2023中考英语语法专项复习：被动语态

中考英语语法专项复习：被动语态

英语动词有主动和被动两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,又叫施动者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，又叫受动者。区分主动语态和被动语态，主要看主语是执行者还是承受者。如：

The flowers and grass should be watered .(____语态)

We should water the flowers and grass .(____语态)

◆一 构成

1.被动语态是由“助动词be +过去分词”构成的，助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。Tom broke the cup .(主动语态) → The cup was broken by Tom .(被动语态)

2.被动语态有以下8种：

一般现在时：be(am / is are) +过去分词    Trees are planted in spring .

一般过去时：be(was / were) +过去分词    The house was built last year .

现在进行时：be(am / is are) + being +过去分词    The car is being repaired .

过去进行时：be(was / were) + being +过去分词   

现在完成时：have / has + been +过去分词    The light has been turned off .

过去完成时：had + been +过去分词   

一般将来时：will be +过去分词    Lei Feng will be remembered by us forever .

含情态动词的：情态动词+ be +过去分词    My homework can be finished in two hours .

3.被动语态常用于以下场合：

①不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时。如：My bike was stolen yesterday .我的自行车昨天被偷了。

②强调动作的执行者时，使用“by +动作的执行者”。如：The pen was used by my father .这支钢笔是我父亲用过的。

※ 只有及物动词才有被动形式，不及物动词如rise / come / go / take / place / happen等，没有被动形式。

◆二 主动语态变被动语态的步骤

通常遵循以下三个步骤：

1．  把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。

2．  把主动语态的谓语动词变为与其时态相对应的被动形式，且与被动语态的主语保持人称和数的一致。

3．  将主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，置于句末。“by +宾语”在句中常省略。

主动语态：Many people          speak          English .          这里还需要连线！

被动语态：English .             is spoken      by many people .

如：Lu Xun wrote this book .→ This book was written by Lu Xun .这本书是鲁迅写的。

    People are cutting down many trees now .→ Many trees are being cut down now .现在许多树正被砍伐。

◆三 主动语态和被动语态的转换

1.双宾语的被动形式

双宾语的句子在变为被动语态时，有两种变法：

①      如果把指人的间接宾语变为主语，那么指物的直接宾语保留不动。如：His teacher gave him a book .→He was given a book by his teacher .  He has bought me a present .→I have been bought a present .

②      如果要将指物的直接宾语变为主语，那么动词后要用介词to / for，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定的。如：His teacher gave him a book .→A book was given to him by his teacher .  He has bought me a present .→A present has been bought for me .

※ 常见的能接双宾语的动词有give / show / bring / lend / send等，这些词与介词to搭配；buy / make / draw等，这些词与介词for搭配。

2.动词短语的被动语态

      许多不及物动词加上介词或副词后构成的短语动词相当于及物动词，是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时不能把短语动词分开，也不能漏掉短语动词中的介词或副词。 如：

①      We should speak to old men politely .→Old men should be spoken to politely .

②      He always takes care of his sister .→His sister is always taken care of (by him).

③      She turned off the radio .→The radio was turned off (by her).

3. 省略的to动词不定式用于被动语态

在主动语态中，一些表示感官或使役的动词，如hear / watch / see / feel / notice / listen to / look at / let /make / have和help等后面的宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式，但句子在变为被动语态后要加to。如：

①      He made the girl stay at home .→The girl was made to stay at home .

②      We often hear her sing in the room .→She is often heard to sing in the room .

③      The boss made them work for 16 hours a day .→They were made to work for 16 hours a day (by the boss).

4. 主动形式表被动意义

① 动词need，want以及短语be（well）worth等后面常接动名词，以主动形式表示被动意义。如：

The room needs cleaning .这房子需要打扫。   The piece of music is worth listening to .这首曲子值得听。

② 某些表示主语质地、自身特征的动词，如write / wash / sell / clean / cook等，常和副词well或easily连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。如：

The cloth washes easily .这种布容易洗。   The pen writes well .这支笔很好用。

练习

一、用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空

1. Many TV sets ________ (make) every year in this factory .

2. All the exercises must ________ (finish) before class is over .

3. The PRC ________ (found) on October 1, 1949.

二、单项选择

1. English _____ by many countries, but Chinese people _____ Chinese.

A. is spoken; speak     B. is spoken; are speak     C. speaks; speak

2. They _____ a new school in the village now. It _____ before September this year .

A. are building; will be built             B. are building; will build    

C. are building; will built 

3. If the small trees _____ , they will grow up quickly .

A. are taken good care of     B. are taken good care    C. take good care of

4. –Where did you go last night ?

  –I _____ to Tom’s birthday party.

A. am invited     B .was invited    C. invited

5. These shirts _____ well , because they _____ nice .

A .are sold ; are looked     B. sell ; look     C. sell ; are looked

6. The flowers _____ every day , or they’ll die .

A. should be water      B. must be watered     C. must water

7. Don’t worry , Your son _____ .

A. must be find     B. must be found     C. must be found

8. –Your dress looks beautiful.

  –Thank you .It _____ by my mother last year.

A. made      B. is made     C. was made

9. The window _____ last night, so it _____.

A. isn’t closed; was broken            B. didn’t close; was broken    

C. wasn’t closed; was broken

10. Most science books _____ in English.

A. are written     B. is written     C .wrote

11. Bob _____ by his boss.

A .was made to work     B. was made work     C. made to work

12. The little boy _____ Jack.

A. is called     B. called      C. is calling

13. Water _____ into ice.

A. can been changed      B .can be changed      C. can change

14. What _____ last night ?

A. was happening     B. happened     C. was happened

15. The Party _____ in 1921 .

A. is found     B. was founded     C .was found

答案：AAA   BBB   CCC    AAA    BBB

三、按要求改写句子，每空一词。

1. She made her son do his homework after supper. (改为被动语态)

Her son _____  _____  _____  _____ his homework after supper .

2. Is this game often played by them in the afternoon?( 改为主动语态)

_____  _____ often _____ this game in the afternoon ?

3. You can answer my question after you think it over.(改为同义句)

My question _____  _____  _____ after it is thought over .

四、翻译句子，每空一词。

1. 我的汽车出毛病了，需要修理。

Something is wrong with my car and it _____  _____ .

2. 老年人应该受到很好的照顾。

Old people should _____  _____  _____  _____  _____ .

3. 这个故事很值得听。

This story is well worth _____  _____ .

4. 昨天有人给他买了一个MP4。

An MP4 _____  _____  _____ him yesterday .