专题一 训练15 科普知识类说明文专练课件PPT

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(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ，D)Human speech cntains mre than 2，000 different sunds，frm the cmmn“m”and“a”t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages.But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers？A grund-breaking，five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag，the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals，such as“f”and“v”，were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds.Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich，Switzerland，has fund hw and why this trend arse.They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned(对齐)，making it hard t prduce labidentals，which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth.Later，ur jaws changed t an verbite structure(结构)，making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid.Fd became easier t chew at this pint.The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age，with the use f“f”and“v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years.These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300，000 years ag.“The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings，but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin，”said Steven Mran，a member f the research team.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要向读者介绍了人类语言中产生不同语音的原因。
32.Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?A.Its variety. B.Its quantity. D.Its develpment.
33.Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?A.They had fewer upper teeth than lwer culd nt pen and clse their lips jaws were nt cnveniently lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
34.What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?A.Supprting evidence fr the research applicatin f the research findings.C.A further explanatin f the research methds.D.A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
35.What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?A.It is key t effective cntributes much t cultural is a cmplex and dynamic drives the evlutin f human beings.
A(2022·山东济宁一模)Scientists frm the Natinal University f Singapre studied hw much time twins spent in natural spaces cmpared with each ther and fund that they shared a similar level f desire t be in nature.
“The reasn why we decided t study this in twins is that we culd estimate heritability(遗传性) based n the genetic similarities in identical twins(100%) versus genetic similarities in nn-identical twins(50%)，”said Chia-chen Chang，wh led the study.“If a trait(特性)，such as the desire t be in nature，is clearly mre similar between identical twins than nn-identical twins，this will then suggest a trait is heritable.”
Using the TwinsUK registry，researchers surveyed 1，153 pairs f twins—identical and nn-identical—abut hw they experienced nature.They were required t answer questins invlving hw frequently they visit natural spaces such as public parks and private gardens and rate their familiarity with nature.After cmparing and analyzing the cllected data，researchers fund that identical twins were mre similar t each ther in their attitudes twards nature.
While previus studies have fund that spending time in natural spaces imprves mental well-being，this varies frm persn t persn.Fr the first time，the researchers say，this study has indicated why that is by suggesting there is likely t be a genetic cmpnent in ur preference fr nature and ur likelihd t visit natural spaces.
Hwever，heritability declined with age，perhaps shwing that envirnmental factrs such as access t nature and green spaces bring abut a lve f the utdrs as ne grws lder.That is t say，a persn’s desire t be in nature and hw ften they experience it are influenced by bth genes and persnal experiences.Thse wh live in urban envirnments withut access t nature culd end up having a lesser appreciatin f it.Hence，it’s necessary that diverse urban planning is needed t prvide access t natural spaces—and the benefits they ffer—fr all.
语篇解读　本文为一篇说明文。新加坡国立大学的科学家们通过研究发现双胞胎渴望亲近自然的程度相当相似，而且一个人对大自然的渴望以及他们体验大自然的频率受基因和个人经历的影响。
1.Why were twins chsen as subjects f the study?A.T acquire mre accurate cnfirm the previus measure their gene identify their specific hbbies.
2.Hw did the researchers carry ut the study?A.By analyzing previus referring t nline asking and answering ding an experiment in the lab.
3.What is special abut this study?A.It takes genes int takes advantage f the prvides a new insight int the rle f reveals the link between nature and mental health.
4.What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?A.One’s lve fr nature is planning leaves much t be may be a better chice t live in rural are the nly factr in shaping ne’s traits.
B(2022·河北邯郸一模)Emerging ecnmies struggled t grw thrugh the 2010s and pessimism cluds them nw.Peple wnder hw they will pay debts piling up during the pandemic and hw they can grw rapidly.The freshest answer t this prblem is the fast-spreading digital revlutin.The wrld’s largest emerging market has already demnstrated the enrmus effects f digital technlgy.As China’s ld industries have slwed sharply ver the past decade，the bming technlgy industry has kept the ecnmy grwing steadily.
Nw China’s emerging market peers are getting a push frm the same digital engines.Since 2014，mre than 10，000 tech firms have been launched in emerging markets—nearly half f them utside China.Frm Bangladesh t Egypt，it is easy t find entrepreneurs wh wrked fr Facebk r ther US giants befre cming hme t start their wn cmpanies.
Hw can it be that the emerging market cuntries are adpting cmmn digital technlgies faster than the richer cuntries? One explanatin is habit and its absence.In scieties filled with stres and services，custmers are ften cmfrtable with the prviders they have and slw t abandn them.In cuntries where peple have difficulty even finding public facilities，a bank r a hspital，they will jump at the first digital ptin that cmes alng.Thugh nly 5% f the Kenyans carry credit cards，mre than 70% have access t digital banking.
The digital impact n prductivity is visible n the grund.Many gvernments are mving services nline t make them mre transparent and less vulnerable t crruptin，perhaps the mst feared bstacle t ding business in the emerging wrld.Since 2010，the cst f starting a business has been steady in develped cuntries while falling sharply in emerging market cuntries，frm 66% t just 27% f the average annual incme.Entrepreneurs can nw launch businesses affrdably，rganizing much f what they need n a smartphne.
The era f rapid digitizatin has nly just begun.This ffers many develping ecnmies a revlutinary new path t catching up with the living standards f the develped wrld.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。当全球新兴经济体面临发展困境时，快速发展的数字化革命为其提供了一条新道路。文章介绍了数字科技的发展情况以及积极影响。
5.Which is a result f digital technlgy fr China?A.Stabilizing its ecnmy.B.Accumulating its its ld industries bming.D.Letting its new industries slw sharply.
6.Why des the authr mentin Kenyans in paragraph 3?A.T present emerging markets’digital shw rich natins abandn what they wn present emerging markets accept digital ptins shw pr natins have difficulty building public facilities.
7.What plays a key rle in the bm f digital businesses in emerging markets?A.The steady annual lw cst f launching simplified prcedure f setting up a thrugh remval f the mst feared bstacle.
8.Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?A.Emerging Ecnmies Are Seeking Their FrtuneB.The Digital Impact Is Huge n Glbal PrductivityC.The Era f Rapid Digitizatin Is Arund the CrnerD.Digital Technlgy Will Save Slw Emerging Markets