做定语动词不定式作定语时，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。I always have very difficult jobs to do． I will bring him something to eat．（六）作状语1.表示目的：He wrote so fast as to save time for playing. He ran so fast to win the game2.表示结果：动词不定式作状语表示结果时常与副词too或enough连用。例如：It's too heavy to carry．太重了搬不动。 The police arrived too late to save the boy．3.表原因：（I'm）glad to see you 看到你我很高兴（因为看到你，所以高兴）较特殊用法1.和某些形容词连用 be able/ready/sorry/afraid/sure/willing to doHe's very happy to see his wife．I'm sorry to trouble you．2.和疑问词who，what，when，where，which，how构成不定式短语作宾语。例如：I don't know how to use a computer．Can you tell me when to start？3.动词+疑问词+不定式decide,know,consider,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell等动词后跟特殊疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如when to leave/where to go等:①When to leave for Ankang has not been decided yet. (不定式短语在句子中做主语)②Mr. Li didn't know whether to leave or stay there. (不定式短语在句子中做宾语)③I asked teacher Li how to learn English well. (不定式短语在句子中做直接宾语)④The question was where to get the key. (不定式短语在句子中表语)4部分实义动词后既可用to do又可用doing（用to do多为"打算"希望"将要做某事"等表示未做的事（一种具体的带有计划目的的一次性的动作）。而用ing表示正在进行、习惯性经常性发生的行为。）1.stop to do/ doing停下来做另一件事 /停止做某事 2.forget to do/ doing忘记去做某事 /忘记做过某事 3.remember to do/doing记住去做某事/记得做过某事 4.go on to do/doing继续做另一件事 /继续做某事 5.like/love to do/doing（临时一次性的 /长期习惯性的）6.hate to do/doing讨厌做某事（临时 /长期）  5.感官实义动词后面可以跟动词不定式to do 也可跟动名词ing，但需注意区别其不同语意用不带to的动词不定式强调动作的完成过程，用现在分词强调动作的进行状态。1.hear sb do sth./doing 强调结果或过程。听见某人做某事/ 听见某人正在做某事 2.listen to sb do sth./doing强调听的动作。听某人做某事/听某人正在做某事 3.look at sb do sth./doing 强调结果或过程。看某人做某事 /看某人正在做某事 4.see sb do sth./doing强调看的动作. 看见某人做某事 /看见某人正在做某事 5.watch sb do sth./doing 强调看的结果或过程。 观察某人做某事 /观察某人正在做某事 6.notice sb do sth/doing强调看的动作。注意到某人做某事 /注意某人正在做某事6.使役动词：表示使、令、让等意义的动词后跟省略了to的动词不定式（即动词原形，但当变为被动语态时，to必须还原--初三中考考点）make/have/let sb do sth使某人做某事