2023 英语新中考二轮复习热点透析 核心考点05 定语从句
展开核心考点05 定语从句
一、考向分析
定语从句是中学英语语法中的重点内容,也是中考中常考查的一个考点。定语从句,顾名思义,就是在整个句子中充当定语的句子,他的作用就是用来修饰和限定名词的。
二、考点详解
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
4. whose 指人,在定语从句中作定语。例如:
The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.
I know the boy whose father is a professor.
五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:
This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
三、真题再现
一、单项选择
1.(2021·西藏·中考真题)We’ll never forget the heroes ________ bring people hope in difficult times.
A.which B.whom C.whose D.who
【答案】D
【详解】
句意:我们永远不会忘记在困难时期为人民带来希望的英雄们。
考查定语从句。本句含定语从句,先行词是“the heroes”,指人,引导词在从句中作主语,故选D。
2.(2021·江苏徐州·中考真题)Agatha Christie was a female writer ________ is considered the queen of crime novels.
A.what B.whose C.who D.which
【答案】C
【详解】
句意:阿加莎·克里斯蒂是一位被誉为犯罪小说女王的女作家。
考查关系代词。what不能引导定语从句;whose是关系代词,指代人或物,在定语从句中作定语;who是关系代词,指代人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语;which关系代词,指代物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。根据题干可知,本句是一个定语从句,先行词writer指人,引导词在从句中作主语,因此用关系代词who引导,故选C。
3.(2021·青海西宁·中考真题)—I have read books ________ were written by Charles Dickens.
—So do I. David Copperfield is my favorite.
A.how B.who C.what D.that
【答案】D
【详解】
句意:——我读过查尔斯·狄更斯写的书。——我也是。大卫·科波菲尔是我的最爱。
考查定语从句的引导词。how关系副词,引导定语从句,在从句中作状语;who关系代词,引导定语从句,在从句中作主语,先行词为人;what不能引导定语从句;that关系代词,引导定语从句,在从句中作主语或宾语,先行词为人或物。本句中先行词为物,且引导词在从句中作主语,应用that引导定语从句。故选D。
4.(2021·湖南株洲·中考真题)The active ladies like music ________ they can dance to.
A.that B.where C.who
【答案】A
【详解】
句意:活跃的女士们喜欢可以随着音乐跳舞的音乐。
考查定语从句。此句是定语从句,先行词music指物,在从句中作宾语,用that引导定语从句,故选A。
5.(2021·黑龙江哈尔滨·中考真题)—I still remember all the stories ________ my grandma told me.
—The memories of our childhood are always hard to forget.
A.what B.who C.that
【答案】C
【详解】
句意:——我仍然记得我奶奶告诉我的所有故事。——童年的记忆总是难以忘记。
考查定语从句。此处是定语从句,先行词是all the stories,指物,引导词在从句中作宾语,故选C。
6.(2021·黑龙江牡丹江·中考真题)Is this the museum you visited last year?
A.where B.that C.in which
【答案】B
【详解】
句意:这是你去年参观的博物馆吗?
考查定语从句。此句是定语从句,先行词the museum是指物,在从句中作宾语,用关系词that,故选B。
7.(2021·吉林长春·中考真题)I will never forget the people _________ helped me a lot during my hard time.
A.which B.who C.whose D.whom
【答案】B
【详解】
句意:我永远不会忘记那些在我困难时期帮助过我的人。
考查定语从句。which关系代词,指物,在从句中作主语或宾语;who关系代词,指人,在从句中作主语;whose关系代词,指人或物,在从句中作定语;whom关系代词,指人,在从句中作宾语;句子先行词是people,指人,在从句中作主语,应用who引导,故选B。
8.(2021·贵州毕节·中考真题)Great changes have taken place here. Everything ________ comes into my eyes is so new to me.
A.that B.which C.who D.whom
【答案】A
【详解】
句意:这里发生了巨大的变化。我所看到的一切对我来说都是如此的新鲜。
考查定语从句。此处是定语从句,先行词是不定代词Everything,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,只能用that。故选A。
9.(2021·湖北鄂州·中考真题)—Yuan Longping is a hero ________ is known for developing hybrid rice(杂交水稻).
—Yes. He is a great man.
A.which B.whom C.what D.that
【答案】D
【详解】
句意:——袁隆平是以发展杂交水稻而闻名的英雄。——是的。他是个伟人。
考查定语从句的引导词。which关系代词,引导定语从句,先行词为物;whom关系代词,引导定语从句,先行词为人,在从句中作宾语;what不能引导定语从句;that关系代词,引导定语从句,先行词为物或人,在从句中作主语或宾语。根据句子结构可知,空处的词是引导定语从句,先行词为人,且引导词在从句中作主语,应用that。故选D。
10.(2021·辽宁朝阳·中考真题)—Have you heard of the story of Mulan?
—Of course. Mulan is a brave girl ________ her father’s place to fight in the army.
A.whom take B.that take C.which takes D.who takes
【答案】D
【详解】
句意:——你听说过木兰的故事吗?——当然。木兰是一个勇敢的女孩,她代替父亲参军。
考查定语从句和主谓一致。whom关系代词,指人,在从句中作宾语;that关系代词,指人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语;which关系代词,指物,在从句中作主语或宾语;who关系代词,指人,在从句中作主语;句子是定语从句,先行词是girl,指人,在从句中作主语,应用who/that引导定语从句,先行词是单数名词,从句谓语动词应用三单形式,故选D。
11.(2021·贵州黔东南·中考真题)On December 31, 2020, the New Year speech ________ President Xi Jinping made encouraged us Chinese to work harder for our motherland.
A.who B.whose C.which D.what
【答案】C
【详解】
句意:2020年12月31日,习近平主席的新年讲话鼓舞了中国人民更加努力地为祖国奋斗。
考查定语从句。who关系代词,指人,作主语;whose关系代词,指人或物,作定语;which关系代词,指物,作主语或宾语;what不能引导定语从句;句子先行词是speech,指物,在从句中作宾语,应用which引导,故选C。
12.(2021·湖北黄冈·中考真题)— What can we do for the left-home children in the village ________ need help?
— We could help them with their study online on weekends.
A.which B.whom C.whose D.who
【答案】D
【详解】
句意:——我们能为那些需要帮助的农村留守儿童做些什么呢?——我们可以在周末帮助他们在线学习。
考查定语从句。which先行词指物;whom先行词指人,在从句中作宾语;whose先行词指人或物,在从句中作定语;who先行词指人,在从句中作主语。本句先行词是the left-children,指人,且空格处在从句中作主语,故用who引导定语从句。故选D。
13.(2021·贵州铜仁·中考真题)—Do you know the boy ________ hand writing won the first in the competition?
—Oh, he is Wang Wei, our monitor.
A.who B.whose C.whom D.which
【答案】B
【详解】
句意:——你认识那个在书法比赛中得了第一名的男孩吗?——嗯,他是王伟,我们的班长。
考查定语从句。who关系代词,指人,作主语;whose关系代词,指人或物,作定语;whom关系代词,指人,作宾语;which关系代词,指物,作主语或宾语;句子先行词是boy,根据“handwriting won the first in the competition”可知,此处指的是“男孩的书法”,应用whose作定语,故选B。
14.(2021·湖北十堰·中考真题)This is the first birthday gift _________ I received. I’ve kept it many years.
A.which B.that C.who D.what
【答案】B
【详解】
句意:这是我收到的第一份生日礼物。我保存了很多年了。
考查定语从句。which关系代词,指物,在从句中作主语或宾语;that关系代词,指人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语;who关系代词,指人,在从句中作主语;what不能引导定语从句;句子先行词是gift,指物,而先行词前有序数词修饰,应用that引导,故选B。
15.(2021·青海·中考真题)Chaka Salt Lake ________ is known as Mirror of the Sky interests more and more tourists.
A.where B.which C.who
【答案】B
【详解】
句意:素有“天空之镜”之称的茶卡盐湖吸引着越来越多的游客。
考查定语从句,此句是定语从句,先行词Chaka Salt Lake 指物,在从句中作主语,用which引导定语从句,故选B。
二、短文改错
(2021·四川广安·中考真题)下面短文中的画线部分是错误的, 请改正, 但不得改变原文意思, 并将答案写在答题卡上的相应位置。
Boys and girls,
Today, I’m very exciting to speak here____16____
and I’d like to talk with my grandma. _____17_____
A little months ago, my grandma started to do square dancing ____18____
after supper. Since then, she have been in love with square dancing _____19_____
Now she is fitter. But, some neighbours have a complaint(抱怨)_____20____
against the people which do square dancing. They think that _____21_____
the music is such loud that they can’t fall asleep at night. _____22_____
In my opinion, people can’t do square dancing because it is ____23_____
a good way of keeping health. But they should think about the feelings ____24____
of other people and they shouldn’t make a lot of noises. ____25_____
That’s all. Thank you!
【答案】16.excited
17.about
18.few
19.has
20.However
21.who / that
22.so
23.can
24.healthy
25.noise
【详解】
文章主要是针对老人跳广场舞因为噪音太大引发了街坊们抱怨,作者在此给出自己的意见。
16.
I’m very exciting to speak here我很激动能在这里演讲。修饰人用ed形容词,故exciting应改为excited。
17.
I’d like to talk with my grandma我想聊聊有关我奶奶的事情。此处应该表达的是想谈谈有关奶奶的事情,应用talk about,故with应改为about。
18.
A little months ago几个月以前。months是复数名词,应用a few修饰。故little应改为few。
19.
Since then, she have been in love with square dancing从那时起,她就爱上了广场舞。主语是she,助动词应用has,故have应改为has。
20.
Now she is fitter. But, some neighbours have a complaint现在她更健康了。但是,一些邻居有怨言。结合句子结构,此处表示转折的词,前后句都用标点隔开了,应用however,位于句首字母要大写,故But应改为However。
21.
some neighbours have a complaint against the people which do square dancing.一些邻居对跳广场舞的人有意见。定语从句先行词是people,指人,且在从句中作主语,关系词用who/that引导,故which应改为who/that。
22.
They think that the music is such loud that they can’t fall asleep at night.他们认为音乐太吵了,以至于他们晚上无法入睡。loud是形容词,此处应用so...that的结构,故such应改为so。
23.
In my opinion, people can’t do square dancing在我看来,人们不可以跳广场舞。根据“because it is a good way of keeping...”可知,这里应该是同意跳广场舞,是肯定的意思,故can’t应改为can。
24.
because it is a good way of keeping health因为这是保持健康的好方法。keep是系动词,后接形容词作表语,故health应改为healthy。
25.
they shouldn’t make a lot of noises.他们不应该制造很多噪音。noise是不可数名词,此处不能用复数形式,故noises应改为noise。
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