【高考二轮题型复习】2023年高考英语题型精讲精练学案（新高考）——专题28 短文类03（正反观点型，利弊对比型，解决问题型）（原卷版+解析版）

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专题28 短文类03（正反观点型，利弊对比型，解决问题型）（解析版）

议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。论点、论据和论证是不可缺少的三要素。近年来，高考英语书面表达中对开放性议论文文体的考查有递增趋势。
第一段∶开头-—引论。用以引出一个令人关注的问题（topic），阐明观点或看法。
第二段∶主体——本论。全文的主要部分，对提出的问题进行分析、推论，运用材料对观点进行论述，使论点得到足够的支持。
第三段∶结尾—结论。对主体部分内容进行概括，明确论点所要解决、论证的问题。有时则是提出建议或给出解决问题的方法或策略。
议论文的写作较之于其他题材的文章相对有规律可循。而且文章的开头具有一定的共性，行文中段落的过渡和观点之间的转化也有相似之处。因此使用规律性的语句不但可以显得条理清楚，而且可以提高文章档次。


一、议论文(1)——正反观点型
Part 1：写作模板
1．导入主题
There is a widespread concern over the issue that (某个主题，需以句子形式呈现)．But it is well known that the opinions concerning this hot topic vary from person to person.

2．正方观点
A majority of people approve of the opinion that (正方观点)．From their point of view，there are two factors contributing to this attitude，which are as follows：in the first place， (原因一)．Furthermore， (原因二)．

3．反方观点
On the contrary，some people differ in their opinions on this matter.They hold the view that (反方观点)．On the one hand， (原因一)．On the other hand， (原因二)．

4．阐明个人看法
As far as I am concerned，I think we should take immediate measures to (个人观点)．First of all， .In addition， .Only in this way can we .

【说明】文章结构
1．开头：提出问题；
2．主体：陈述不同的观点及其理由；
3．结尾：说明自己的观点。


Part 2：必背词句
1．第一段 开门见山，提出主题(1－2句)
①　 We had a heated discussion about/on...
②　 Different people hold different opinions.
③　 Opinions are divided...
④　 People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards...
⑤　 People have different opinions on this problem.
⑥　 People take different views on this question.
⑦　 Recently, the problem of … has aroused people's concern.最近,……问题已引起人们的关注。
⑧　 The Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色.它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题。
⑨　 Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face. 如今，(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了。
⑩　 It is commonly believed that … / It is a common belief that …人们一般认为……
⑪　 Many people insist that …很多人坚持认为……
⑫　 With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为……
⑬　 A lot of people seem to think that …很多人似乎认为……

2．第二段 表达不同观点
⑭　 ..of them hold the opinion that...
⑮　 ..of them are in favor of the idea that...
⑯　 People who are for/against the idea think that...
⑰　 Some people believe that...Others argue that...
⑱　 However，...of them hold a different view./...of them hold the opposite opinion.
⑲　 However，each coin has two sides.
⑳　 Different from those...，people think...
21　 On the other hand，people object that...
22　 People's views on … vary from person to person. Some hold that …. However, others believe that…人们对……的观点因人而异.有些人认为……，然而其他人却认为……
23　 People may have different opinions on …人们对……可能会有不同的见解。
24　 Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person.人们对待（毒品）的态度因人而异。
25　 There are different opinions among people as to …关于……，人们的观点大不相同。
26　 Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure).对(失败)人们的态度各不相同。
27　 As far as something is concerned, …就某事而言，……
28　 It was obvious that …很显然,…...
29　 It may be true that …, but it doesn't mean that …可能……是对的,但这并不意味着……
30　 It is natural to believe that …, but we shouldn't ignore that …认为……是很自然的,但我们不应忽视……
31　 There is no evidence to suggest that …没有证据表明……

3．第三段 说明自己的观点
32　 As far as I am concerned...
33　 In my opinion...
34　 It’s my opinion that...
35　 In a word，only through...can we have a bright future.
36　 This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, …这一现象的存在是有许多原因的。首先，……;第二,，……;第三，……
37　 Why did …? For one thing，…. For another，…. Perhaps the primary reason is…为什么会……?一个原因是……，令一个原因是……。或许其主要原因是……
38　 I quite agree with the statement that … The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述,即……，其主要原因如下。
39　 From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理。
40　 I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …我无法完全同意这一观点……
41　 Personally, I am standing on the side of …就个人而言,我站在……的一边。
42　 I sincerely believe that …我真诚地相信……
43　 In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do ….在我个人看来,做……比做……更明智。

【词句积累】
一.开头句型 
1.As far as is concerned 就……而言 比如说：就我而言 As far as I concerned 
2 It can be said with certainty that +从句 可以肯定地说……
3.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的， 可以用来引用名言名句
4 .It has to be noticed that 它必须注意到，……
5 .It’s generally recognized that 它普遍认为……
6 .It’s likely that 这可能是因为……
7 .It’s hard that 这是很难的……
8 There’s no denying the fact that毫无疑问，无可否认 ……
9 .Nothing is more important than the fact that 没有什么比这更重要的是……
10 .what’s far more important is that 更重要的是……
11. Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern. 最近，……问题已引起人们的关注。
12. The Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题。
13. Nowadays, … has become a problem we have to face. 如今，……已成为我们不得不面对的问题了。
14. It is commonly believed that … / It is a common belief that … 人们一般认为……
15. Many people insist that … 很多人坚持认为……
16. With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that … 随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为……
17. A lot of people seem to think that … 很多人似乎认为……
18. People’s views on … vary from person to person. Some hold that …. However, others believe that … 人们对……的观点因人而异。有些人认为……，然而其他人却认为……
19. People may have different opinions on … 人们对……可能会有不同的见解。
20. Attitudes towards … vary from person to person. 人们对待……的态度因人而异。
21. There are different opinions among people as to … 关于……，人们的观点大不相同。
22. Different people hold different attitudes toward …. 人们对……的态度各不相同。
23．We had a discussion about whether it is necessary to...
我们讨论了是否有必要……
24．We've had a survey on how to choose their courses，majors and universities.
我们曾就如何选择他们的课程、专业和大学进行了调查。
25．We have held a discussion about whether it is good or not...
我们讨论了……是好还是不好。

二.衔接句型 
1.A case in point is 一个典型的例子是……
3 But the problem is not so simple. Therefore，+句子 （ 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……）
4 .But it’s a pity that 但遗憾的是… it’s a pity that….遗憾的是……
5 In spite of the fact that尽管事实…… In spite of 尽管
6 .Further, we hold opinion that 此外，我们坚持认为，……
7 .However , the difficulty lies in..+名词或者动名词 .然而，困难在于……
8.Similarly, we should pay attention to 同样，我们要注意……
9 As it has been mentioned above正如上面所提到的……（可以用来对前面所说的话进行补充说明）
10.In this respect, 从这个角度上 
11.However, 然而
12. This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, … 这一现象的存在是有许多原因的。首先，……；第二，……；第三，……
13. Why did …? For one thing … For another … Perhaps the primary reason is …
为什么会……？一个原因是……，令一个原因是……。或许其主要原因是……
14. I quite agree with the statement that … The reasons are chiefly as follows.
我十分赞同这一论述,即……，其主要原因如下。
15. It is high time that we put an end to …. 该是我们停止……的时候了。
16. It is time to take the advice of … and to put special emphasis on the improvement of …
是该采取……的建议和特别强调……的发展的时候了。
17. There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of …
毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够的重视。
18. Obviously, if we want to do something …, it is essential that … 显然，如果我们想做某事，很重要的是……
19. Only in this way can we … 只有这样，我们才能……
20. It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation. 很紧迫的是，应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展。
21．Opinions are divided on this issue.
在这个问题上意见不一。
22．Different people，however，have different opinions on this matter.
然而，不同的人对这件事有不同的看法。
23．Different people，however，think quite differently on this matter.
然而，不同的人对这件事的看法却大相径庭。
24．45% of the students hold the view that...For one thing，...For another thing, 60% of the students are for the idea....
45%的学生认为……。首先，……；另外，60%的学生赞成……
25．However，/As the old saying goes，each coin has two sides.
然而/俗话说，每枚硬币都有两面性。
26．Nearly half of the students think that...On the one hand，...On the other hand，...
差不多有一半的学生认为……。一方面……；另一方面……。
27. Every coin has two sides. 事物都有两面性。

三.结尾句型 
1.I will conclude by saying 最后我要说……
2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that因此，我们有理由相信……
3.All things considered,总而言之 = In a word=In conclusion
It may be safely said that它可以有把握地说……
4.Therefore, in my opinion,因此，在我看来， 
5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that…通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论……
6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，……
7.It can be concluded from the discussion that从中我们可以得出这样的结论 
8.From my point of view, it would be better if在我看来，如果……也许更好 
9. Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…
把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论……
10. Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that …
因此，我们最好得出这样的结论……
11.All in all, we cannot live without … But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.
总之,我们没有…是无法生活的.但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。
12. All in all, I firmly believe / hold the idea that … 总之，我坚信……
13. I sincerely believe that … 我真诚地相信……
14. From what has been discussed above, we may come to the conclusion that … 根据上面所探讨的，我们可以得出这个结论……
15. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that … 我无法完全同意这一观点……
16. Personally, I am standing on the side of … 就个人而言，我站在……的一边。
17. In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do . 在我个人看来，做……比做……更明智。
18. Here are some suggestions for handling … 这是如何处理……的一些建议。
19. The best way to solve the troubles is … 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……
20. People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题。
21. Therefore, I am fully convinced that ... 因此，我深信……
22．In my opinion，it's a very sound investment.
依我看，这是十分稳妥的投资。
23．So/As far as I'm concerned，you can do what you like.
就我而言，你想干什么就可以干什么。
24．In my view，it was not cheating.
依我看，这不是欺骗。

四.举例句型 
1. Here is one more example这里有不止一个的例子
2.Take … for example.就拿……为例子

五.常用于引言段的句型 
1. Some people think that … 有些人认为……
2. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为……
3. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意……这一观点的说法……
4. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展，越来越多……
5 It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为……
6. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者的观点。 
7.To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。 

六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法 
1. A is completely different from B. (A和B完全不同)
2 The difference between A and B is lies in +名词或者动名词 （ A和B不同的地方是……） .

七 演绎法常用的句型 
1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……，但一般，他们可以归结为三个主要的。 
2. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下面的可能是最有效的。 （ 可以用在保护环境等话题的作文）
4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。
5. The reasons are as follows. ……的理由如下 （可以用来列举理由原因）

八 因果推理法常用句型 
1.Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。 
2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。
3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, we’ve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。 
4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, we’ve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。

Part 3：高考模拟
高考模拟01
假设你是李华，举行了一次班会，班会的主题是：太空探险的意义。请结合下表内容，用英语给校报写一篇文章，客观地介绍班会上同学们讨论的情况并表达你自己的观点。
赞同的理由
反对的理由
你自己的观点
1.获得新知识；
2.从太空取得新资源；
3.扩大人类未来的生存空间。
1.耗资巨大；
2.宇航员的安全问题。
……
　
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．开头已给出，不计入总词数。
Outer Space Explorations，YES or NO?
We had an argument over whether it is necessary to carry out outer space explorations at a class meeting the other day.







【佳作欣赏】
Outer Space Explorations，YES or NO?
We had an argument over whether it is necessary to carry out outer space explorations at a class meeting the other day.Different students have different attitudes towards it.
Some of us think it important to research the outer space because，first of all，people can get a better understanding of the outer space through their exploration.Second，new resources can be found there for human being.Third，this exploration can possibly bring about new living space for human life in the near future.
However，others are strongly against it.They believe that it takes so much money to do this kind of exploration，which is not worth the value.Besides，it is very dangerous for astronauts to do such work in the outer space.
In my opinion，people should be pioneering，and therefore such explorations into the outer space are worth trying out.


高考模拟02
假设你是主持人，请你根据以下表格的信息，为以“Should we give money to beggars？”为题的班会写一个总结。
一些人
另一些人
孤寡老人不能自食其力而乞讨；
有些学生因家境贫苦而辍学去乞讨；
有些残疾人只能以乞讨为生。
这么做会助长懒惰。
大部分都是假装的，乞讨只是他们赚钱的一条捷径；
结论：应该尽力帮助弱势群体，但给钱时一定要慎重。
注意：
1.词数100左右；
2．文章的开头已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：弱势群体inferior group
We have had a class meeting today on whether we should give money to beggars and we have different opinions.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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【参考范文】
We have had a class meeting today on whether we should give money to beggars and we have different opinions.
Some believe that we should give money to beggars because some of them are old people，who can’t live on their own.Among them are also some students who have dropped out of school because their families are so poor.And we can also see some disabled people，who can hardly make a living due to physical or mental inability.
On the other hand，many more students think we shouldn’t give them money because most of the beggars beg not because they are poor but because they want to make money more easily.They are not real beggars.Besides，to give money would encourage them to be lazy even if they have the ability to work.
In general，we should help people of the inferior group.But we should remain sensible when giving money.


二、议论文(2)——利弊对比型
这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)。

Part 1：写作模板
Nowadays，there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) (讨论议题)．In fact，there are both advantages and disadvantages in (讨论议题)．Generally speaking，it is widely believed that there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly， (优点一)．And secondly， (优点二)．
Just as a popular saying goes，“Every coin has two sides”， (讨论议题) is no exception，and in other words，it still has negative aspects.To begin with， (缺点一)．In addition， (缺点二)．
To sum up，we should try to bring the advantages of (讨论议题) into full play，and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case，we will definitely make better use of the (讨论议题)．

【说明】文章结构
1．说明事物现状；
2．事物本身的优缺点(或一方面)；
3．你对现状(或前景)的看法。


Part 2：高考真题
2021年6月全国乙卷
你校将举办英语演讲比赛，请你以 Be smart online learner 写一篇发言稿参赛,
内容包括：
1. 分析优势及不足；
2. 提出学习建议。
注意：
1. 词数100词左右；
2. 题目和首句以为你写好。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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【参考范文】
Be smart online learners
Just like the old saying goes, "each coin has two sides." On the one hand, providing an easy access to plenty of excellent learning sources, online learning is really a helping hand. On the other hand, what we learn online isn't necessarily what we need, not to mention its constant damage to our eyes.
For me, online learning is, after all, just a tool. It's not the new method itself but the person who use it that really matters. To become a smart online learner, not only should we carefully choose from countless alternatives we may face, but extra attention needs to be attached when we take lessons online. What's more, on condition that we could apply what we learn online to our daily life, online learning would be more meaningful.
Thanks, everyone. Hope we all could be smart online learners.
【解析】
本篇书面表达是演讲稿，一种常见的应用文，与去年英语作文比赛稍有差别。英语书面表达近几年来稳中求变，在测试考生的英语表达能力，看其是否能够运用学过的英语知识和掌握的技能，进行思想交流的同时，注重文体变化，突出实用性，更考查学生能否利用所学语言知识、文化知识等，根据不同目的和受众，通过书面形式创新语篇。
【点睛】范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯。复合逻辑关系。作者在范文中使用了较多的高端句式，如非谓语动词：providing an easy access to plenty of excellent learning sources, online learning is really a helping hand.；名词性从句：what we learn online isn't necessarily what we need, not to mention its constant damage to our eyes. 倒装：To become a smart online learner, not only should we carefully choose from countless alternatives we may face, but extra attention needs to be attached when we take lessons online.；状语从句：on condition that we could apply what we learn online to our daily life, online learning would be more meaningful.等。文章思路清晰，层次分明，上下句转换自然。为文章增色添彩。


Part 3：高考模拟
高考模拟01
面对中学生“出国热”，社会对此有不同的看法。请你以“Studying Abroad”为题，根据下表所提供的信息，谈谈自己的看法。
Advantages
Disadvantages
1.传播各民族间的不同文化；
2.拓宽视野，学习国外先进的科学技术；
3.良好的语言环境，更利于语言的学习。
1.年纪小，缺乏生活经验，自立能力差；
2.情感孤独，思乡；
3.学习生活费用高。
　　
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．开头已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：媒介，中间人mediator
Studying Abroad
In recent years，studying abroad has been popular.
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【佳作欣赏】
Studying Abroad
In recent years，studying abroad has been popular.Tens of thousands of Chinese students have gone to foreign countries to study.Many people are trying their best to apply to go abroad.There are many advantages in attending schools abroad.First，students who have studied abroad can act as mediators between people of different cultures.Second，we can learn many more advanced knowledge of science and technology from foreign countries.Third，we can learn many foreign languages more quickly.
However，there are some disadvantages.Most of the students are too young to live alone without any living experience.Besides，being far away from their home country，they may feel lonely and homesick.Also，of course，the costs are much higher there than that at home.
In spite of this，advantages are more than disadvantages.In my opinion，it is advisable to attend schools abroad.


高考模拟02
随着互联网的发展和普及，网络购物在中国也变得越来越普遍了，甚至已经成了我们日常生活中的一部分；相信你们身边一定有不少同学已经通过网络进行购物了，比如淘宝网，京东商城等。但是网络购物究竟有何利弊呢？ 请写一篇短文，谈谈网上购物的好处与坏处。
注意：词数100左右。
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【参考范文】
We talked about the advantages and disadvantages of Internet shopping these days.Some students think it’s very convenient for us to go shopping on the Internet.
The shops on the Internet for example taobao.com，jd.com are open for almost 24 hours a day so we can buy something we want at any time if we like.What’s more，we needn’t wait in a queue.
However，some students disagreed with them.We can’t see the things while we are shopping，so we are not sure whether they are good or not.Besides，we can’t enjoy the happiness of shopping with our friends.

三、议论文(3)——解决问题型
Part 1：写作模板
Currently，there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) (讨论议题)．It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result，we must spare no effort to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know，there are many steps which can be taken to solve this problem.First of all， (途径一)．In addition，another way contributing to success of solving the problem is (途径二)．
Above all，to solve the problem of (讨论议题)，we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned，I would prefer to solve the problem in this way，that is to say， (自己的方法)．

Part 2：必背词句
一、段落框架
第一段：引出现象，并指出这种现象的后果
常用句型：
1. Recently the rise in problem of/phenomenon of...has caused/aroused/captured public/popular/wide/worldwide concern.
2. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of...has been brought into focus/has been brought into public attention.
3. Nowadays，there is a growing concern about the problem/phenomenon that...
4. Nowadays，an increasing number of people come to realize/be aware of the importance of...
5. Nowadays，more and more people are concerned about the problem of...
6. Obviously, if we don't control the problem, the chances are that … will lead us in danger.很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险。
7. 2. No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that …毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,很可能会……
8. 3. It must be realized that …我们必须意识到……

第二段：提出解决的办法
常用句型：
9. We should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.For one thing， (解决方法一)．For another， (解决方法二)．Finally， (解决方法三)．
10. It is essential that proper action/effective measures should be taken to reverse this situation/stop the trend.
11. It is hoped/suggested that considerable/great efforts should be made to...
12. There is no easy/immediate solution/approach to the issue of...but...might be beneficial/helpful.
13. It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。
14. It is time to take the advice of … and to put special emphasis on the improvement of …是该采取......的建议和特别强调......的发展的时候了。
15. There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of …毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够的重视。
16. There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点。　　
17. Obviously, if we want to do something … , it is essential that …显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是…...
18. Only in this way can we …只有这样，我们才能……
19. It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展。
20. Here are some suggestions for handling …这是如何处理......的一些建议。
21. The best way to solve the troubles is …解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……
22. People have figured out many ways to solve this problem.人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题。

第三段：总结这样做的好处
常用句型：
Only in this way can we...
【常用词块】
1．表达支持的： 
Some are in favour of ...
Some support...
The majority of them think...
Many of them are for...
There are many advantages of...
...play an important part in...
...be of vital significance...
...benefit a lot from ...
2．表达反对的： 
Others are against ...
Some hold the different view that ...
There are also some disadvantages of ...
3．承接词汇：
firstly；secondly；besides；in addition；what's more；furthermore；in a word；in short；even worse ...
4．引出另一方的转折词汇：
however；on the other hand；while；on the contrary；whereas ...
5．表明作者的看法及理由：
In my opinion/In my view/Personally，I think...
Taking everything into consideration，we should make good use of...
Only in this way can we do...

议论文写作常用的过渡词及句型：
常用过渡词
表列举：first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), last(ly); in the first / second / third place; above all; first of all
表举例：for example, for instance, such as, a case in point
表补充：besides, in addition, moreover, what’s more, furthermore
表转折让步：but, however, nevertheless, yet, in spite of, despite, though, although, even though, even if
表对比：on the one hand, … on the other hand; For one thing, … for another …
表原因：because, as, since, because of, now that, thanks to, due to, owing to, as a result of
表结果：therefore, thus, as a result, so (that), consequently
表结论：in a word, in brief, in general, in short, in conclusion, on the whole, to sum up, all in all
表解释：That is (to say), namely, in other words  


Part 3：高考真题
1. 【2018·江苏卷】
请阅读下面文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇150 词左右的文章。


【写作内容】
1. 用约30个词概括上述利用排名（ratings）进行消费的现象；
2. 谈谈你如何看待消费排名，然后用2-3个理由或论据支撑你的看法。
【写作要求】
1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3. 不必写标题。
【评分标准】
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
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【思路点拨】
今年作文仍然是读写作文，即先用30词概括阅读材料，然后针对材料中的话题写一篇议论文谈看法。首先要认真阅读两段有关消费排名现象及观点的纯文字材料，然后进行比较和分析，表明态度，作出价值判断。
文章首段要简要介绍两段材料，第一-段材料为一对母子买旅行箱看了网上的评论，结果买回来的旅行箱质量很好。第二段材料为一帮人去餐馆吃饭，看了on-line rating，结果饭菜很不好吃，从而凸显出online rating的不靠谱。
然后写你对online rating的看法，表明观点，注意用2-3个论据来支撑自己的看法。
文章属于议论文，要注意主题句的使用，论点之间要注意有条理。文章可主要采用一般现在时，第三人称来写。
【满分范文】
As a major channel of consumption information, the rating is an efficient source of information for shopping in our own consumption. Interestingly, the same rating may have different influences on different consumers.
I tend to consult consumption ratings whatever I purchase. Firstly, the higher rating means the higher quality of the product, or better service. Based on the ratings, I bought my beloved backpack, saw interesting films and tasted delicious foods. Secondly, ratings can save time to make decisions in shopping. For example, there are huge amounts of reference books which I am often confused to choose from. In that case, it is both convenient and economical to buy books according to the ratings.
There is no doubt that it is unwise to depend completely on the ratings in consumption. The advantages and disadvantages of ratings are often closely related. It is necessary to hold an objective attitude towards ratings.
Possible version two:
Nowadays, most commodities or services are rated through certain channels. These ratings, easy to access, are playing an increasingly important role in customers' purchase decision. However, results are sometimes unsatisfactory.
There is no denying that such ratings might bring convenience to consumers, but they are often misleading and unreliable. As we all know, most of the ratings are based on others’ judgment on the product or service concerned. Every judgment comes from a specific need or a unique psychological state. Apparently, blindly following others' advice will affect our own judgment. Another fact should not be neglected that some of the ratings are the outcome of a careful manipulation of companies or sellers. It has become a common practice for some to pay
for good ratings on their products or services so as to increase their sales.
Therefore, we should give a second thought to these ratings whenever we go shopping.

2. 【2017·江苏卷】
请认真阅读下面有关我国电影票房收入（box-office income）的柱状图及相关文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。
Saturday Afternoon. In a Shopping Centre.
Li Jiang: Hi, Su Hua. Which movie shall we see?
Su Hua: Whatever. We’ve got so many choices, Kung Fu Yoga, Journey to the West…Each sounds great!
Li Jiang: Yeah! And some movie stars are fantastic.
Su Hua: And the high-tech!
Li Jiang: Perfect! Let’s get some food first. We only have 20 minutes left.
Su Hua: No hurry. The cinema is on the same floor.


One Day in 2016. At Home.
Son: Mum, shall we go and see a film tonight?
Mother: Why bother? We can stay at home and watch films online. It’s convenient with our new and faster network
Son: But it feels good in a cinema.
Mother: And the price… We have to pay 50 yuan a ticket.
Son: Only 10 yuan more than last year.
Mother: But still we cannot get the money’s worth. Some films are just boring…
【写作内容】
1. 用约30个单词概述柱状图信息的主要内容；
2. 我国电影票房收入变化的原因有哪些，简要谈谈你的看法（上述对话仅供参考，原因不少于两点）；
3. 谈谈你对我国电影票房收入走向的看法，并简要说明理由。
【写作要求】
1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3. 不必写标题。
【评分标准】
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【思路点拨】
此类作文对考生的能力要求极高。首先考生要以30词左右概述短文内容。接下来要分析票房收入变化的原因并给出自己的看法，并谈谈自己对票房走向的看法。作文以第三人称和一般现在时为主。
要点：
1. 概述：中国电影票房在2012—2016年间呈现不断增长的趋势，但是2016年的增长相比于前几年很缓慢。
2. 分析原因：票房增长与人们生活水平的不断提高息息相关，人们有了多余的钱，才可能消费、娱乐；另一方面，电影的制作技术日臻成熟，许多优质的电影不断上映；再者，互联网的普及无疑起到了很大的宣传作用。
3. 看法和理由：票房增速将会小幅上涨或有所回落。只要给出恰当的理由，对票房看涨或是看落皆可。
写30词的概述时，语言要简练、不拖沓。遣词造句要符合英语的表达习惯，尽量用上定语从句、状语从句和非谓语动词与倒装句等语法和句型。同时注意语句的连贯性。
【参考范文】
The box-office income of Chinese movies witnessed a constant increase from about 17 billion yuan in 2012 to over 40 billion in 2015. However, that increase slowed down in 2016.
The reasons behind this are various. The fast economic development before 2016 was probably the most powerful engine driving the constant growth in the box-office income. The application of new technologies and the wide appeal of movie stars could also account for the increase. However, China saw a decline in its economic growth rate last year. And the Internet increased options for movie lovers. Consequently, some viewers began to turn away from cinemas, leading to a slower growth.
China’s economy is expected to grow at a medium speed in the coming years, so an increase is possible in the investment in the movie industry and the number of quality movies. Therefore, its box-office income will probably enjoy a slight increase. (150 words)
Possible version two：
As is indicated in the graph, the box-office income of Chinese films increased constantly from 2012 to 2015, but its growth, for one reason or another, slowed down in 2016.
The increase in the box-office income can be attributed to a number of factors. The quality of life has improved and watching films is regarded as a good means of entertainment. Besides, filming technology has advanced and more quality films are on offer. Moreover, the Internet plays an important part. On the Internet, people can seek information about their favorite stars and buy tickets at a discount as well, which is both time-saving and economical.
However, the film market may witness a slowdown in the near future. Cinemas have gradually given way to the rise of the Internet and cellphones, and the ticket price is on the increase. Therefore, the film industry should make greater efforts to attract more viewers. (150 words)

3. 【2013·福建】
Such a situation is of great concern.In my opinion，over-protection and too much care are extremely bad for children’s development.Instead of doing everything for them，parents should encourage their children to overcome difficulties and inspire them to develop by themselves.Only in this way can they grow up to be independent and become truly successful.
这样的情况很值得关注。在我看来，过度保护和太多照顾对孩子们的发展是极其有害的。父母不应该为他们做一切事情，而是应该鼓励孩子们克服困难，激励他们自我发展。只有这样他们才能独立成长，真正成功。

4. 【2013·四川】
But in fact，I often don’t quite follow my timetable because of some reasons.For example，playing football and watching TV take up much of my spare time.So I think we should have our parents or someone else supervise us every day.
但是事实上，出于一些原因我经常不遵照时间表。例如踢足球和看电视占据了我很多业余时间。因此我想我们应该让我们的父母或其他人每天监督我们。

Part 4：高考模拟
01
请就学生目前过重的课业负担写一篇100词左右的文章。文章必须包含以下内容：
1.简述学生课业负担过重；
2.造成课业负担过重的原因(至少两个)；
3.提出解决办法(至少两个)。
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【佳作欣赏】
Nowadays，students are burdened with heavy workloads.They not only have to study very hard in the daytime but also stay up late to finish their homework.
There are many reasons.Maybe the most important one is the pressure they may face in the future.On the other hand，parents and teachers expect too much of them，because they think nowadays the social competition is very intense.
The problem is becoming more and more serious and it’s time for us to do something to change the situation.First，teachers should reform their classroom activities to make full use of the time in class.Besides，students should improve their learning efficiency.In this way，the problem may finally be solved.

02
假设你校英语社团举办以“讲求文明，从我做起”为主题的征文活动，请你以“On the Way to School”为题，写一篇英语短文。
内容主要包括：
1．遵守交通法规；
2．注意举止文明。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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【参考范文】
On the Way to School
These days，breaking traffic rules and littering are not uncommon，causing serious harm to life and the environment.Changing this situation requires considerable effort on the part of everyone.As for me，it should start on my way to school.
I will keep traffic rules in mind all the way.If I ride a bike，I’ll always keep to the right and never cross a road until the traffic light turns green.If I walk，I’ll never forget to use the pedestrian crossing.Meanwhile，I will regard it as my duty to help keep our environment clean and healthy.Not only will I keep from littering and spitting anywhere，I will also help clean up the roadside litter whenever possible.I hope my behavior will make a difference.

03
孩子的成长和教育是社会热议的话题，现今父母包揽一切、孩子过度依赖等现象十分严重。请阅读下面的漫画，按要求用英文写一篇短文。
内容要求：
1.描述漫画内容；
2.分析漫画所揭示的问题；
3.提出你的看法。






注意：
1.短文开头已给出，不计入总词数，
2.考生可适当发挥，使文章内容充实、连贯，
3.词数120左右，
4.文中不能出现考生的具体信息。
参考词汇：铺路pave the way
From the picture we can see a family of three walking on a long red carpet.______________________________
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【思路点拨】
漫画反映了当今家庭"以孩子为中心父母是臣仆"这一社会现象,发人深省。作文内容要求考生"描述漫画内容，分析漫画所揭示的社会问题并提出看法"。由此审题得知文章分为三段，首段直观描述漫画内容,第二段联系本文题干从"孩子的成长和教育" "父母包办" "孩子过分依赖父母"等角度分析产生这一问题的原因，第三段提出自己的看法并提出合理化建议。写作时注意时态,描写漫画时应用一般现在时。另外注意用高级词汇和复杂句式提升。
【范文赏析】
From the picture we can see a family of three walking on a long red carpet. The son, well dressed, waves proudly in the middle while the father behind bends forward to hold the jacket and the mother in front rolls out the carpet, sweating.  
It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that children are the focus of families, shouldering the hope of their parents. Parents arrange everything for their children and spare no effort to pave the way for their success. As a consequence, children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thought or creative ideas.
Such a situation is of great concern. In my opinion, overprotection and too much care are extremely bad for children’s development. Instead of doing everything for them, parents should encourage their children to overcome difficulties and inspire them to develop by themselves. Only in this way can they grow up to be independent and become truly successful.
【亮点点击】
本文覆盖全部写作要点,语言规范,论证有力,是难得的佳作。写作亮点:一是段落清晰,首段描述漫画内容,第二段深入分析其社会、家庭原因,第三段提出针对性很强的建议。二是高级词汇和短语俯拾皆是,如proudly, sweating, nowadays, shouldering, independent, overprotection, extremely, reliant on, spare no effort以及of great concern等。三是复杂句式应用得当,如第一段中的sweating和第二段中的shouldering the hope的非谓语作伴随状语,so reliant on their parents that..引导结果状语从句,Only in this way构成的倒装句式等。四是衔接自然:第一段while表示前后对比,第二段的as a consequence, 第三段的in my opinion, instead of都为本文增色不少。

议论文写作时常以三段式的形式展开议论。
I. 引言（Introduction）：说出要点、核心问题。
高考英语议论文的开头可以有两部分组成：现象+观点。
现象就来自作文题目或材料。所以学生必须要理解题目或材料中的每句话，把题目或材料中的中文用英语表达出来就能成为不错的开篇。然后再开门见山地亮出自己的观点。
II. 正文（Body）：围绕主题开展叙述、讨论
① 引证法 (即引用一些名人名言、成语、格言、谚语等作为论据)；
② 例证法 (即举例来进行论证)
③ 喻证法 (用比喻的方法来论证事理，把深奥、抽象的事理表述得浅显易懂，使文章既生动又形象)
④ 对比论证法 (通过对事物的正反两个方面的对比来分析论证，使文章的表达效果更强烈，给人留下深刻印象)
⑤ 归纳法 (从分析典型，即分析个别事物入手，找出事物的共同特点，然后得出结论)
⑥ 推理法 (从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析，而后得出结论)
⑦ 驳论法 (先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点)
在正文段中，务必要牢记应采用先总后分的手法——先亮出主题句，然后再用发展句充实段落。你必须围绕着引言段的观点展开，千万不能让人觉得你的文章段落之间没有衔接。
此外，要恰当地使用过渡词，有明显的层次感，引领阅读者一层一层地根据你的分论点走向最终你要阐述的观点。
III. 结论（Conclusion）：总结概括
用一、二句话来结束文章，做到首尾呼应。一定要再次澄清你的观点，切记与引言段的观点一致，建议用不同的词句法表达一个意思。

必背范文
Writing 1
最近，在你们班英语课上，老师组织了一次主题为＂Does beauty really make much sense?＂的讨论。请根据下面同学们的讨论结果用英语写一篇100词左右的短文并谈谈自己的观点。
1.一些学生的观点：一副好面孔就是一张通行证，在社交、求职、竞争中起着重要作用；
2.另一些学生的观点：漂亮不等于能胜任工作，只有内在的美才是真正的美；
3.你的观点：……
参考词汇：通行证pass  社交social communication  内在美spiritual beauty
注意：
短文的题目和开头已给出，不计入总词数。
Does beauty really make much sense?
Last week in our English class, we had a very heated discussion on the topic—does beauty really make much sense?
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【参考范文】
Does beauty really make much sense?
Last week in our English class, we had a very heated discussion on the topic—does beauty really make much sense? Some students think that a good face is a pass. Good appearance often makes a big difference in social communication, social competition, job hunting and so on. Not only can it make you become more confident but also it makes you impressive in the job interview.
Other students hold different opinions. Good appearance doesn’t make any difference. Spiritual beauty is more important. A beautiful person is not necessarily one with good looking, but one with a kind heart and great talent.
As far as I am concerned, both physical beauty and spiritual beauty are very important. What I want to say is that we should never ignore our spiritual beauty training while simply pursuing good appearance.

Writing 2
每逢假期，清华、北大等多所国内知名高校都会迎来大批游客。不少高校为了限制客流不得不采取收费、规定开放日等各种措施，但这些闭门措施却引来不少争议。
请你以＂Should universities limit the number of visitors?＂为话题，写一篇英语短文，陈述你的观点，并给出合理的解释。
注意：词数100左右。
Should universities limit the number of visitor？
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【参考范文】
Should universities limit the number of visitor？
Nowadays, it is becoming increasingly popular for tourists to visit famous universities such as Peking University and Tsinghua University during the holidays. However, some universities decide to limit the number of visitors, which has caused heated argument in China.
I think the number of tourists should be limited. Here are my reasons: first of all, there are too many tourists wandering through the school yard, teaching buildings, or even the library, which has a negative effect on the students who are absorbed in learning. Second, with so many tourists coming, it is harder for security guards to keep order. Third, universities are designed to provide education rather than tourism service.
In summary, universities should limit the number of tourists to ensure a good learning environment.
【解析】
作文要求写一篇议论文。第一步，首先呈现话题内容；第二步，阐述自己的观点，并给出合理的解释；第三步，再次概括总结自己的观点。

Writing 3
在英语课堂上，老师要求同学们根据下面的两幅图画轮流发言。请准备一篇发言稿，内容包括：
1.描述图画的内容；
2.揭示图画所反映的主题；
3.针对图画的内容谈谈你的看法。
注意：词数100左右。

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【参考范文】
As is shown in the first picture, some white doves are flying over some green trees, while in the next picture they turn gray when they are flying over some chimneys because the trees have been cut down. The pictures warn us of a fact that air pollution is getting serious in some places. In recent years, with the development of science and technology, more and more factories have been built, which give off waste gases that pollute the environment. It is time that we took effective measures to fight air pollution. We should not achieve economic development at the expense of the environment. What is more important to us is a blue sky and a green environment.


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