专题十五阅读理解-2023年初中英语中考复习专项突破

专题十五 阅读理解

题型特点

阅读理解题是在语篇基础上考查学生综合运用语言的能力,是难度较大的题型之一,主要考查学生根据所提供的材料综合运用所学的语言知识,从中获取文字信息的能力.阅读理解题量大,分值越来越高,包括3~4篇文章,有的省份达到5篇文章;分值一般20~30分,个别省份已达到40~50分.设题角度全面,主观判断题的比重有上升趋势.

解题方法和技巧

1.细节理解题

(1)题型特点:细节理解题在中考阅读中所占比例较大,旨在考查考生对文章细节和具体事实的把控能力,可能是针对文中某个特定的细节,也可能涉及若干个细节.此类题的主要设问方式有:

① Which of the following is right/TRUE/NOT true/isn't mentioned?

② The following are all right EXCEPT_________.

③ Which of the following is the right order?

④ What can we learn about...?

⑤用What/Which/When/Where/Why/How等引导的特殊疑问句.

(2)解题技巧:解答此类题可采用略读、扫读、跳读等策略快速锁定相关句子,快速辨认和记忆事实或细节,抓取关键词,按照出题人的思路,筛选出答案.可以从以下方面人手:①关键词定位法.读懂题干,通过题干信息确定关键词,利用信息定位,快速在文中找到符合题干内容的原句,提取答案.②同义转换法.根据题干中的关键词,在文章中寻找相关段落与句子时,要注意题干、选项可能存在和原文有同义／近义／反义词转换或词性、语态有所变化的情况.

2.词义猜测题

(1)题型特点:词义猜测题旨在考查考生利用上下文以及已有知识,对词、词组以及

句子的理解.此类题的主要设问方式有:

① What's the meaning of the underlined word/phrase...in Chinese?

② What does...most probably mean in Chinese?

③What does the word...refer to?

④ What does the underlined sentence... probably mean?

(2)解题技巧:①根据上下文语境猜测词义,需要考生仔细阅读生词前后的语句,分析已知信息与生词之间的关系,从而得出答案.②通过定义、释义关系或举例猜测词义,定义、举例或解释常由that is(to say),in other words, be called, be considered to be 等词汇、同位语、同位语从句或破折号、冒号等来表示,这些解释或举例提供的信息具有明确的针对性,可利用它们猜测词义.③通过构词法猜测词义,此类方法适用于合成词,考生要掌握一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等构词法知识来猜测词义.④通过逻辑关系猜测词义,找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系(因果、转折、并列、对比等),可以帮助猜测词义.⑤在文章中,有时作者为避免重复,或为了表达同一事物的不同种类,使用同义词或近义词;同样有时为了说明相反的两件事或人,会使用一些反义词或表示反义关系的词语来进行对比.这种情况下,我们就可以利用同义词、近义词或反义词关系由熟悉的词语推测不熟悉的词语的含义.⑥有些生词我们可以利用基础的科普知识和生活常识,结合上下文来推测其含义.

3.推理判断题

(1)题型特点:推理判断题是细节题的延伸,旨在考查考生透过表面的文字信息,经过分析、综合、归纳深层次情节,对文章的内容及作者的思路、写作目的做出合乎逻辑的推断和判断.常见的设问方式有:

① What's the purpose of the passage?

② What's the writer's main purpose in writing this passage?

③ The purpose of this passage is to________.

④ What is the writer trying to do in this passage?

⑤The writer wants to tell us that________.

⑥ What can we learn from the passage?

⑦ From the passage, we can know________.

⑧The passage is a page from________.

(2)解题技巧:①依据题干中的关键词在原文中定位,然后根据原文内容进行正确的推理和判断.②根据文章的结论推断作者的观点、态度和写作意图.在阅读文章时要重点理解首尾段,推断作者的观点.③做推理判断题时,有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断.④根据文章的内容、体裁或结构来推断文章的出处.

4.主旨大意题

(1)题型特点:主旨大意题包括文章大意题、标题总结题和段落大意题,主要考查考生对文章主题思想和全文脉络梗概的掌握和理解情况,要求考生在阅读和理解全文或一段文字的基础上对整篇文章或部分段落进行分析、总结以推断主旨.解答此类题目时,不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义,需要在细读全文的基础上,结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识等进行推理和判断,从而获取文章中隐藏的信息.主要的设问方式有:

① What's the main idea of this passage/Paragraph 2?

②What does the passage mainly tell us?

③ What is the passage mainly about?

④ What does the writer mainly tell us?

⑤ What can we know/learn from the whole passage?

⑥The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with________.

⑦ What's the best title for the passage?

⑧Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

(2)解题技巧:①留心关键词,关键词即文中反复出现的、与主题有关的名词或动词等实词或强调的信息.②找准主题句,主题句是表示全文或段落中心思想的句子,它表明作者的观点、态度、目的等.③选项中如果出现绝对化用词,或仅仅提到文章中的某一点或某一部分,这类选项作为文章的主旨大意会太过绝对或片面,通常不选.

典例讲解

例1(2022·天津,第四大题B,10分)

People in the office usually sit for most of the day when they work. But this is bad for a person's health. When people sit for too long every day, they don't move very much. So it is easy to start getting fat. Sitting too long is also bad for their work because it makes them want to sleep. When this happens, people may make more mistakes in their work or spend more time finishing their work. Companies need workers to be healthy, so how do they fix the problem?

Some companies have different types of desks to help their workers. The first type of desk is the standing desk. The desk can be taller when a person wants to stand. It can also be shorter when the person wants to sit. Another type of desk is the walking desk. This desk is made so that a person can work while walking at the same time.

Workers in the companies like the different types of desks very much. They think these desks are quite useful.

1.When people in the office work, they usually________.

2.What does the word “fix" mean in Paragraph 1?

3.How many types of desks are mentioned in Paragraph 2?

4.What do the workers think of the different types of desks?

5.The purpose of the passage is to________.

A. tell us the reasons for sitting

B. show the advantages of standing

C. introduce desks that help people work better

D. compare companies that provide different jobs

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文,介绍一些公司使用不同类型的办公桌来帮助他们的员工.

1.A【解析】细节理解题.根据“People in the office usually sit for most of the day when they work.”可知,办公室里的人通常在工作的时候大部分时间都坐着.故选A.

2.B【解析】词义猜测题.根据“Companies need workers to be healthy, so how do they fix the problem?”可知,公司需要解决问题,此处fix的意思是“解决”,故选B.

3.A【解析】细节理解题.根据“The first type...Another type of desk...”可知,提到了两种类型的办公桌,故选A

4.C【解析】细节理解题.根据“They think these desks are quite useful.”可知,员工们认为这些办公桌很有用,故选C.

5.C【解析】主旨大意题.根据“Some companies have different types of desks to help their workers.”可知,本文介绍一些公司使用不同类型的办公桌来帮助他们的员工,故选C.

例2(2021·江西,第四题C,8分)

Today, by carefully choosing dog parents, humans have created many different kinds of dog. Each kind has its own look and talents, and its own role within human society. Here are three examples of “a dog's life” in the human world.

Today, many hospitals let specially trained dogs in to bring love and cheer to patients. Shaynee is a therapy( 治疗)dog. She visits children who are in hospital. Dogs like Shaynee help patients feel calm and at peace, which can be hard in a busy hospital. They help both children and adults stay strong during long hospital stays, and, as some suggest, even help them get better.

Today, some beagles(小猎犬)work in airports for the government. They are part of the program called the Beagle Brigade. A beagle is good for the work because of its powerful nose, and ability to follow smells. The Beagle Brigade's job is to smell everything that comes into the country. They make officers notice illegal(非法的)fruits, vegetables, and other foods in luggage or in mail. The beagles do the job far better than any human could.

While some dogs are working hard, others are free to spend their days resting and playing. Across the world, many pet dogs are treated like children. Many have their own rooms and all the things a dog could want. Some even have their own clothes. Many of these pets spend their days playing, learning to follow, or even going to classes. Their owners give them the best, and enjoy doing so.

Whether as workers or objects of affection(钟情),dogs have become helpful to humans in many ways. There are plenty of advantages for the dog, too. Many kinds of wild dogs have nearly disappeared from the Earth. However, the domestic dog's special place as “man's best friend” has allowed it to survive(存活)in a human world.

1.What is the main idea of Paragraph 2?

A. Hospitals need many special dogs.

B. Dogs can take care of patients.

C. Patients need love in the hospital.

D. Doctors are too busy to see patients.

2.What does the underlined word “domestic" in Paragraph 5 mean?

3.What's the purpose of the passage?

A. To ask people to treat dogs as their own children.

B. To explain why humans need beagles in their work.

C. To tell people about the history of dogs' development.

D. To show a good relationship between dogs and humans.

4.Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文,通过介绍三个人类世界中“狗的生活”的例子,展示了狗与人类的亲密关系.

1.B【解析】段落大意题.由第2段第4、5句“Dogs like Shaynee help patients feel calm and at peace, which can be hard in a busy hospital. They help both children and adults stay strong during long hospital stays, and, as some suggest, even help them get better.”可知,狗可以照顾住院病人.

2.A【解析】词义猜测题.由画线词所在句的前一句“Many kinds of wild dogs have nearly disappeared from the Earth.”可知,许多种类的野狗几乎从地球上消失,然而家养的狗就可以在人类世界里存活下来.故domestic意思应与“wild”相对,即为“家养的,驯化的”,与选项A“训练过的”意思接近.

3.D【解析】主旨大意题.由短文第2、3、4段内容可知,文章分别讲述了三种类型的狗与人类的关系.

4.C【解析】文章结构题.通读全文可知,第1段总述人类世界中的三种类型的狗的生活;第2、3、4段详述三种类型的狗的生活;最后一段对全文进行总结.选项C符合文章的结构.

专题专练

一、(2021·黑龙江齐齐哈尔中考)

Your summer vacation is coming. The following activities in your city can help you to have a colorful vacation.

1.In Achievement Hall, you will see________ .

A. a book

B. a painting and calligraphy show

C. many inventions

2.Who will introduce the book Xun Xiu Ji to you on June 30th, 2021?

3.How long will the invention show last(持续)during the two days?

A.2.5 hours.-B.5 hours.-C.7 hours.

4.If Zhang Wei is a volunteer in the community, what should he do?

A. He should help people to reduce the worries.

B. He should lay out the paintings from 10 students.

C. He should invent something new to save food.

5.The Greens will come to your city on August 10th, 2021. What can they see?

A. Embroidery works.

B. Painting and calligraphy works.

C. New inventions on saving food.

答案:

【文章大意】这是一篇应用文,介绍了假期里可以参加的四项活动.

1.B【解析】细节理解题.根据题干的地点“Achievement Hall”可知锁定表格一,主要介绍“paintings and calligraphy(画作和书法)”.

2.C【解析】细节理解题.根据题干“Xun XiuJi”可知锁定表格三,原文“We have invited Fan Deng to introduce it to us.”说明Fan Deng将向我们做介绍.

3.B【解析】数字计算题.根据题干“invention show”可知锁定表格二,题干表述“两天持续多长时间”,根据表格二“Time”的13:30~16:00,可知一天是2.5小时,所以两天持续5小时.

4.A【解析】细节理解题.根据题干“社区志愿者能做什么”可知锁定表格四,根据最后一句中的信息“tell them the importance of getting vaccinated and help to reduce(减少)the worries”可知,社区志愿者要帮助人们减轻疑虑.

5.C【解析】推理判断题.根据题干的日期“August 10th,2021”,可知符合时间条件的是表格二“Inventions”,这期间正在展览能节约粮食的发明.

二、(2021·四川德阳中考)

As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, do people remember less? If you know your computer will store information, why do you store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.

In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow made some experiments(实验).She and her research team wanted to know how the Internet is changing memory.

In the first experiment, they asked two groups of people to put 40 unimportant facts into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would store the information. The second group understood that the computer would not store it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.

In the second experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the Internet. The information was in an exact computer folder(文件夹). Surprisingly, people later remember where the folder is better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. However, they remember how to find it. This is called “transactive memory(交互记忆)”.

According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize a lot of information so that they are able to get it at a later date. This doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less clever, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.

1.Why does the writer begin the text with two questions?

A. To explain some thoughts.

B. To introduce the main topic.

C .To show an opinion.

D. To draw the readers' attention.

2.What can we learn from the first experiment?

A. Sparrow put the information into the computer.

B. Both groups remembered the information well.

C. Group 1 remembered the information faster.

D. Group 2 remembered the information better.

3.What do we know about transactive memory from the second experiment?

A. People organize the information like a computer.

B. People remember how to find the information.

C. People remember how to make a folder.

D. People keep the information in mind.

4.What's Professor Betsy Sparrow's conclusion(结论)?

A. People become more and more clever.

B. The way people use memory is changing.

C. The way people make experiments is changing.

D. People's memories become poorer than before.

答案:

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文.文章主要介绍了Betsy Sparrow 做了一些实验来了解网络是如何改变人们的记忆的.

1.B【解析】推理判断题.根据第一段中的“Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.”可知,专家正想知道网络是否改变人们的记忆内容及如何改变.由此可以判断,前两个问题是为了介绍文章的主题.

2.D【解析】细节理解题.根据第三段中的“Later, the second group remembered the information better.”可知,

第二组记忆得比较好.

3.B【解析】细节理解题.根据第四段中的”However, they remember how to find it.”可知,人们能够记住如何找到文件夹.

4.B【解析】主旨大意题.根据最后一段中的“but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing"可知,人们使用记忆的方式在改变.

三、(2021·福建中考)

Ten-year-old Orion Jean has always known that kindness is important. He often practiced it by volunteering with his family. Last year, after entering the National Kindness Speech Competition, he became crazy about it. Now he works to spread kindness everywhere through projects that help others. He calls his campaign(活动)the Race to Kindness.

When a teacher told him about the competition, Orion had only 24 hours to write, memorize, and record his speech. In it, he talked about the importance of kindness. “Kindness is like spreading hugs around the world," Orion said. He encouraged listeners to join him in doing small, kind acts for others.

Orion's speech won the competition. He used his $500 prize to support his first Race to Kindness project, a toy drive for a local children's hospital. He collected 619 toys. After that, Orion wanted to make an even bigger impact(影响).Working with others, he packed meal bags for people in need with a kind message in each bag. Orion also organized several events in his community. In all, he collected more than 100,000 meals!

Orion believes that everyone wins this race. He says,“ If you're kind to someone else, it can make their day brighter and inspire them to pass on kindness. And then it just grows and grows, and it can make the world a better place.”

1.Why did Orion start his campaign?

A. To spread kindness.

B. To win the competition.

C. To take part in a race.

D. To volunteer with his family.

2.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 probably refer to?

3.Which of the following has something to do with Orion's campaign?

4.What did Orion do for his campaign?

A. Joined in a competition.

B. Recorded his speech.

C. Built a hospital.

D. Collected over 100,000 meals.

5.What's the main idea of the last paragraph?

A. Practice makes perfect.

B. One is never too old to learn.

C. Believing in yourself is the first step to success.

D. Roses given to others, sweet smell left in your hand.

答案:

【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文.文章讲述了一位十岁的名叫Orion Jean的小男孩的故事,他从小就认为爱心很重要,直到现在他还在世界各地做爱心传播活动.

1.A【解析】归纳推理题.根据“Ten-year-old Orion Jean has always known that kindness is important.”和“Now he works to spread kindness everywhere through projects that help others. He calls his campaign(活动)the Race to Kindness.”推知Orion Jean 发起活动是为了传播爱心.

2.C【解析】归纳推理题.根据“When a teacher told him about the competition, Orion had only 24 hours to write, memorize, and record his speech.”和“In it, he talked about the importance of kindness.”推断前面的it指的是离它较近的“speech”.

3.B【解析】细节理解题.Orion的活动是传播爱心,四个选项中只有B选项“搀扶老人”符合Orion的活动内容.

4.D【解析】细节理解题.Orion为他的爱心活动所做的事宜有:“He used his $500 prize to support his first Race to Kindness project, a toy drive for a local children's hospital. He collected 619 toys.” “Working with others, he packed meal bags for people in need with a kind message in each bag... In all, he collected more than 100,000 meals!”,可知,他总共收集了10万多顿饭.

5.D【解析】段落大意题.在最后一段中Orion说:“如果你对别人施与爱心,他们的日子会变得更美好,而且会鼓励他们传递爱心.爱心渐大,我们的世界会变成一个更美好的地方.”因此最后一段的主要意思是“赠人玫瑰,手有余香”.