2023届高考英语二轮复习专题10动词被动语态学案

         专题10 动词的被动语态

2023年高考英语冲刺复习考点通关大全

【考点详解】

【命题解读】                  

通过研究历年高考真题可以看出，谓语动词的被动语态是高考中的高频考点。对于谓语动词被动语态的考查在高考中主要体现在语法填空和短文改错中。语法填空中对动词的考查以有提示词形式呈现，短文改错中考查动词的误用或多/少词。

【命题预测】

预计2023年高考对谓语动词被动语态的考查仍旧是热门命题。以语法填空、短文改错兼顾完形填空的语篇辨析。

【复习建议】

1.掌握谓语动词被动语态的基本用法

2.掌握被动语态的构成在各种时态中的规律

考点一  （被动语态的构成方式）

构成： be＋过去分词be＋过去分词，口语中也用“get/become＋过去分词”表示。

被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。

1．使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题

(1)同时对被动语态和时态的考查。

【典例剖析】

（2021高考全国乙卷）It _____ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复).

【答案】was built

【解析】考查动词的时态和语态以及主谓一致。根据originally和the Tang dynasty可知，build这一动作发生在过去，应用一般过去时；主语为it，谓语动词应用单数形式。故填was built。

【典例剖析】

（2020高考全国卷III） The artist was sure he would _____(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old man laughed.

【答案】be chosen

【解析】考查被动语态。句意：这个艺术家确定他会被选上，但是当他把他的作品呈献给皇上的首席大臣时，这个老人却笑了。从句主语he和choose之间为被动关系，设空前有情态动词would,故填be chosen。

(2)主动变为被动时，宾语成主语；作宾补的不定式如果省略了to，变成被动语态时，需加上to。

②The boss made Jim work all day long.

→He was made to work all day long (by the boss)．

老板让吉姆整天都工作。

(3)短语动词变被动语态时，注意介词短语的完整性。

③Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.

你应该注意你的发音和拼写。

(4)情态动词， be going to, be to, be sure to, have to等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be＋过去分词”。

④We can repair this watch in two days.

→This watch can be repaired in two days.

我们可以在两天内修好这块手表。

(5)当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等时，被动语态有两种形式：

a．谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。

b．用it作形式主语，真正的主语用主语从句来表示。

⑤People say he is a smart boy.

→He is said to be a smart boy.

→It is said that he is a smart boy.

据说他是个聪明的男孩。

⑥People know paper was made in China first.

→Paper was known to be made in China first.

→It is known that paper was made in China first.

众所周知，纸最先在中国被制造。

类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that ...

2．不能用被动语态的几种情况

(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态。

(2)表示状态的谓语动词，如：last, hold, contain, fit, cost等。

(3)表示归属的动词，如have，own，belong to等。

(4)表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。

(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。

(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。

3．主动形式表被动含义

【典例剖析】

（2022高考浙江卷）It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois,_____(prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.

【答案】has proven/has proved

【解析】考查动词的语态和时态及主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，设空处应是but连接的并列句的谓语动词，根据since引导的时间状语从句可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语为Lincoln's home，谓语应用第三人称单数形式；根据设空处后的形容词irresistible可知，prove应是系动词，意为“证明是”，没有被动语态。prove的过去分词有proved和proven两种形式。故填has proven/has proved。

(1)当feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后面接形容词时；当cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash等作为不及物动词，表示主语(通常为物)内在“品质”或“性能”时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意思时。

①The dishes smell good.

这菜闻起来味道不错。

②This kind of cloth washes easily.

这种布料好洗。

③These novels won't sell well.

这些小说不畅销。

④My pen writes smoothly.

我的钢笔书写流畅。

⑤The door won't lock.

这门无法关上。

(2)当happen, occur, break out, take place, come about,  work out等动词(短语)表示“发生、制定”等意思时。

⑥The plan worked out successfully.

计划成功实施了。

⑦How did the crazy situation come about?

这种疯狂局面是如何发生的？

(3)want, require, need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。

 eg.The machine wants repaired.

对比=The machine wants to be repaired.

 这台机器需要修理了。

(4)be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。

限(5)在“be＋形容词＋to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动形式表示被动含义。

⑧This kind of water isn't fit to drink.

这种水不适合饮用。

⑨The girl isn't easy to get along with.

这个女孩不易相处。

[注意]　be to blame（受谴责），be to rent （出租）也用主动形式表被动意义。

4．被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况

be seated坐着；be hidden躲藏；be lost迷路；be drunk喝醉；be dressed穿着；be devoted to专注于，致力于；

5．被动语态与系表结构的区别

此处的系表结构指“连系动词＋用作表语的过去分词”结构，它与被动语态的形式完全一样。要注意它们的区别：

被动语态强调具体的动作或事实；系表结构表示主语的特点或状态。

①The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被动语态)

这本书在某一家书店出售。

②The book is well sold. (系表结构)

这本书卖得好。

【牛刀小试】

单句语法填空

1.A new museum ________ (build) here. They hope to finish it next month.

2. Your article ________ (read) very well.

3.The flower needs ________  (water)．

4. Hundreds of jobs ________ (lose) if the factory closes.

5.Many a way ________ (use) to prevent the pollution, but the sky is still not clear.

6.They are novels, plays and poems that ________ (write) a long time ago and were so well written that people still read them nowadays.

7.I have been informed that the exhibition ___________ (hold) next week.

8.Many a student ________ (send) to plant trees so far.

9.If you are caught smoking in this area, you __________ (fine) by the police.

10.What will you do if you __________ (bite) by mosquitoes at this very moment?

【答案】：1.is being built　 2.reads　3. watering/to be watered   4.will be lost   5.has been used    6.were written  7.will be held    8.has been sent    9.will be fined    10.are being bitten

【真题实战】

语法填空

1.(2022·全国卷Ⅰ)Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it ________ (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon ________ (construct)．”

2.(2022·浙江高考)And, as more children were born, more food ________ (need)．

3.(2022·高考卷) In recent years, stress______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness

4. (2020高考全国卷III)The artist was sure he would _____(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old man laughed.

5.(2021·高考全国卷II ) Steam engines           (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.

6.(2022·高考卷) In recent years, stress______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness

【答案】：1.means; is constructed   2.was needed    3.has been regarded     4.be chosen    5.were used

6.   has been regarded 

语法填空

The first zoo_1________(establish) around 3,500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment. Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperor 2________ (build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth. Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals.

Some of the early European zoos 3.____________(consist) of dark holes or dirty cages，the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the zoos 4.        (replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5   __   (keep)in good condition.These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s, scientists 6. __________(understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then，zoos 7.____________(try) to save many endangered species，but relying on zoos 8.__________(save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat.

Today animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9.___________(watch) carefully for any sign of disease.With specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can receive treatment when ill，all the animals there live a comfortable life. Anyway，it is true that zoo breeding programs have played an important role in 10.___________(protect) many species of wildlife.

【答案】

1. was established
2. built
3. consisted
4. were replaced

5.kept

6.understood

7. have been trying

8.to save

9.are watched

10.protecting