专题15 三角形之“8”字模型-中考数学压轴大题之经典模型培优案（全国通用）

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高考英语二轮复习讲义+分层训练（全国通用）15.读后续写题型应对解析一、试题特征读后续写原文所提供短文词数在350左右，多以记叙文故事类文章或者夹叙夹议类文章为主，故事情节有曲折、有起伏，但故事线索的逻辑性比较强。1.创造性：即发挥想象力，该题型具有一定的开放性，考生需用自己的语言对故事情节进行内容创造；2.逻辑性：即根据已提供的关键信息，按照可能的合理的方向续写，使文章逻辑结构完整；3.丰富性：即语言能力的充分体现，词汇句法的准确与复杂程度，细节描写的生动性等都将让故事更加立体饱满。读后续写操作简便，通常的做法是从外语读物中截留一篇结尾缺失的材料，让学习者读后写全内容。此法用于外语学习，大致有以下优点(王初明，2012)： （1）释放想象力，培养创新思维能力。在理解阅读材料的基础上创造性地构思续写内容，必须发挥想象力，而想象力是创新的源头，续写有助于培养创新思维能力。（2）理解与产出紧密结合。如前所述，这是提高外语学习效率的重要条件。若要完成好续写任务，必须充分理解阅读材料的内容，同时接着续写，记忆新鲜，模仿容易，协同效应佳。（3）与阅读材料及其作者互动。续写时，学习者需要回读原文，以保持所写的内容和语言与原文连贯，因而迫使产出和理解协同，如同与比自己语言水平高的本族语者互动，产生拉平效应。（4）创造性地模仿和使用语言。续写必须生成新的内容，在表达新内容遇到语言障碍时，可直接使用阅读材料中出现的词句，为写作纤困。这是一种语言模仿，但具有创造使用的特征：模仿阅读材料中的词语句型，表达自己创造的内容。学习者马上运用新学到的词语或进行熟词新用，不仅学得好记得牢，而且容易产生成就感，增强外语学习兴趣和动力。（5）在接触语篇中使用语言。语言的交际使用通常发生在语篇中，语篇提供语言使用不可缺少的恰当语境。在正确语境中学习语言能够抑制母语语境知识补缺，不仅使语言学得地道，而且有助于语言的后续运用。（6）阅读材料有助于学习者自我纠错。阅读材料提供语言正确使用的样板，续写产生的协同效应使习作的语言向阅读材料的语言看齐，致使语言错误相对减少，教师批改作文的负担减轻。（7）适用于不同水平的外语学习者。阅读材料的难易程度弹性较大，适应性强。最易的读后续写可用于训练小学生，最难的可用于培训研究生。随着学习者阅读理解能力和写作能力提高，可不断调整阅读材料的难度以促学。（8）对外语学习和教学几无负面作用。坚持读后续写一两个学期，定能显著改善学习者的外语运用能力。（9）杜绝抄袭。续写使学习者难以抄袭，若有抄袭，很容易被发现。二、写作步骤 1.通读全文，读懂原文通读全文首先要解决好五个W和一个H的问题，即理清人物who、地点where、时间when、事件what、原因why及怎样发展how。2.构思情节，谋篇布局按照原文中事件发生的逻辑性，构思好情节发展，这个发展须符合情节内在的逻辑。因为这不是写科幻小说，不是写神话，因此应该符合现实发生的真实性。所以这个环节的主要任务是谋篇布局。布局谋篇最关键应利用好续写部分所给的两段落的首句。这两句话起到很关键的作用，无论从时间的先后、情节的发展都要以这两句话作为内在逻辑关系。在情节的安排中，必须按照叙述的顺序，继续紧密结合原材料中五个W和一个H的逻辑顺序发展下去。第一段和第二段要衔接紧密，相互关联，不能独立存在。3.理清逻辑，优化语言    第一：侧重点为语言逻辑，词句结构都必须符合当时人狼大战的情景。第二： 要提炼有思想性、体现价值观和传递正能量的元素（例如珍爱生命，学会合作，学会感恩等）第三：注意句子结构的多样性，语言的丰富性第四：要注意连接词的正确使用，使上下文连贯。写作不必追求高大上的词汇，相反，朴实自然、地道、贴切的词语便是好的词语。按照情节的发展进行延续，写作手法上必须以叙为主，描写上以心理、动作描写为重心，场景的描述合乎逻辑地推进。4.检查，誊写检查文章的连贯性、逻辑性，规范性。最后誊写要做到字迹工整，清晰美观。【注意事项】1.与所给短文及段落开头语的衔接程度；2.内容的丰富性和对所给关键词语的覆盖情况；3.应用语法结构和词汇的丰富性和准确性；4.上下文的连贯性。三、应试技巧 （一）准确理解原文，把握主题。        文章的主题或主旨是作者想要表达的中心思想，反映了他的写作意图，是全文的灵魂，贯穿全文的始末，统领故事的发展，是学生续写的依据和方向。只有抓住原文的主题，续写的内容与原文主题才能相一致且合乎逻辑。否则续写部分就会与前文不一致，从而偏题。学生一定要准确理解所提供的材料，确保自己的理解与作者意图表达的相一致。在续写时，要紧紧把握主题，使文章主题前后一致，高度融合。这就需要学生了解记叙文的常见主题并学会判断主题。可以通过文章的标题、背景、主要情节、首尾判断，也可以从文章中的议论抒情句进行推敲。（二）理清人物事件及脉络要点。        要续写所提供的阅读材料，必须理清文章的脉络线索及人物事件，要对文中线索进行有根据、合乎情理又合乎逻辑的创造性推测，把故事续写下去。要抓住一篇记叙文的脉络要点，通常可从记叙文六要素着手，即：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果，也就是when，where，who，what，why，how。这样可以了解故事的梗概，对文本的脉络走向有个基本定位。通常情况下，前面4个要素已经浮出水面，事情正处于发展中，悬念已经浮现。学生需要找出阅读文本中的悬念，并根据悬念发挥合理想象，顺应原文的情节发展进行预测，解开悬念，创作一个意料之外又情理之中的结局。（三）根据段落开头语确定续写方向，根据画线词语确定细节。        找到悬念之后，并非可以天马行空、随心所欲地想象，学生还需要仔细阅读后面两个续写段落的开头语，这两句开头语对续写起着方向性的指引作用，又有限制作用。因此，在预测情节发展时，必须紧跟原文内容，紧密衔接段落开头语，才能保证续写内容的融洽度。学生通过研读这两句话，可大致预测出接下去会发生什么，而且第二段的开头语往往隐含第一段的信息，所以第一段的续写方向相对第二段会更明确。             读后续写的画线关键词对续写起着限制和引导的作用，所以，在预测了故事的大致走向之后，学生需要将这些关键词结合到预测的情节中，勾勒出更加丰富的故事细节。（四）注意语言表达的准确性和丰富性。        情节构思完成，细节敲定之后就是语言表达的问题。跟任何写作一样，读后续写要求语言表达准确、流畅，上下文之间逻辑紧密，通顺连贯，结构和词汇丰富。这是一个长期积累的过程，但鉴于读后续写的特殊性，学生可以有意识地积累。  1.增强语法结构和词汇的丰富性        英语语法在读后续写中有着非常重要的作用。丰富准确的结构、句式对于读后续写起着重要的保障。学生可以整理提炼读后续写常用的语法结构，如分词做壮语，独立主格，倒装句，强调句型，which引导的非限制性定语从句，虚拟语气等，在平时写作中要有意识地加以应用，使得句式更丰富。        由于读后续写中大量涉及动作，尤其是肢体动作、情感及环境风景等的描写，平时要注意积累这方面的词汇和表达。例如哭这个动作，sob，weep，wail，tears well up in one’s eyes，burst into tears都比cry形象生动得多。此外，阅读一些名著的简写本或当代小说，摘录其中的相关句子加以背诵或者背诵一些美文佳句，运用在续写中，可以起到画龙点睛的作用。2.保持与原文在语言风格上的一致性        既然是续写，就应该是一篇完整的记叙文，需要在各个语言层次的表达风格上和原文保持一致，达到水乳交融的效果。由于所提供的续写材料的语言风格各不相同，有的质朴，有的华丽，有的欢快，有的忧伤。不同的语言风格会用不同的语言，学生在平时训练过程中就要学会判断原文的语言风格并进行模仿，尽可能与原文用词相仿，句式相近，语气相通。总之，在续写时要注意词汇的不同时态搭配、用词的新颖和变换及语气的强弱，避免过于口语化的词汇。四、素材例析▲与情感有关的表达害怕① He turned to me, with his eyes full of horror.② Fear slowly creeps （爬，蔓延）upon her.③ She was struck with horror when...④ She was choked by fear.⑤ Her face turned pale and stood there tongue-tied.⑥ A flood of fear welled up in him. / Fear flooded over him.⑦ Her heart beat so violently that she felt nearly suffocated ['sʌfəkeitid] （窒息）.⑧ She shook all over, feeling like sitting on pins and needles（如坐针毡）.⑨ He froze in horror. 感动&羞愧① Touched deeply/immensely, we…② Tears filling her eyes, she offered her heartfelt gratitude.③ With tears streaming down her face, she... ④ Moved to tears, she failed to utter a word.⑤ I felt my face burning with shame. ⑥ I was overcome by a wave of guilt and words failed to express my regret. 愤怒① I was seized by anger.②He was fuming [fjumiŋ] （冒烟的 ）with rage.③ His anger boiled over（沸溢 ；(情绪) 失去控制 ）.④He could hardly/scarcely contain his rage（愤怒 ）.⑤ He was breathing fire and fury（激怒的感情） ['fjʊərɪ] .⑥ His voice trembled with anger.⑦He gave me a look of burning anger.⑧  He glared at me with burning eyes.⑨  He flared up （发怒；爆发 ）at the word.⑩  His face clouded with anger.⑨They sat there with glum [glʌm]（闷闷不乐的 ）looks on their faces.     ⑩The news cast a cloud of gloom over his face.⑪ He brimmed over with （满溢；充满）sorrow when...⑫They were immersed in（沉浸于）sorrow.⑬ These days he was in low spirits.喜乐①  The smile on her face shone like a diamond.②   A simile of understanding flashed across his face.③   A ripple （涟漪 ）of excitement ran through them.④   Laughter lingered around (萦绕 ) the room.⑤   His eyes twinkled with pleasure.⑥   A wild gaiety （快乐） took hold of her.⑦   Unforgettable were her eyes that shone like diamonds and lips held in a steady smile.⑧   I was wild with joy/ on the top of the world.▲与动作有关的表达心理动词 •These events constantly remind me of my father’s absence.•I immediately picture/imagine him walking through the door, wearing a shining smile.•Most days I hope that maybe he will turn up at my doorstep one day.•At that very moment, he wondered whether he would be sentenced to death for killing people.•He was determined to tell people the truth, but no one could hear his voice.•So the young man realized the police had arrested the wrong person, and he took the great courage to expose the real criminal.•I focused my thoughts on every part of myself.•We nodded our heads in agreement, understanding each other.•Somehow I got the idea it would be fun to waken my father by firing it.•I was wondering where he was. I had a new joke to tell him.•I was afraid to go to sleep, for fear that I would wake up the way I had been before.•Then I tried to figure out what I should do. Follow my friend to the hospital?•There was nothing I could accomplish there, I convinced myself.•All I could do at the hospital, I decided, was to get in the way.•As I started my car, I realized that my friend had left his truck and keys at the courts.•From that one experience I learned that the most important thing in life isn’t the money you make.•I will cherish the fond memories for the rest of my life.    •He felt he could not continue and sat down on the lawn.•At this dark and hopeless moment, a wonderful idea came to him. It filled his mind with a great, bright light.•Tom thought for a moment, was about to agree; but he changed his mind.手的动词 •Stunned, I stood up and gave her an awkward hug / hugged her in an awkward way.•Speechless, she smiled radiantly and gathered her son into her arms.  •The nearer it got, the more she waved the yellow blouse wildly .•The man took the sacks, reached into his pocket and placed four coins in Reuben's hand.•Then, clutching the tin can, he headed for the shop. •He parked down the street from Bobby’s house, and rushed to his front door, trembling with excitement.•The man gently wrapped the gift in brown paper and placed the parcel in Reuben's hands.•Dora lifted the lid, tears beginning to blur her vision. •Seeing no other people notice us, I placed the Christmas present down and pounded his doorbell.•She didn’t say a word, but smiled a watery smile and held my hand tightly.•As we shook hands with the new owners, I told them how fortunate they were.•He patted my head, and inquired: “Is there anything particular you want?”•She stroked her fingers through my hair, and said: “Of course there is a Santa Clause.”•He was squeezing my wrist so hard that it ached.•She handed the napkin to me, and three $20 bills fell onto my desk when I opened it.•Stevie looked at me, and then at his mother, then pulled out one of the napkins.•“I'm Nancy Drew,” she said, holding out her hand. •The class clapped warmly as Mr. Lee presented me with the reward.•He reached into his pocket and withdrew a note.•Mrs. Damon pointed to the quotation from Albert Einstein hanging on the wall.•Calmly he picked up the brush and started again to whitewash.脚的动词 •Then Lisa stood up and made her way through the crowd toward me.•Lisa planted her feet firmly in front of me.•She managed to climb onto it and waited patiently.•Tom ran/rushed down Water Street, trembling with great panic.•The shadows were lengthening when Tom arrived at（动作） the factory.•Then, clutching the tin can, he headed for the shop.  •Racing home, Reuben burst through the front door.•Disappointed and frustrated, the poor man made his way back to his family.•Suddenly, the woman stood up and entered the house in tears.•And yet, they all just stood there staring at me, motionless.•Belle Ringer nodded thoughtfully, and Frannie hurried off to wait on the rest of her tables.•I led them toward a large corner booth. I could feel the rest of the staff following behind as we marched through the dining room.•I dragged myself through daily chores, feeling exhausted.•The elderly man fled away with great panic.•The man stepped back/stepped onto the platform to take a good look at the paintings. 眼的动词 •We all gather in front of the television, praying to catch a glance/glimpse of his face. •Seeing no other people notice us, I placed the Christmas present down and pounded his doorbell. •Singing happily, she gazed at her surroundings with large, innocent eyes.•The woman was staring eagerly at the girl, trying to make a conversation.•I watched helplessly, as the woman felt more and more frustrated and hopeless.•Then I crept downstairs and examined the tags attached to each of the packages.•Her eyes fell on the photos of her and me at my fourth birthday party.•When he finished he raised/lifted his eyes and looked out the window.  •She had spotted a man pacing down the hall. •When the students stepped off the bus, James’s eyes widened in surprise.•We recognized the famous comedian on his arrival.•Meghan nodded seriously, eyes glistening with held-back tears.•Swallowing hard, I stared into Meghan’s eyes for a long moment, wondering how I could cope with it.•Then he jumped up, eyes twinkling as he ran to fetch some of his prized Matchbox cars.•I was taking my time, strolling in the park and looking in shop windows.口的动作 •Tom murmured a thank you and ran home all the way.•“Here, Mum! Here!” Tom exclaimed as he ran to her side.•A young man came to the police station, surrounded by a group of journalists, declaring that he had spotted the murderer.•I was getting ready to blow out all the candles and she’s getting ready to help me in case I ran out of air.•“Time to go.” I whispered to the girl, wishing she could follow me right away.•My teammates were all screaming as I dashed toward the finish line. •I picked up the ball one last time and grumbled, “Please just come to get the damn ball.”•Frannie quickly told Belle Ringer and the other two drivers about Stevie's surgery, and then sighed.•The house got really noisy at that time, with everybody hollering and shouting at the top of his voice. •“How can I let you throw away the thing that means the most to you?” I pleaded with him.•They let out a surprisingly loud voice. •The smile froze on his face; his mouth fell wide open. •He interrupted the silence with an announcement: “The deadline to enter for the Competition is tomorrow.”•“I haven’t finished; I need more time,” he begged. “That’s what Michelangelo said.” Mr. Edgar joked.•She greeted James and inquired. “Are you ready for our field trip?” James didn’t respond. •“What do you think matters for a bird?” Mrs. Damon questioned.身的动作 •She felt asleep and dreamed of seeing Tom.•Suddenly a tall figure dressed in a dark cloak appeared before him.•Death spoke with a threatening voice, and disappeared.•Dr. Urssenbeck suddenly found himself in a large room where thousands of candles were burning.•The little girl slowly pushes herself on the swing.•They are sitting outside in the cool night on a wooden porch, talking quietly.•One of them approached and asked politely if I would throw the ball back to him.•Wanting to appear agreeable, I bent down, picked up the ball and, eyes half-shut, threw it back as hard as I could.•Once I was on the bus, I crouched in a seat and shut my eyes.•In a flash my friend was in the car and gone, disappearing in a cloud of dust.•For a moment I just stood there, paralyzed (呆若木鸡).例析： (2018年6月浙江卷) It was summer, and my dad wanted to treat me to a vacation like never before. He decided to take me on a trip to the Wild West.      We took a plane to Albuquerque, a big city in the state of New Mexico. We reached Albuquerque in the late afternoon. Uncle Paul, my dad’s friend, picked us up from the airport and drove us up to his farm in Pecos.      His wife Tina cooked us a delicious dinner and we got to know his sons Ryan and Kyle. My dad and I spent the night in the guestroom of the farm house listening to the frogs and water rolling down the river nearby. Very early in the morning, Uncle Paul woke us up to have breakfast. “The day starts at dawn on my farm,” he said. After breakfast, I went to help Aunt Tina feed the chickens, while my dad went with Uncle Paul to take the sheep out to graze(吃草). I was impressed to see my dad and Uncle Paul riding horses. They looked really cool.      In the afternoon, I asked Uncle Paul if I could take a horse ride, and he said yes, as long as my dad went with me. I wasn’t going to take a horse ride by myself anyway. So, my dad and I put on our new cowboy hats, got on our horses, and headed slowly towards the mountains. “Don’t be late for supper,” Uncle Paul cried, “and keep to the track so that you don’t get lost!” “OK!” my dad cried back. After a while Uncle Paul and his farm house were out of sight. It was so peaceful and quiet and the colors of the brown rocks, the deep green pine trees, and the late afternoon sun mixed to create a magic scene. It looked like a beautiful woven (编织的) blanket spread out upon the ground just for us.注意：1. 所续写短文的词数应为l50左右；2. 至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；3. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；4. 续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。Paragraph 1:Suddenly a little rabbit jumped out in front of my horse. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph 2:We had no idea where we were and it got dark. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【续写分析】前文提要：父亲带儿子去“西部荒野”，喂鸡牧羊，体验农场生活；见父亲和叔叔骑马很是潇洒，儿子心生向往，于是亲身上马体验……【续写线索】         第一段所给首句：Suddenly a little rabbit jumped out in front of my horse. 这一句是故事发展的转折点，可从rabbit出现后带来的结果入手扩展开去，可以写马受到惊吓狂奔而去，也可以写人的反应，无论从何角度拓展，需注意与续写第二段首句呼应。第二段所给首句：We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark. 这一句呼应前文Uncle Paul的嘱托——不要误了晚饭，可从如何寻路返回入手去写续文。【续写词汇】已给提示词汇：dad，Uncle Paul，farm house，river，feed，sheep，late，track，get lost，sight话题激活词汇：情感：panic，relief，nervous，worried动作：run，cry，think to oneself环境：scenery，mountain，range，valley，river，lake，forest，sun，set，wind，blowOne possible version: Paragraph 1:Suddenly a little rabbit jumped out in front of my horse. This unexpected appearance frightened my horse, which made it run wildly. I tried my best to control it, but in vain. Frightened as I was, I tried to keep my balance to prevent myself from falling off. Fortunately, minutes later, the horse stopped before a river, out of breath, and so did I. At that moment, my dad also came up. Seeing I was OK, he was quite relieved. But it was clear that we got lost.Paragraph 2:We had no idea where we were and it got dark. We didn’t know where the farm house was. What we could do was to go back along the previous track slowly. But it was really difficult for us in such a dark situation. Just as we were at the point of desperation, we heard a faint voice from the distance. “It must be Uncle Paul,” I said. So we cried back with excitement. Finally, Uncle Paul safely brought us back home. What an amazing ride!