高中英语高考考向11 句子成分与简单句和并列句(原卷版)-备战2022年高考英语一轮复习考点微专题

考向11句子成分与简单句和并列句考向一  句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。现简单回顾如下：1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）2.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.3.表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）4.宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.5.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）6.定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）  There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）7.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）8.同位语：当两个词或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时，我们称它们为同位语。同理，当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.（Mr. Smith是主语our new teacher的同位语,指同一人）Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.（a friend of my brother's是宾语Tom的同位语，指同一人）【典例示例】指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.答案：1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；考向二  简单句与并列句一、句子种类分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.二、简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。三、并列句的分类 1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. 2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. 3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.【典例示例】1.Practice more，　　　 you’ll learn English better. 　A. or B. so C. and D. but【答案】C【解析】句意：多练习，你的英语就能学得更好。or 否则，或者；so因此；and和，与;于是，然后;but 但是。空格前后为顺承关系，故选C。　　2.Don’t go to crowded places，　　you may have the flu easily. A. and　　　B. but　　　　C. or　　　 D. so　【答案】C【解析】句意：不要去拥挤的地方，否则你可能会很容易得流感。and 并且；but 但是；or否则；so所以。根据句意知选C。　　3.Going to the movies is good，　　 I really only like listening to music. A. and　 B. but 　 　　C. so D. or　　【答案】B【解析】句意：去看电影很好，但是我真的仅仅喜欢听音乐。and和；but但是；so所以；or或者。根据句意可知两句是转折关系，故选B。　　4.I don’t know       　　　　. A. where can we buy the ticketsB. how much it costs to fly to ShanghaiC. who is he waiting forD. why was he late for school this morning【答案】B【解析】句意：我不知道飞到上海的费用是多少。宾语从句只能用陈述语序，所以选B。　　5.—Can you tell me 　　　　 your parents at home? —I often wash clothes and sweep the floor. A. how will you help    B. how you helpC. how you will help    D. how do you help【答案】B【解析】宾语从句应用陈述语序，排除A、D两项。答语用了一般现在时，所以所填写句子也用一般现在时，排除C项。　　　6.We didn’t go home 　　　　the old man was sent to the hospital. 　A. until B. when    C. while   D.whether【答案】A【解析】not... until“直到……才”。句意为“直到把老人送去医院，我们才回家”。故选A。　　7.—Do you like sports? —Yes，I do some running in the park every day　　　the weather is terrible. A. if B. after 　　C. unless D. while　【答案】C【解析】句意：“你喜欢运动吗? ”“是的，如果天气不糟糕，我就会每天在公园里跑步。”由此可判断答案选C。　　8.We can talk with friends on the Internet 　　　it’s easier and cheaper. 　　A. though B. as C. or D. but　　【答案】B【解析】句意为“我们可以在网上与朋友们聊天是因为它既容易又便宜”。as用作连词表示原因。答案选B。　　9.The girl is　　　 a nice girl 　　we all want to help her. 　　A. such;that    B. too;to 　　C. so;that    D. very;that【答案】A【解析】选项D不构成词组，首先排除。too... to句型中to后接动词原形，本句为主从句的形式，故排除B。such a nice girl=so nice a girl，排除C。答案选A。　10.　　　 there were only five soldiers left at the front，　　　　 they went on fighting. 　　A. Because;so B. If;and 　　C. Though;but D. Though;/　　　【答案】D【解析】由句意知，虽然前线只有五位战士，但他们继续战斗。答案选D。【检测训练】1. Don’t be too hard on your daughter. ________, she is only a child.A. After all B. First of all C. In all D. Above all2. The speech the minister made on TV________ the education reform made both teachers and students excited.A. being concerned B. to concern C. concerned D. concerning3. The number of Chinese who escaped poverty ________ for more than percent of the world's impoverished people, measured by the poverty threshold set by the World Bank.A. accounted B. accounting C. were accounted D. having accounted4. Many scientists feel that the current climate changes ________ from the heavy pollution.A. arise B. arouse C. rise D. raise5. ________, you will get used to the life here and have your understanding of life.A. As time going by B. With time go byC. As time goes by D. With time goes by6. ________ that he understands what is to be done.A. Making sure B. To make sure C. Make sure D. Having made7. Would you please ________ our party? A. do me a favor attending B. do me the favor to attendC. do me the favor attend D. to attend8. ________ the telephone number several times，but he couldn’t learn it by heart.A. He had been told B. Having been toldC. Although he had been told D. Having told9. He doesn’t think that the plan is practical, _____?A. does he B. doesn’t he C. is it D. isn’t it10. --- ________bargaining is always such great fun?---Usually people consider it a test to see who can stand their ground longer.A. What is it that B. Why is it that C. What it is that D. Why it is that11. If you want to learn more about it,________ here.A. clicking B. click C. clicked D. to click12. ________useful information you gave me! Thank you very much.A. What B. What aC. What an D. How13. —Happy Teachers' Day! Here are some flowers for you. —________beautiful the flowers are! Thank you.A. How B. How a C. What D. What a14. ________up, or you 'll be late for school again.A. To hurry B. HurryC. Hurrying D. Hurried15. ________ buy your ticket from a ticket machine. There are lots of people there.A. Not B. Not tooC. Don’t D. Don’t to16. —Look! ________ clean the classroom looks! —Yes. I’m sure somebody ________ it up.A. What; has cleaned B. How; has cleanedC. What; cleaned D. How; cleaned17. ________ exciting news! We’ve never had ________ long vacation before.A. What; such a B. What an; such aC. How; such a D. What; so18. --- What do you think I should do?----________your teacher’s advice, in my opinion, and everything will be OK.A. Follow B. Following C. to follow D. Followed19. You can't imagine ________great danger the firefighters were faced with when they tried to put out the big fire.A. which B. how C. whether D. what20. I told you that every effort paid off and you should stick to your goal, ________?A. didn’t I B. shouldn’t you C. isn’t it D. didn’t it21. Few of them hurt themselves in the accident last night, __________?A. don’t they B. didn’t they C. did they D. do they22. —You wouldn’t mind my opening the window, would you?— ________, just go ahead.A. Yes, I wouldn’t B. No, I would C. Yes, I would D. No, I wouldn’t23. —_____?— He has been preparing for his final exams. Good luck to him.A. What has he been up to recently B. What’s wrong with himC. How long has he been here D. How often does he have exams24. James eventually made it home after a long journey,                  ?A. was he B. did he C. didn't he D. wasn't he25. Lose one hour in the morning ________ you will be looking for it the rest of the day.A. but B. and C. or D. so26. Before driving, please _______ your safety belt.A. fast B. faster C. to fasten D. fasten27. Last week, I _________ my grandfather, because I was busy with the exam.A. don’t visit B. didn’t visit C. wasn’t visit D. aren’t visit28. _____ your parents ______ you a present for your birthday every year?A. Does; give B. Are; give C. Do; give D. Are; gives29. —What do you think of China?—__________ different life is today from__________ it used to be.A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that30. When Miss Beria speaks in class, we have to keep quiet, ________?A. do we? B. don’t we C. does she D. doesn’t she31. I don’t think what he said at the meeting makes any sense, ____________?A. do I B. don’t I C. doesn’t it D. does it32. ______ down the TV—Granny is sleeping in the next room.A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn33. ______ food you’ve cooked! Thank you for your treat.A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice34. —You can't finish the book in less than an hour, I suppose?—______. I won't break my promise, you know.A. Yes, I'm sure I can B. No, but I canC. Sorry. I make you disappointed D. However, I've tried my best35. _________ he _________ himself there? No. I don't think so.A. Do, enjoy B. Does, enjoies C. Does, enjoys D. Does, enjoy36. Mr. Black often _________ fishing on Sunday, _________ he?A. goes; doesn't B. goes; isn’t C. doesn't go; docs D. doesn't go; is37. --- Smith does not go fishing on weekdays, _________ ? --- _________, he does.A. does he. No B. does he. Yes C. doesn't he. No D. doesn't he. Yes38. —_______ Tom ____ to work hard to help his family? —Yes , he _________.A. Has, × . has B. Has, × , doesC. Does, has , has D. Does, have, does39. Sarah had her washing machine repaired the day before yesterday, ________ she?A. had B. didC. hadn't D. didn't40. Don’t waste time any more, ________ you will regret later.A. or B. but C. and D. then41. You’d better not stay outdoors in this kind of weather, ______ you?A. do B. don’t C. had D. hadn’t42. There won’t be more pollution in ten years, _______?A. is it B. will it C. will there D. does it43. The boss doesn’t allow the clerks to smoke in the office, ________?A. does he B. doesn’t he C. is he D. isn’t he44. Be careful with your passport and money when you are in a foreign country, ________?A. will you B. can you C. aren’t you D. don’t you45. Don’t forget to give Polly some food and change her water, ______?A. will you B. shall we C. won’t you D. do you46. He’s still not understood by his close friend although he has said sorry to him, _________?A. hasn’t he B. has he C. isn’t he D. is he47. ——You’ve never seen dinosaur eggs, have you?——_________. How I wish to visit the Dinosaur World.A. Yes, I have B. No, I haven't C. Certainly, I have D. Of course, I haven't48. The pack of pencils to our school wasn’t delivered, ______ it?A. did B. didn’t C. was D. wasn’t49. We can hardly tell what life without the Internet will be like in the future,________?A. can we B. can’t we C. will it D. won’t it50. The sick man’s allowed to take a walk in the garden every day, _____________?A. isn’t he B. hasn’t he C. is he D. wasn’t he