专题07 语法无忧 名词、代词心中有

名词

一、可数名词和不可数名词

【特例清单】

有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同

work(工作)—a work(著作)   glass(玻璃)—a glass(玻璃杯)   paper(纸)—a paper(报纸；文件；试卷)

tea(茶)—a tea(一种茶)(表示种类)   wood(木头)—a wood(小树林)   room(空间)—a room(房间)

chicken(鸡肉)—a chicken(小鸡)   light(光，光线)—a light(电灯)   fish(鱼肉)—fishes(各种各样的鱼)

exercise(锻炼，运动)—exercises(习题)   life(生活)—lives(生命)   orange(橘子汁)—an orange(橘子)

time(时间)—times(倍，次数)   hand(帮助)—a hand(手)   radio(无线电)—a radio(收音机)

二、可数名词的复数形式

【特例清单】

1.“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词须用单数形式。

five-year-old 5岁大的；

a five-pound note 一张5英镑的纸币

a six-foot-deep hole一个6英尺深的洞

2.以-s结尾的名词，有的作单数使用，有的作复数使用

(1)以-s结尾的学科类名词，一般是不可数名词

例：maths, physics, politics

(2)表示由两部分构成的物体的名词，其形式上可数，若表达具体数目时，要借助数量词pair来表示，其单复数形式取决于pair的单复数形式

例：a pair of trousers一条裤子

(3)以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名词，看作单数名词

例：The New York Times(《纽约时报》)

(4)以-s结尾表示国家、组织或公司名称的专有名词，通常被看做单数

例：the United States(美利坚合众国)

(5)以-s结尾表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等自然景观的专有名词，通常被看做复数

例：the Olympic Games(奥林匹克运动会)

(6)复合名词的复数形式分为两种：一是只将主体名词变为复数形式；二是如果是man，woman与其他名词组成的复合名词，那么两个名词都要变为复数形式。

例：an apple tree→two apple trees; a woman teacher→some women teachers

三、不可数名词的计量

【特例清单】

1.不可数名词表示数量时，可用a lot of，much，little，a little，some，no等修饰

例：I want some water. 我想要一些水。

2.不可数名词表示一定的数量时，可借助可数名词，用“a+可数名词+of+不可数名词”结构。表示复数意义时，把可数名词变为复数形式

例：He needs two pieces of paper. 他需要两张纸。

四、名词所有格

【特例清单】

1. 用and连接两个并列名词的所有格：

(1)当and连接的两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加’s

例：Mary and her sister’s bedroom. 玛丽和她姐姐共有的卧室

Lily and Lucy’s mother.       莉莉和露西的妈妈。

(2)当and连接的两个并列名词表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词都在词尾加’s表示所有关系

例：Tom’s and Mary’s bags.  汤姆和玛丽他们各自的包。

2. 表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在表示职业的名词或是姓氏后加上’s代表场所。

例：a tailor’s裁缝铺        a barber’s理发店      a doctor’s诊所

my sister’s我姐姐的家  a stationer’s文具店    Chaplin’s卓别林的家

3. 所有物+of+’s结构或所有物+of+名词性物主代词=双重所有格

例：a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一个朋友     a pen of mine我的一支钢笔

代词专题梳理

知识点1：人称代词

知识点2：物主代词

知识点3：反身代词

知识补充：

1.         第一人称和第二人称由形容词性物主代词+self或+selves构成。

   第三人称由人称代词宾格+self或+selves构成。其中单数+self，复数+selves。

2. 反身代词作同位语，加强语气，通常跟在名词或代词后。

He thought of the idea himself. 

I can do it myself.

3. 反身代词通常跟在某些动词后作动词的宾语。

The boy is old enough to dress himself.

We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.

知识补充： 含反身代词的常用短语

4. 反身代词常跟在for, of, by等介词后，构成固定短语。

I worked out the problem by myself.   我独自解出了这道题。

The wolf decided to see what happened for himself. 狼决定亲自去看看发生了什么事。

The computer can shut off of itself. 这台计算机会自动关机。

知识点4：it的用法

知识点5：复合不定代词                                                         

①         复合不定代词+ adj. (形容词)     

②         作主语时，动词用单数形式

知识点6：代词综合

知识点7：考查other，the other，another．others, the others，the rest的用法及区别

other, the other, another

1.  other表示泛指，没有特定的范围。意为“其他的”；其复数形式为others, 常用句型: some…others…。

He is a good boy, he always helps other people (=others).

2.  the other意为“另一个”，表示特指，一般用于两者之间的“另一个”。常用句型: one…the other…

3.  another表示泛指三者或三者以上的其他任何一个，意为“再一、又一”。

常用搭配: another+ 名词单数/一段时间

another泛指三者以上的“另一个”

the other表示“两者当中的另一个”

other表示“其他的”

others指“别的一些人或物”

the others表示“其余所有的人或物”。
注：指代单数时，若是泛指，用another；若是特指，则用the other。指代复数时，若是泛指，用other修饰名词的复数形式；若是特指，用the other修饰名词的复数形式。others不能作定语，表示复数意义，相当于“other+复数名词”；the others相当于“the other+复数名词”。another一般表示单数，其后接可数名词的单数形式。但若其后有数词或few修饰时，则可接复数名词。the rest表示“剩余部分；其余”，指代可数名词或不可数名词。

知识点8：考查all, both，either，neither，none的用法及区别

both，either和neither皆表示两者，可做主语、宾语和定语，both还可作同位语。

表示“两者都……”用both，“两者都不……”用neither．“两者中任意一个……”强调个体，用either。

all和none表示三者或三者以上。all表示全部肯定，而none表示全部否定。

all可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语；none可作主语、宾语和同位语，但不能作定语。all作主语时，指人看作复数，指物看作单数；none作主语时，看作单复数皆可。both，all，none作主语同位语时，通常放在行为动词前面，be动词、助动词或情态动词的后面。all和both与not连用表示部分否定。

                                  both, either, neither

知识点9：some／any／no／every +thing／one／body

some类的词用于肯定句，any类的词用于否定和疑问句。
特殊情况：some用语疑问句表示邀请，并且期待得到对方肯定回答。any用于肯定句中表示“任何，任一”something和anything用法同上。

知识点10：little和a little；few和a few

    little和a little修饰不可数名词，做主语时谓语动词用单数；few和a few修饰可数名词，做主语时谓语动词用

复数。 few, little 有异同，分别修饰可数，不可数：共有“a”表肯定，其前无“a” 表否定。

1．The ________ teacher’s wife is working in a ________ factory.

A．chemical; chemistry B．chemistry; chemical

C．chemical; chemical D．chemistry; chemistry

2．Making a loud noise in public does great ________ to people’s hearing.

A．harmless B．harmfully C．harm D．harmful

3．This volleyball must belong to ________.

A．his B．she C．Kevin D．Carla’s

4．It’s ________ walk from Peter’s home to school, so he often walks to school.

A．ten-minutes B．ten minutes’ C．ten minutes D．ten minute’s

5．Fathers play an important role in their ________ growth.

A．child B．child’s C．children D．children’s

6．Bad luck! The _________ of the guide map made me get _________ easily in the strange city.

A．lose; lost B．lost; loss C．loss; lose D．loss; lost

7．With the ________ of the country, his hometown has changed better and better.

A．develop B．development C．developing D．developed

8．More and more ________ want to learn about Chinese culture.

A．Germans B．German C．Germany D．Germans’

9．—Do you know where the last two pictures went?

—A rich man bought _________ of them. He thought they were worth.

A．either B．each C．none D．both

10．—I have two postcards. One is for Tom and ________ is for Jim.

—Why not buy ________ one for Jack?

A．the other; other B．another; the other

C．the other; another D．another, other

11．—I wonder with ________ Mary went to the concert.

—Her cousin, Tony.

A．whom B．whose C．which D．what

12．This pair of shoes is too short for me. Can you show me ________ pair?

A．other B．others C．the other D．another

13．Our head teacher tells us ________ leaves the room last should turn off the light.

A．who B．whoever C．what D．whatever

14．He finds ________ impossible that they finish the work in such a short time.

A．them B．that C．it D．this

15．Tourists can enjoy fantastic views on ________ sides of the Huangpu River.

A．either B．both C．any D．all

16．— Do you want to go to Mochou Lake Park or Zhongshan Botanical Garden?

—________. I would like to study at home.

A．All B．Both C．Either D．Neither

17．Guilin is ________ city that there are many beautiful flowers ________ of the Lijiang River.

A．such a beautiful; on both sides B．so a beautiful; on the two sides

C．such a beautiful; on either sides D．so beautiful a; on all sides

18．They have improved the software to make ________ easier for people to use the computer.

A．it B．this C．these D．that

19．We usually plan to do something interesting, or go _______ together.

A．warm somewhere B．somewhere warm

C．anywhere warm D．warm anywhere

20．There are lots of ________ between English names and Chinese names.

A．different B．differently C．difference D．differences

21．My parents ________ that I take my teacher’s ________.

A．advice; advise B．advise; advice C．advices; advises D．advises; advices

22．—I never doubt ________ his advice is of great ________ to me.

—I agree with you.

A．that; valuable B．that; value C．whether; valuable D．if; value

23．As President Xi puts it, China has ________ excellent culture and every student should learn the history of our country as it helps us to know where we are from and where we are going.

A．a number of B．a great deal of C．the number of D．a great many

24．We all thought __________ necessary to accept his advice because it’s of great _________.

A．that; valuable B．it; value C．it is; valuable D．that was; value

25．—Did you have a good summer ________?

—Yes, I did.

A．holiday B．vocation C．holidays D．vocations

26．Every year, about 40 _________ children from poor families still need ________ to continue their lives or studies.

A．million; to help B．millions; helping

C．million; help D．millions; help

27．—How many problems did you have ________?

—________. It’s quite easy.

A．to solve; Nothing B．to solve; None C．solving; None D．solving; Nothing

28．Eat ________ cake you like and leave the other for ________ comes late.

A．any; who B．whichever, who C．whatever; whoever D．either: whoever

29．Helen works as a volunteer in her neighbourhood with some classmates of _______.

A．she B．her C．hers D．herself

30．— The computers are on sale in the supermarket today.

— Really? Let’s go and buy ________ for our new house.

A．one B．it C．that D．them