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高中英语高考高中英语语法:并列句和状语从句 试卷
展开高中英语语法:并列句和状语从句常见的并列连词 1. and和or ◆and的用法如下:(1) 表示另加:其意为“和”“又”“而且”。如:☞Let me have some toasts and a cup of coffee. 给我来几片烤面包和一杯咖啡。(2) 表示结果:意为“因此”,与so的用法比较接近。如:☞He fell heavily and broke his arm. 他摔得很重,手臂都摔断了。 (3) 表示条件:相当于if…then,含有“如果……那么……”的意味。如: ☞Do that again and I’ll call a policeman. 你再这样做我就要叫警察了。 (4) 表示连续:既可表示一种连续不断的状态,也可以表示一个动作完成之后连续做另一个动作。如:☞The train ran faster and faster. 火车开得越来越快。 ☞He finished lunch and went shopping. 他吃完午饭而后去买东西。 (5) 表示对比:含有“尽管……还”的意味。如: ☞Tom’s 15 and still sucks his thumb. 汤姆15岁了,还嘬大拇指。 ◆并列连词or要比and用法简单此,它主要表示选择,其意为“或”“还是”等。如: ☞It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 宝宝真可爱,是男孩还是女孩? ☞He speaks French, or perhaps he understands it. 他会讲法语,或者他懂法语。 另外,or还可以表示一种否定的条件,相当于if…not…如: ◆Be careful, or you’ll break that vase! 小心,否则你会把那花瓶打碎。 =If you don’t be careful, you’ll break that vase. 2. 表对比或转折的连词主要有but和yet(1) but的用法:其意为“但”“但是”“却”。如: ☞He looked around but could see nobody. 他向四周望望,却没看见什么人。 ☞I know of the town but I’ve never been there. 我知道有这座城市,但从未去过。 (2) yet的用法:其意也表示“但是”“却”,与but用法相似,有时可换。如: ☞It is strange yet true. 这很奇怪,却是真实的。 ☞I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失败了,但我还要尝试。3. 表因果关系连词主要有for和so (1) for的用法:表示原因,意为“因为”“由于”。如: ☞The days were short, for it was now December. 白天很短,因为现在已经是12月。注意: for表示原因时,它引出的句子不能放在句首,如不能说:For it was now December, the days were short. (2) so的用法:表示结果,意为“所以”“因此”。如: ☞It’s very cold, so wear a heavy coat. 外边很冷,因此穿一件厚大衣吧。 注意:汉语可以说“因为……所以……”,但英语中表示结果的so不能与表示原因的because连用,如不能说:Because it’s very cold, so wear a heavy coat. 4. 其他并列连词 除上面提到的并列连词外,还有both…and, either…or, neither...nor, not only...but also等并列连词。如: (1) both…and的用法:意思是“不仅……而且”“……和……”。如: ☞He speaks both English and French. 他既说英语也说法语。 ☞Both brother and sister are college students. 兄妹俩都是大学生。 (2) either…or的用法:意思是“要么……要么”“……或是……”。如: ☞We can have either fish or beef. 我们可以吃鱼或是牛肉。 ☞We can either fly there or go by train. 我们可以坐飞机去也可坐火车去。 (3) neither...nor的用法:意思是“既不……也不”。如:☞He neither drinks nor smokes. 他既不喝酒,也不抽烟。 ☞She felt neither frightened nor sorry. 她既不感到害怕也不感到遗憾。 (4) not only...but also的用法:意思是“不仅……而且”。如: ☞Not only men but also women were chosen. 不仅仅是男的,女的也有被选中的。 【名师点睛】“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构 (1)祈使句+ and(then,and then)+陈述句 在这个句型中,前边祈使句+ and(and then)相当于if引导的条件句。如:☞Come early,and you’ll catch the first bus.=If you come early,you’ll catch the first bus.来早点,你就能赶上第一班汽车。 ☞Use your head,then you’ll find a way.开动脑筋,那么你就会找到办法。 ☞One more word,and I'll get angry with you.如果你再说一句话,我就生你的气了。☞Another week,and the railway station will be completed.再有一周,火车站就完工了。(2)祈使句+(or,or else,otherwise)+陈述句 在这个句型中,前边祈使句+(or,or else,otherwise)相当于unless引导的条件句。如: ☞Work hard,otherwise,you’ll fail. = Unless you work hard,you’ll fail.努力干,要不,你会失败的。 ☞Use your head,or else you won’t find a way.= Unless you use your head, you won’t find a way.开动脑筋,否则,你就找不到办法。 巧选and, or:选择连接词,只看陈述句,and叫人心欢畅,or的后果不好尝so用作并列连词时主要表示结果,意为“因此”“所以”。如:☞I was tired, so I went to bed earlier. 我累了所以早点睡了。☞He took my shoes, so I couldn’t leave the house. 他把鞋拿走了,我出不了门。☞It was very cold, so we had to wear warm clothes. 天气很冷,所以我们得穿暖和的衣服。按英语习惯,表示结果的so不能与表示原因的because套用,在使用时只能保留其中的一个。如:那是一个难题,所以我最后才回答。误:Because that was a difficult question, so I answered it last.正:That was a difficult question, so I answered it last.正:Because that was a difficult question, I answered it last.易错点2 but与although/though的混用汉语中可说“虽然……但是……”,但按英语习惯,通常不能说although…but或though…but:虽然很危险,但我要试试。误:Although it is dangerous, but I will try.正:Although it is dangerous, I will try. / It is dangerous, but I will try.不能将汉语的“虽然……但是……”直译为(al)though…but…,这是因为 (al)though 为从属连词,用于引导让步状语从句;而but在表示“但是”时,它是并列连词,用以连接两个句子使之成为并列句。由于在同一句中既用了从属连词(al)though,又用了并列连词 but,使得句子一半像复合句,一半像并列句,从而导致错误。正确的做法是,任意去掉 (al)though 和 but 中的一个,使之要么成为复合句,要么成为并列句。易错点3 时间、条件状语从句中引导词的误用一、时间状语从句的用法归纳1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多,常见的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等。2. 表示“当…时候”的 while, when, as 的用法区别是:while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词;表示 带有规律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时,只能用 when;当表示“一边……一边……”或“随着”时,只能用 as。另外,用于此义的 as 所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词,不能是状态动词。3. until 在肯定句中通常只连用延续性动词,表示相应动作结束的时间;在否定句中通常连用非延续性动词,表示相应动作开始的时间,意为“直到……才……”。如:☞If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你坚持要走, 至少也要等雨停了再走。☞The letter passed from one to another until everyone had read it.那封信逐一传阅,直到每个人都看过为止。4. 表示“一…就”除用 as soon as 外,还可用 the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。如:☞I came immediately you called. 你一来电话我就来了。☞Hardly had I opened the door when he told me. 我刚开开门,他就告诉了我。☞The moment I have finished I'll give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。5. every time, each time, (the) next time, (the) last time, by the time, the first time, any time 等以 time 结尾的词 语也可用作连词,引导时间状语从句。如:☞Last time I saw him, he looked ill. 上次我见到他时,他好像有病。☞Every time I call on him, he is out. 我每次去访问他,他都不在。☞You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。☞Next time you’re in London come and visit us. 你下次来伦敦过来探望我们。注:其中的every time, each time, any time前不用冠词,(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略,而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。6. before和since引导的时间状语从句:◆before引导时间状语从句的句型有:it was not…before… 没过多久就……it will be…before…过了多久才……◆since意为“自从……”,可构成:It is/was+一段时间+since…since与终止性动词连用,表示“自……以来已有多长时间”;since与延续性动词连用,表示“自从不做某事有多长时间了”。从句中常用过去时,主句用一般现在时或现在完成时。二、 条件状语的用法归纳1. if 表示正面的条件, 意为“如果”;unless (=if not) 表示负面的条件, 意为“除非, 如果不”。如:☞If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你请求他, 他会帮助你。☞If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早来几分钟就碰到他了。☞He is sure to come unless he has some urgent business. 他一定会来, 除非他有急事。2. in case, on condition that, providing, provided (that), supposing, suppose (that)等词汇意思相近, 指“假如, 假使, 在……条件下”(比if更为书面化)。如:☞In case he comes, let me know. 如果他来的话, 告诉我一声。☞I shall give you my dictionary on condition that you return it tomorrow.我将把我的字典给你, 如果你明天要还的话。☞I will go, providing/provided (that) my expenses are paid. 只要我的费用有人付, 我就去。☞Suppose/Supposing (that) he does not come, what shall we do? 他要是不来, 我们该怎么办?3. as long as (=so long as) 表示充分必要条件, 引导语气强烈的条件状语从句时, 意为“只要”。如:☞I will cooperate as long as I am notified on time. 只要及时告诉我, 我就会合作。☞You may use the book so long as you will return it on time. 只要你准时还, 你就可以借这本书。【名师点睛】until的用法归纳: 使用注意事项:◇注意事项一 until用于肯定句中,表示主句的动作一直持续到从句动作发生或状态出现时为止。一般可译为“……直到……为止”。在这种用法中,主句的谓语动词必须是持续动词(非瞬间动词),如live, wait , last, love, like, stay, work, continue 等。 until用于否定句中,表示主句的动作在从句的动作发生之前尚未发生,或者说主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开始。一般可译为“直到……才”。 ◇注意事项二 until后面的从句中不能用一般将来时,应该用一般现在时代替。所谓的“主将从现”。 ☞ He will stay here until his mother comes back. They will study at the school until their parents come to take them home. ◇注意事项三till和until的意思基本相同,用法也基本一样,但until语气较重,多用于较正式的文体里。till多用于英式英语, until多用于美式英语;till不能用在句首,也不能用在not开头的短语或从句里,而until可以。在这种情况下应用倒装语序。 ☞ Until he came home, we knew the news. 在他到家之前,我们不知道这消息。☞ Not until nine o’clock yesterday evening did we finish the work. 直到昨晚九点,我们才完成这项工作。易错点4 原因、目的、结果、让步状语从句中引导词的误用一、让步状语从句的用法引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些:though, although,while, as; even if, even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑问词,疑问词-ever, regardless of+名词/名词短语/名词从句,despite,in spite of。(1)though, although表示“虽然,纵然”之意。 这两个连词意思大致相同,在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though较常使用,although比though正式,二者都可与yet, still或never,the less连用,但不能与but连用。(2)as, though表示“虽然……但是”,“纵使……”之意。 as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现,被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形,though也可用于这样的结构中,但although不可以这样用。 如: ☞Object as you may, I’ll go.(=Though/Although you may object, I’ll go.) 纵使你反对,我也要去。 (3)even if, even though 表示“即使……”,“纵使……”之意,含有一种假设。 这两个复合连词的意思基本相同。它们常互换使用,但意义有细微差别。even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性,可用来表示与事实相反的假设,但不能用来描述已经发生的事实。而even though引导让步状语从句时,是以从句的内容为先决条件的,即说话人肯定了从句的事实,表示已经发生了的事。如: ☞We’ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好,我们也要作一次旅行。 (4)whether...or...表示“不论是否……”,“不管是……还是……”之意。 由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。 如: ☞You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.不管你忙不忙,都要参加这个典礼。 ☞Whether you believe it or not, it's true.无论你是否相信,这都是真的。 (5)“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“……都……;不管……都……” 它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。 如: ☞No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)无论发生了什么,他都不会介意的。 ☞No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law.不管你是谁,你都要遵纪守法。 但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。如: ☞Whatever(=No matter what) you say, I won’t believe you. (Whatever 引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么,我都不会相信你。 ☞I'll eat whatever (≠no matter what) you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么,我就吃什么。 ☞Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到欢迎。 此外,有时while也可以引导让步状语从句,但一般要位于句首。如: ☞While I like the colour, I don't like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色,但不喜欢那形状。二、原因状语从句的用法1. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有because, as, since, now that等;2. as 与since, now that 一样表示双方都知道的原因,通常位于主句前,且均不可用于强调结构被强调。3. 当表示直接的因果关系,回答why时,或有only, just, all not ,but等修饰时,或用在强调结构中都只能用 because。三、目的状语从句的用法引目的状语从句的从属连词有so(以便), that(以便), so that(以便,为了), in order that (为了,以便);in case(以防,以免), lest(免得,以防), for fear that(以免,惟恐)等。从句中一般含有can, could, may, might, will, would等情态动词。如: ☞Bring it closer so (that) I can see it better. 拿近一点以便我看得更清楚。 ☞Let’s take the front seats that we may see more clearly. 咱们坐前排,以便看得清楚点。 ☞I left at 6:00 so that/in order that I could catch the train. 为了赶上火车,我六点就出门了。 ☞I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget.我要把你的电话号码写下,以免忘了。 ☞Take the raincoat in case it rains. 带着雨衣,以防下雨。 ☞Be careful lest you fall from that tree. 要当心, 以免从树上摔下来。 ☞He walked fast for fear that he should be late. 他走得很快,以免迟到。 注:当从句主语与主句主语相同时,可用不定式来表达相同的意思。如: 译:为了通过考试,他学习非常努力。正:He studies very hard so that(=in order that) he can pass the exam. 正:He studies very hard so as to (=in order to) pass the exam. ◆ 区分while引导的并列句与状语从句While引导并列句时,表示前后句之间的对比,意为“然而”。引导时间状语时,表示“当……时”引导让步状语从句,表示“虽然,尽管”☞He went out for a walk, while I stayed at home.他出去散步了,而我却呆在家里。☞I like singing while she likes dancing.我喜欢唱歌,而她喜欢跳舞。☞While I was watching TV, the bell rang.我看电视时,铃响了。☞While it was late, he went on working.虽然很晚了,但他还在继续工作。◆as/when/while引导时间状语的区别as 着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生,as从句中的谓语动词既可是持续性动词,也可是短暂性动词。when既可以表示在某一点的时候,又可以表示在某一段时间内,主语与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。while“当……时;在……期间”,从句中动词一般要用延续性动词,并且while强调主句所表示的动作持续与从句所指的整个时间内。◆so…that, such…that…引导结果状语从句so…that…“如此……以至于……”,引导结果状语从句,常用于以下结构:such…that…“如此……以至于……”,引导结果状语从句,常用于以下结构:注意:little意为“少”时,构成so little; 意为“小”时,构成such little。▶Such a little boy has so little difficulty in working out this problem that I admire him very much.这样小的一个男孩解这道题所遇到的困难是如此之少,以至于我很佩服他。◆where引导定语从句与状语从句的区别1. where引导定语从句时, where是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词, where引导的从句修饰先行词。如: ☞The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。 ☞This is the house where I lived two years ago.这就是我两年前住的那个房子。☞We will start at the point where we left off.我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。2. where引导状语从句时, where是从属连词, where引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词, where前面没有表示地 点的先行词。如: ☞Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet.武汉位于长江和汉江汇合处。
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